初中英語語法-代詞講解.doc

1、初中英語語法 代詞代詞：為了避免重復而用來代替其他詞的詞。種類：1) 人稱 2) 物主 3) 反身4) 指示 5）不定6) 疑問7) 相互代詞：each other, one another互相， 其所有格加-s8) 關系代詞：which， who，that，whom，whose等 引導定語從句9) 連接代詞：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever10）替代詞：one(單數(shù)), ones(復數(shù)） 用于替代前面出現(xiàn)的同類事物。但ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前，則用some,

2、 any，而不用ones。如：Have you bought any rulers?Yes，I ve bought some.一、人稱代詞1.人稱代詞的形式單數(shù)復數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一第二第三主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem2.人稱代詞的句法功能功能例句主格作主語Theyare fourteen years old. /Sheis a Chinese teacher.賓格作動詞賓語The box is too heavy. Let me helpyou. / I likeitvery much.作介詞賓語Mary didnt

3、want to go withme.作表語- Who is standing over there?- Itsme.it的特殊用法指時間Itis early spring, but its already very hot.指天氣Itrained _（大）last night.指距離Its about five _（minute）walk from here to the library.How far is it from your school to your home?作形式主語、形式賓語Itis very nice of you to help me.I finditeasy to l

4、earn English well.指前文提到的物-Wheres my book? -Its over there.指不知性別的嬰兒或不確指性別的人The baby is crying. It may be hungry.3.人稱代詞的排列順序（單數(shù)231，復數(shù)123）當兩個以上的人稱代詞一起作主語時，單數(shù)按二、三、一人稱排列（即you, he / she, I）；復數(shù)按一、二、三人稱排列（即we, you, they）。但是如果做錯了事需要承擔責任時，要把說話人（I）放在第一位。如：It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和約翰惹她生氣了。二、物主代

5、詞1.物主代詞的形式單數(shù)復數(shù)物主代詞形容詞性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs2.物主代詞的基本用法功能例句特別提示形容詞性物主代詞作定語Hermother is a kind-hearted doctor.Theirroom is clean and tidy.形容詞性物主代詞作定語，相當于形容詞。名詞性物主代詞(相當于省略了中心名詞的-s屬格結構)作主語That is his computer.Minedoesnt work.名詞性物主代詞在句中不能單獨作定語。如：Hers math is bet

6、ter than mine.（錯！句中的_應改為_）作賓語Her spoken English is better thanyours.作表語This ballpen ishers. Where is mine?與of連用作定語The red skirtof hersis very beautiful. 3.物主代詞的特殊用法在雙重所有格中只能用名詞性物主代詞。如：我的一個朋友a friend of mine ,她的一個同學 a classmate of hers , each brother of his.三、反身代詞1.反身代詞的形式反身代詞又叫自身代詞，表示動作返回到動作發(fā)出者本身。人稱

7、單數(shù)復數(shù)第一人稱myselfourselves第二人稱yourselfyourselves第三人稱himself,herself, itselfthemselves2.反身代詞的句法功能功能例句特別提示作賓語Little Jimmy can dresshimselfnow.She cookedherselfa good meal.兩句中動作的執(zhí)行者與承受著均是同一個人，故賓語只能用反身代詞，不能用him和her。作表語The boy in the photo ismyself, not Tom.I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。作同位語（強調）The babyitse

8、lflaughed.Imyselfwent to visit my teacher.此句中，反身代詞itself也可放在laughed的后面。和by等介詞搭配，構成固定短語Never leave the child byhimselfat home.I dont think I can do it bymyself.初中常用的由反身代詞構成的短語有：（見下）3.由反身代詞構成的習慣用語help oneself to 隨便吃come to oneself 蘇醒過來，醒悟，恢復知覺dress oneself 自己穿衣服 say to oneself 自言自語enjoy oneself 玩得開心lo

9、se oneself in迷路于，全神貫注于之中，消失于teach oneself 自學 look after oneself by oneself 親自 learnby oneself 自學 leave one by oneself 把某人單獨留下 hurt oneself 傷了自己make yourself/yourselves at home 不必拘束 四、指示代詞單數(shù)this這，這個that那，那個such這樣的人或物same同樣的人或物復數(shù)these這些those那些例句Thisis Bill speaking. Who isthat?Where willthesepupils go

