第一課-英語語法基礎(chǔ)詞性及-成分

1、英語詞性的分類及用法詞類英語名稱作用例詞名詞Noun（縮寫為n.）表示人或事物的名稱party政黨 people 人類 China中國tennis網(wǎng)球代詞Pronoun (pron.)用來代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞等He他 we我們 hers她的that那what什么數(shù)詞Numeral (num.)表示數(shù)量或順序one一 six六first第一形容詞Adjective（adj.）用來修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特性、性質(zhì)safe安全的 happy快樂的great偉大的busy忙碌的副詞Adverb (adv.)用來修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞，表示動作或形狀的特性hard艱苦地 too也 only僅僅地

2、always永遠(yuǎn)，一直 here這里 not非（不）冠詞Article (art.)用在名詞前，幫助說明名詞所指的人或事物an，a，the動詞Verb (v.)表示人或事物的動作或狀態(tài)eat吃 be動詞（am，is，are）實意動詞（do） have有l(wèi)ove愛，喜歡介詞Preposition (prep.)用在名詞、代詞等前面，說明句子中詞與詞之間的關(guān)系under在下in在里of屬于關(guān)于連詞Conjunction (conj.)用來連接詞、短語或句子and和or或者so所以but但是when當(dāng)時候感嘆詞Interjection (interj.)表示說話時的感情或口氣Hello喂well好的

3、why呃，嘿二、 物主代詞表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞二種，其人物和數(shù)的變化見下表, 數(shù) 單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)人稱一二三一二三形物 myyourhis/her/ its ouryourtheir名 物 mineyourshis/hers /itsoursyourstheirs Eg. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there. This is your picture. And that is mine. 1._(我) am a worker. _(你) are a doctor. _(

4、她) is a teacher. 2.This is_ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is _(我的)pen. 4._(他們的) trousers are there. 5. I like this picture. Please give _(它) to_(我). These are _(我們的) shoes. Can _(我們) wear _(它們).句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述

5、的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasur

6、e. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. （三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由

7、情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weat

8、her has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one? His job is to teach English. His hobby（愛好）is playing football. The machine must be out of order. Time is up. The class is over. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如： They went to

9、see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday. The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. He pretended not to see me. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 賓語種類：（

10、1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Dongming.They painted their boat white.Let the fresh air i

11、n.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.

12、 There are thirty women teachers is our school. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語

13、?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?Light travels most quickly. He has lived in the city for ten years. He is in the room making a model plane. Wait a minute. Once you begin, you must continue.狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six? Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. I shall go there if it doesn

14、t rain. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. She works very hard though she is old. I am taller than h

15、e is. 句子的基本句型 由主語、謂語動詞、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等句子成分，按不同方式可組合成五種基本句型：(句子成分的表示方法：S: Subject主語；V: Verb動詞；O: Object賓語；P: Predica tive表語；OC: Object Complement賓語補(bǔ)足語；InO: Indirect Object間接賓語；DO：Dir ect Object 直接賓語)第一種：S+V(主語+謂語動詞)The boy sleeps. 第二種：S+V+O(主語+謂語動詞+賓語)He plays the violin. 第三種：S+V+P(主語+連系動詞+表語)She is a d

16、octor. 第四種：S+V+InO+DO(主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語)I gave her a present.第五種：S+V+O+OC(主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語)We call him Jack1 第一種句型：主語+不及物動詞(S+V)該句型所用動詞都是不及物動詞，其后當(dāng)然不能接賓語，但是可以用狀語修飾謂語動詞或整個句子。He runs fast in the street.The meeting begins at nine. 2 第二種句型：主語+及物動詞+賓語(S+V+O)該句型所用動詞都是及物動詞，可作賓語的有名詞、代詞、不定式、動名詞或短語及從句。We attend

17、ed the meeting. She stopped him. She wants to ask a question. They enjoy listening to the classic music. 3 第三種句型：主語+連系動詞+表語(S+V+P)連系動詞的后面必須接表語，說明主語的情況和狀態(tài)。通?？勺鞅碚Z的是名詞或形容詞。She became a lawyer last year. He is honest. It is getting colder and colder. It tastes delicious. It sounds reasonable. 注意：下列動詞在表示

18、狀態(tài)的存在和變化時，也可以作連系動詞使用 ：look 看起來；smell 聞起來；sound 聽起來；taste 嘗起來；feel 感覺；keep 保持； grow/go/get/turn變得。4 第四種句型：主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語(S+V+InO+DO)(1)賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象，但某些動詞，除直接賓語外，還要求一個間接賓語，以表示該動詞所表示的動作所及的人或物，通常由名詞或代詞 的賓格擔(dān)任。She gave me a ticket for that film. Please pass me the salt. (2)通常情況下，間接賓語位于直接

19、賓語的前面，但有時根據(jù)強(qiáng)調(diào)需要，間接賓語位于直接 賓語之后，這時要在間接賓語前加to或for。I will bring the book to you next time. =I will bring you the book next time.He promised a motorbike to her. =He promised her a motorbike.Mother bought a new bag for him. =Mother bought him a new bag.She sang several songs for them. =She sang them sever

20、al songs.（間接賓語放在句尾為了強(qiáng)調(diào)是給我而不是給別人。）要求雙賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語)的動詞，直接賓語提前，動詞后加to或for，現(xiàn)歸納如下。后面加to的動詞：give ；tell ；bring ；send ；hand ；read ；pass ；return ；lend ；throw ；leave ；promise 等等后面加for的動詞：get ；make ；buy ；do ；play ；order ；sing ；pay等等 簡單句的五種基本句型口訣英語句子萬萬千，五大句型把線牽。句型種類為動詞，后接什么是關(guān)鍵；vt.又可分三類，單賓雙賓最常見；還有賓語補(bǔ)足語，各種搭配記心間。注

21、意：帶特殊疑問詞的不定式短語作直接賓語是一種很常 用的形式，基本句型是：S+V+O(間接)+疑問詞+不定式主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+疑問詞+不定式She told me how to understand the article.They wanted to know where to solve the problem.5 第五種句型：主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語(S+V(及物動詞)+O+OC) (1)有些及物動詞，只接一個賓語不能表達(dá)完整的意思，還需要再加一個賓語的補(bǔ)語加以說明使意思完整。這樣的賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語又稱為復(fù)合賓語，可以由名詞、形容詞和不定式來擔(dān)任?？梢杂糜谶@種句式的動詞主要有

22、:They named the girl Susan. He found her frustrated. I saw them perform on the stage.let / have / make sb. do sth.ask / want / tell / allow / wish / get / expect / encourage / invite / teach sb. to do sth.find / see / hear / watch / notice / feel sb. do sth./sb. doing sth.help sb. (to) do sth.(2)一些使

23、役性動詞如make, let, have和一些表示感官的動詞如see, watch, look at, hea r, listen to, feel等，用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時，要省去“to”。但用于被動語態(tài)時，還要 加上“to”。We all made him play the violin.被動：He was made to play the violin by us all.比較：雙賓語句型與復(fù)合賓語句型的區(qū)別它們之間最主要的區(qū)別是：復(fù)合賓語中的賓語和它的補(bǔ)足語有著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，但雙賓 語則沒有這種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例如：We call him Jack.He bought her a bike. practice劃分以下句子成分I saw them getting on the bus. His face turned red. He tells us funny stories. They talked for half an hour. The little boy needs a blue pen.I want to have a cup of tea. The trouble is that they are sh