近三年上海高考英語真題匯編之概要寫作

1、20172020年上海高考真題匯編概要寫作2020年秋考Are people unique?It is human beings pride that we are the only species on the Planet that can speak and think. However, recent research casts doubt on that common belief. Zuberbuhler, a psychologist at St. Andrews University, and his colleagues recorded thousands of call

2、s made by Diana monkeys and noticed that the monkeys adapted their calls to change the meaning to warn one another about different situations. For example, they made a krack alarm call at the sight of tiger. However, when they merely repeated calls made by other monkeys they added an oo. The researc

3、hers found that the same calls would be recognised by other species, like Campbells monkeys. So they are communicating across species. And since then we have found that hornbill birds can understand these calls and they too can understand all the different meanings, said Zuberbuhler. What is also su

4、rprising is that signs of intelligence have been found in birds, whose small brains were long assumed to be a complete barrier to intelligence. However, all that is changing fast. A few years ago Irene Pepperberg of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology taught a parrot to recognise and count up

5、to six objects, which couldnt have been achieved if birds were unable to memorize. Last year, that was topped by Alex Kacelnik, a professor of behavioral ecology at Oxford, who discovered that crows (烏鴉) are capable of using tools in complex orders, the first time such behaviour has been observed in

6、 non-humans. In an experiment seven crows successfully grabbed a piece of food placed out of reach using three different lengths of stick. Crucially, they were able to complete the task without any special training, suggesting the birds were capable of a level of abstract reasoning normally associat

7、ed only with humans. All this is powerful evidence against the idea that people are unique.Scientists have discovered signs of language and intelligence in monkeys and birds. Some monkeys can communicate various messages with different calls in and across species. Some birds, like parrots and crows,

8、 have the ability to memorize and reason. So language and intelligence are not unique to humans.2020年春考Global CooperationIn the 21st century, weve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries (邊界) of human invention and innovation global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and developm

9、ent is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all. So, increasingly, innovation is coming from the combining of cutting-edge expertise (專業(yè)知識) from different scientific fields. There are now over 8,000 scientific journals worldwide and it is impossible to be an expert in all areas. Ther

10、efore, in this highly specialized world, scientists, medics and engineers have to cooperate in order to innovate. Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. But he hasnt done it on his own. He has inv

11、ited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve. Also at MIT, when Cesar Harada heard about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, he quit his dream job there and tried to de

12、velop a more efficient way to remove the oil. But rather than focusing on profit, he decided to open-source the design. He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations. Thanks to this free, not-for-profit way of sharin

13、g ideas and intellectual property on the internet, a boat capable of cleaning oil quickly came into being. Obviously, international cooperation based on sharing information freely has produced innovative approaches to solving problems. It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in the

14、ir garages on their own are over. Global teams with a united purpose building on everyones expertise can collectively do far more than one brilliant individual. Todays world calls for global cooperators, sharers, and not protectors of ideas.In this century, global cooperation in science and technolo

15、gy is desirable because no single scientist can be a know-all due to the complexity of research and development. Scientists are working together to make breakthroughs. They also manage to solve problems by sharing ideas information freely. Gone are the days when one expert can make it alone.2019年秋考D

16、irections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. When youre the only member of your social circle with the latest hot

17、device, people stare in fascination. However, people tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one. Frankly speaking, early adoption is a bad investment. The earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that

18、those devices will ever be. Companies are attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and once the profits from early adopters purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase: selling the product to everyone else. This is why th

19、e cost of the original iPhone dropped about $200 only eight months after its release. Those who are first to leap into a new technology also risk wasting money and time on something that will never catch on. In 2006, HD DVDs, a new format（制式）for video, entered the market. A few eager consumers bough

20、t HD DVD players that were discontinued in early 2008. The early adopters were then stuck with pricey devices that just sat on their shelves collecting dust.Another good reason to resist the early adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has imperfections. For example, wh

21、en Microsofts game machine, Xbox One, was first released in 2013, users immediately began to complain of problems. Devoted gamers worked to find and share solutions to these issues. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid testers.So dont join the firs

22、t wave of consumers who invest in the latest version of device; instead, wait and see.參考答案：It is unwise to be early users of the latest devices. Firstly, the devices, when launched, are often overpriced because companies want to get back the cost quickly. Secondly, what you have bought can be out of