10、?Do you likethose? They are the latest fashion.I have never seensucha clever child before.Those two dresses arethe same.He saidthe samething again and again.1. that 用來代替前面提到的不可數(shù)名詞，those代替復數(shù)名詞。 The weather today is finer than that yesterday.The students in this school are different from those in that

11、 one.2. 打電話時，用that詢問對方是誰，用this介紹自己。This is Jack speaking. Is that Mrs Black speaking?說明：That和those可作定語從句的先行詞，但this和 these不能，同時，在作先行詞時，只有those可指人，試比較：(對) He admired that which looked beautiful.他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。(對) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）(錯) He admired that who danced we

12、ll.（that作賓語時不能指人）(對) He admired those who danced well.他贊賞跳舞好的人。（those指人）(對) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those指物）五、疑問代詞疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用來構成特殊疑問句。疑問代詞都可用作連接代詞，引導名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句）如：Tell me who he is. 告訴我他是誰。格指人指物指人或物主格who誰what什么which哪個，哪些賓格whom誰所有格whos

13、e誰的whose誰的whose誰的說明1： 無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞，which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無限的，而which則指在一定的范圍內，例如： Which girls do you like best? 你喜歡哪幾個姑娘？ What girls do you like best? 你喜歡什么樣的姑娘？說明2：Whom是who的賓格，在書面語中，它作動詞賓語或介詞賓語，在口語中作賓語時，可用who代替，但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如： Who(m) did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了誰？（作動詞賓語） Who(m) ar

14、e you taking the book to? 你要把這書帶給誰？（作介詞賓語，置句首） To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校園里和誰講話了？（作介詞賓語，置介詞后，不能用who取代。）六、不定代詞：不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見的不定代詞有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代詞，如anybody， something，no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，但none和由some，any，no等構成的復合不定代詞只能作主語、賓語或表

15、語；every和no只能作定語。如：- Do you have a car? -你有一輛小汽車嗎？ - Yes，I have one.-是的，我有一輛。- I dont know any of them. 他們，我一個也不認識。不定代詞的形式例詞普通不定代詞some / anysomebody / anybody / nobody, someone / anyone / no onesomething / anything / nothingone / none個體不定代詞every / each, other / another, either / neithereverybody / ev

16、eryone / everything數(shù)量不定代詞many / much, few / a few / little / a littlea lot of / lots of / a great deal of / a great many 辨析：不定代詞用法1some1) 可與復數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。2) 當做某一解時，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。（= a certain） You will be sorry for this some day. 總有一天，你會后悔這件事的。 A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某些人不同意你的

17、看法。3) 用于肯定句中 4）表請求、建議或期望得到肯定回答時的疑問句中。Would you like some coffee?*a.在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時，如：If you need some help，let me know.*b.當否定的是整體中的部分時，some可用于否定句。如：I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。any1)多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。He doesnt have any money.Are there any people in the roo

18、m?If you have any questions, please ask me for help.2) 表“任何”時，any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels. You may read any.這有三本小說，你可任讀一本。 You may come at any time; Ill be home the whole day.2both兩者都Her parents are both doctors.*a.both, all 都可作同位語，其位置在行為動詞前， be 動詞之后。如果助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面的實義動詞省去，則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之前。Who can spe

19、ak Japanese?We both (all) can.all三者及以上都可作主、賓、表、定、同。 We all want to go to the zoo.*all 的主謂一致：all的單復數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復數(shù)決定。 如： All goes well. 一切進展得很好。All that you have done is very helpful.*all在定語從句中作先行詞時，關系詞只能用that。*all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如：不說 all the book，而說 the whole book。 但all可與表時間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如 all day，all ni

20、ght，all the year； 但習慣上不說 all hour，all century。all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用，如 all China，all the city，all my life， all the wayeither兩者之一Either of the answers is correct.neither兩者都不Neither of us goes abroad.1）neither作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Neither of the two answers is right.2）作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用，但neither nor 用作并列連詞，可與復數(shù)名詞連用。其謂語采用就

