新托福真題 2021托福閱讀考試真題及答案解析（1）

1、新托福真題 XX托福閱讀考試真題及答案解析（1） 輸送血液可以稱為生命的禮物。然而，從每年5百萬輸血病人的大部分情況來看，實(shí)際上，輸血弊大于利。 Why Banked Blood Goes Bad Its a problem that doctors have been wrestling with for several years, as study after study shows a disturbing spike in heart disease and death in patients re _iving transfusions. The trend affects alm

2、ost every group of critically ill patients from trau _ sufferers in the ER to heart attack victims, patients with anemia and those undergoing chemotherapy. This increase in death and heart disease, doctors say, is unrelated to infectious blood-borne diseases or allergic reactions that often follow t

3、ransfusions. After you control for sickness and all sorts of things, patients who re _ive transfusions still have more heart attacks. It _kes no sense, says Dr. Jonathan Stamler, a professor of medicine at Duke University Medical Center. Logically, and medically, patients who need transfusions those

4、 with low blood counts should benefit immediately from a transfusion of new oxygen-laden red blood _lls. Yet _ny get sicker. Puzzled by the paradox, Stamler and his colleagues decided to look more closely at banked blood to figure out whether it underwent _rtain changes that turned it from life-savi

5、ng in the donor to potentially deadly in the bag. Their finding, reported this week in the Pro _edings of the National Academy of Scien _s: nitric oxide (NO). A workhorse of the blood, the gas helps red blood _lls ferry oxygen to tissues and props open tiny vessels to allow freer blood flow. It turn

6、s out that within hours of leaving the body, levels of nitric oxide in the blood begin to drop, until, by the time donated blood expires after 42 days, the gas is almost nonexistent. The reality is that we are giving blood that cannot deliver oxygen properly, says Stamler, lead author of the study.

7、Many patients who are getting blood are being put at increased risk. Previous trials have shown that heart disease patients, for example, who re _ive a blood transfusion to help restore oxygen to deprived tissues, have a 25% chan _ of having a heart attack and an 8% chan _ of dying within 30 days; s

8、imilar patients who do not get transfused have an 8% chan _ of a cardiac event and a 3% chan _ of death. Stamler hypothesizes that without NO, red blood _lls cannot drill their way into tiny blood vessels; rather, they pile up in narrow passageways, blocking blood flow instead of increasing it and h

9、ampering the heart. Blood transfusions alone _y not be directly responsible for these health hazards, but data from other re _nt stu _s have been enough to convin _ physicians to change their so-called transfusion trigger. Doctors have traditionally waited until the patients he _tocrit the proportio

10、n of the blood _de up of red blood _lls drops below the nor _l range of 45% to 55% before transfusing. Now, doctors prefer to wait longer, until it falls below 30%. There is still a lot of controversy about the trigger, says Dr. Lynne Uhl, a transfusion specialist at Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital,

11、but the growing data has reinfor _d the practi _ that its okay to let the patients he _tocrit drop lower before transfusing. Wouldnt it be more effective if banked blood could simply be improved? Stamlers study suggests it can: by replacing nitric oxide in stored blood, Stamler showed that the risk

12、of heart attack and death from transfusion dropped dra _tically, at least in mi _. And theres reason to believe such replenishment could work in hu _n patients as well; already, pre _ture babies born with lung and respiratory problems are pla _d in NO-rich enviro _ents to ensure that their still dev

13、eloping tissues get the oxygen they need to grow properly. For now, the American Red Cross, which oversees 14 million units of banked blood, is waiting for additional study results before changing any of its pro _ssing and storage practi _s. 1. transfusion n. 注入, 醫(yī)輸血, 輸液 2. critically adv. 批評(píng)地, 用鉆研眼

14、光地, 精密地, 危急地 3. infectious adj. 有傳染性的, 易傳染的, 有感染力的 4. allergic adj. 醫(yī)過敏的, 患過敏癥的 5. paradox n. 似非而是的論點(diǎn), 自相矛盾的話 6. controversy n. 論爭(zhēng), 辯論, 論戰(zhàn) 1. Please translate the blue senten _ into Chinese. Logically, and medically, patients who need transfusions those with low blood counts should benefit immediate

15、ly from a transfusion of new oxygen-laden red blood _lls. Yet _ny get sicker. 2. What is the _in idear of this Article? 3. The article mentioned The heart disease patients, who re _ive a blood transfusion to help restore oxygen to deprived tissues, have a 8% chan _ of having a heart attack and an 25% chan _ of dying within 30 days Right? Why? 4. How to effectively improve the banked blood? 1. 按道理，從醫(yī)學(xué)上來說，因血球少而需要輸血的病人應(yīng)該很快就從血里的攜氧紅血球獲得益處。而實(shí)際上，很多病人病得更嚴(yán)重。 (翻譯的不好,僅供參考) 2. No standard answer. 3. False. The correct answer: Previous trials have shown that hea