23、 date very soon. Finally, the devices are very likely imperfect. Therefore, dont be early adopters.A1.在包含主題句及涵蓋三個要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，能根據(jù)文章準(zhǔn)確闡述三個要點(diǎn)中任意兩點(diǎn)2.需要說明作者對這一行為的態(tài)度（開頭結(jié)尾皆可）Itisunwise./Dontbecome.(表述可不相同)如沒有表達(dá)出這一態(tài)度，內(nèi)容不能拿滿分B在包含主題句及涵蓋三個要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，能根據(jù)文章準(zhǔn)確闡述三個要點(diǎn)中任意一點(diǎn)的具體內(nèi)容：(1)Firstly,thedevices,whenlaunched,areoftenove

24、rpricedbecausecompanieswanttogetbackthecostquickly.(該要點(diǎn)闡述定價高的理由)(2)Secondly,whatyouhaveboughtcanbeoutofdateverysoon.(該要點(diǎn)闡述果實(shí)很快)(3)Finally,thedevicesareverylikelyimperfect.(該要點(diǎn)闡述設(shè)備不完美，如只寫“unpaidtesters”不準(zhǔn)確)C必須準(zhǔn)確寫出主題句及涵蓋三個要點(diǎn)，要點(diǎn)可以不展開1.主題句中“Earlyadopters/earlyusersoflatestdevices”劃線部分信息在主題句中沒有表述，但下文提及，表

25、述不扣分；但如果下文沒有表達(dá)清楚是什么的早期使用者術(shù)語主題句表述不準(zhǔn)確。2.單個要點(diǎn)：overpriced，outofdate，imperfectD1.只提到三個要點(diǎn)，但沒有主題句或主題句表述不準(zhǔn)確2.有主題句，但三個要點(diǎn)中只提到兩個E1.只提到一個或兩個要點(diǎn)，但沒有主題句或主題句表述不準(zhǔn)確2.有主題句，但三個要點(diǎn)中只提到一個2019年春考Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use

26、 your own words as far as possible.Where are the bees?Bees are essential to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate（給.授花粉）large areas of crops, such as strawberries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunat

27、ely, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.In 2006, beekeepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster (CCD). The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive（蜂巢）. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 pe

28、rcent of their hives.There were many theories of the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides（殺蟲劑）and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeepers get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that th

29、e life of the typical bee now consists of traveling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spe

30、nd most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.No one knows for sure what causes bees to disappear, but losing bees is very costly for the economy. Bee pollination services are worth

31、over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollination will have to be done by hand, which would affect the quality of food and increase food prices. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the loss of that tiny flying insect.參考答案：Bees are disa

32、ppearing rapidly. The most persuasive explanation is related to pesticides and their current lifestyle. Now bees have to travel around as beekeepers rent them for pollination. On the way, they may die from stress or food on a diet polluted by pesticides. Whatever the cause, the loss of gees does gre

33、at harm to the economy. (57w)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：內(nèi)容5分：包含三個要點(diǎn)（見3分），并對三個要點(diǎn)中的兩個進(jìn)行說明，如1. Now bees have to travel around as beekeepers rent them for pollination.2. They may die from stress on the way.3. They may feed on a diet polluted by pesticides on the way.4分：包含三個要點(diǎn)，并對三個要點(diǎn)中的一個進(jìn)行說明 或 包含兩個要點(diǎn)，并對兩個要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說明3分：包含三個要點(diǎn)：1. 蜜蜂

34、消失這一現(xiàn)象2. 蜜蜂消失的原因3. 蜜蜂消失對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響包含兩個要點(diǎn)，并對一個要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說明2分：包含兩個要點(diǎn)1分：包含一個要點(diǎn)語言：1. 61-66個詞，扣1分；超過66詞，扣2分2. 連續(xù)5個單詞抄自原文，扣1分，不重復(fù)扣分。3. 有語法錯誤，扣1分，不重復(fù)扣分。4. 語言以準(zhǔn)確為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不要求句式復(fù)雜，詞匯豐富。若語言出色，有輕微語法錯誤不扣分。2018年秋考Becoming an attractive employeeThe 2008 financial crisis created an unstable job market. Fast-forward to the present,

35、 and the economy has not fully recovered. Thus, its of vital importance for job seekers to carefully strategize their approach to job application. And it is especially important for those new to the workforce. They should look at making themselves as attractive as possible to employers.For young peo