21、近原則。3）可用于下列句型，避免重復。如： She cant sing，neither (can) he. *neither 與nor a.如前句是否定式從句，則主句用neither，而不用 nor。If you dont do it，neither should I.如果你不干，我也不干。 b. 如后連續(xù)有幾個否定句式，則用nor，不用neither。 He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.any三者之一Any movie is boring.none三者及以上都不None of his friends has/have been to Nanjing.1) no

22、ne作主語，多與of 構成短語 none of。 在答語中，none可單獨使用。 I like none of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡。 Are there any pictures on the wall?None.2) none作主語，謂語動詞單復數(shù)均可。但如做表語，則其單復數(shù)與表語一致。 It is none of your business.3every三個及以上的 “每個都”強調整體概念。只能做定語。 Every student in our school works hard.我們學校的學生都很用功。1)every 只作形容詞，不可單獨使用。 Every stud

23、ent has to take one.2) every 與not 連用，表示部分否定； Every man is not honest. 并非每個人都誠實。 3) every 有反復重復的意思，如 every two weeks等；each pron. a. ad.兩個及以上的“每個”強調個體概念，可構成of短語Each student may have one book.每個學生都可有一本書。1）each可作代詞或形容詞。 Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one.但we each have a book.2) e

24、ach 和not連用表示全部否定。Each man is not honest.這兒每個人都不誠實。4many+ C許多,How many people are there at the meeting?Many of the workers were at the meeting.many a (=many)但Many books were sold. Many a book was sold. 賣出了許多書。many/much多用于疑、否，whether引導的賓從中。日常談話中，純粹的肯定句一般可數(shù)的用a large number of, a good/great many, 不可數(shù)多用a

25、 good/great deal of, 可數(shù)不可數(shù)均可用的有a lot of, lots of, plenty of.much + U許多How much time has we left?Much of the time was spent on learning.5few + C “沒有幾個，幾乎沒有” He has few friends. 他幾乎沒有朋友。 a few+ C“有幾個”He has a few friends.他有幾個朋友。only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)little+ U “沒有多少，幾乎沒

26、有”Hurry！We have little time left. a little+ U“有一點兒”We still have a little time. 我們還有點時間。6other+可數(shù)復數(shù) 泛指“其他的”What other animals do you like?the other day 前幾天 every other day 隔天 on the other side 另一邊on the one hand on the other hand 一方面另一方面the other兩者中的另一個one the other一個另一個（只有兩個）We have two sisters. On

27、e is 16, the other is 12. I found one shoe, but I cant see the other one. oneonethe other一個，另一個，第三個others = other people/things 泛指“其他的人或物”some others，othersWe shouldnt laugh at others. the others = the rest剩余的全部（特定范圍內的人或物）some the others一些其他的（有三個以上）There are 50 students in our class. Some are readin

28、g, the others are doing homework.another泛指三者及以上中的另一個1.one another，the third2.The shirt is too small. Can I try another one?Dont lose heart. Have another try. 3.another two/few weeks 再兩(幾)周= two more weekseg. We love here. We want to stay another three days.4. one after another 一個接一個地復合不定代詞作主語、賓語、表語、

29、定語。something, anything, everything, nothing ,somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody,someone, anyone, everyone，( no one)作主語Both of them are Chinese.賓語 I know nothing about him.表語 Thats nothing. 沒什么。定語 You may take either road. 1. 有形容詞修飾，要后置。Theres sth wrong with the TV.2. 作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Everything goes w

30、ell. 辨析： 1. one，that 和it one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it 與所指名詞為同一個。I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個) 你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。 I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。2. .a

31、nyone/any one anyone僅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。3.no one/nobody， none和noa) none 后跟of短語，既可指人又可指物，而no one只單獨使用，只指人。None of you could lift it. 你們中沒有人可舉起它。- Did any one call me up just now?-剛才有人打電話給我嗎? - No one. -沒有。b) none用法相當于名詞，一般作主語、賓語。 作主語，謂語動詞用單，復數(shù)均可，而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數(shù)。None of the problems is/ are easy to solve. None of the milk was left.c) no one 一般回答who，含anyone，anybody的疑問句。Is there anyone in the room? No one.none回答how many/much及含any+名詞的疑問句。How ma