36、ple, information technology skills will play an increasing role in the future. As the generation to have grown up in the Information Age, they are quite confident when it comes to showing off their interests and skills in this field. This makes them a natural fit for companies seeking expertise in t

37、echnology, marketing, and networking. They should emphasize these skills when applying for jobs that require the ability to multitask.Another attractive quality is experience. It is important that an applicants resume list any activities that involved teamwork and goal-driven responsibilities. Membe

38、rship in a sports or social club and participation as a volunteer are good examples of this. These activities involve goal management and planning, along with the ability to focus while competing on a team. When hiring committees see this, they see a candidate who is capable of working in a variety

39、of environments.Finally, an attractive quality when job-hunting is a great attitude toward a potential job. Young job seekers are known to be overconfident because they have been praised for everything they have done. But they must realize that the employment market is about how an employee will be

40、a good fit for a company, not the other way around. In fact, in an interview, an important question to ask is: “What would be expected of me as an employee?”In todays tough job market. young job seekers need to provide a potential employer with good reasons to hire them.A在包含主題句及涵蓋三個要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，能根據(jù)文章準(zhǔn)確闡述三

41、個要點(diǎn)中任意兩點(diǎn)B在包含主題句及涵蓋三個要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，能根據(jù)文章準(zhǔn)確闡述三個要點(diǎn)中任意一點(diǎn)的具體內(nèi)容：(1)They need to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in information technology.(2)They should include in their rsums the experiences that reflect they are cooperative and goal-oriented.(3)They need to adopt a proper attitude, that is, taking futur

42、e employers expectations into consideration.C必須包含主題句及涵蓋三個要點(diǎn)（可以不展開）主題句需表達(dá)的意思：How can young people attract their future employers? 或 How do young job seekers strategize the approach to job application?三個要點(diǎn)：information technology skills, experience, attitudeD1. 只提到三個要點(diǎn)，但沒有主題句2. 有主題句，但三個要點(diǎn)中只提到兩個E1. 只提到一

43、個或兩個要點(diǎn)，但沒有主題句2. 有主題句，但三個要點(diǎn)中只提到一個參考答案: How can young people attract their future employers? First, they need to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in information technology. Second, they should include in their resume the experiences that reflect they are cooperative and goal-oriented. Finally th

44、ey need to adopt a proper attitude, that is, taking future employers expectations into consideration.學(xué)生答案：Due to financial crisis, young people should appear fully attractive to attach to employers. Firstly, information technology skills are preferred in multitask because of its increasing importanc

45、e. Besides, experience involving teamwork and valuable personal qualities is also of great value. Finally, employees should express their genunie hopes to show a great attitude to the job. All above contributes to hiring.(9分)Since the economy is not good at all, its essential for employees to become

46、 attractive. First, information technology skills are more nature for the young and important to get a job. Second, experience with group operation that needs management and variety is also important. Third, becoming humble and having a right attitude is also the employers are looking for.(8分)Becaus

47、e of the financial crisis, the job seekers should be more attractive to apply for jobs. People should pay more attention to show their skillful expertise and their various experience working with others or their memberships. Whats more, keeping humble is important when you are in an interview. With

48、this ideas, job seeker will get their ideal jobs.(6分)After the financial crisis, being an attractive employee is important. Different skills in modern fields can make employers more easily find their job and show themselves. Rich working experience can help you survive in tough working surroundings

49、well. And not being so confident is also very important for finding jobs.(不到6分)2018年春考Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.To Laugh Is HumanMost of us dont know why we laugh

50、 at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh. Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it

51、makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships. Since lau

52、ghter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is

53、part of human nature. And mirroring other peoples laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another. Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function o

54、f laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals.

55、 Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with. 參考答案：Scientists think humans are born with the ability to laugh, but why do

56、we laugh? We laugh to feel closer to one another. Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone. Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better. (59w)(be born with= be inborn/ accepted= recognized=

57、 identified/ be born out of= evolve from =come from =originate from)Laughter is unconscious, infectious and basic. It brings us a trustworthy, comfortable and honest feeling, thus better maintaining friendships. Chances are that we laugh more with others around, contributing to prompting recognition

58、 and feeling more connected with one another. Scientists assure that laughter resulted in greater cooperation between individuals in ancient times, as better cooperation leads to survival. (58w)We were born with the ability of helping and scientists think the reason why we laugh is that we feel connected with others and we want to be recognized by others. Besides, laughter helps people to cooperate to survive with. (40w)2017年秋考Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the