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1、精品文檔 (一) Con tract 與 Agreeme nt 的區(qū)另 S 在英語中,合同一般稱為Con tract ,協(xié)議一般稱為Agreeme nt. 1何謂“ con tract ”? 1999年中國合同法第二條對con tract 定義為:A con tact in this Law refers to an agreeme nt establishi ng, modify ing and term in ati ng the civil rights and obligationsbetweensubjects of equal footing , that is, betweenn

2、atural persons , legal persons or other organizations。根據(jù)這一定義,合同是平等主 體之間設(shè)立的確定民事權(quán)利和義務(wù)的協(xié)議。 Steven H.Gifts 編著的“ Law Dictio nary 中將 con tract定義為“ con tract is a promise , or a set of promises , for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performa nee of the which the law in some way recog nize as a

3、duty.根據(jù)這 一定義,合同是一種承諾,違反承諾可以得到法律救助,某種意義上法律將履行該承諾 看做是一種補(bǔ)償。 L.B Curz on 在其編撰的字典“ A Dictio nary of Law 給 con tract 的定義: “ Contract is a legally bi ndi ng agreeme nt根據(jù)這一定義, 合同就是有法律約束力 的協(xié)議。 綜合起來,有一個相同點(diǎn),就是“Co ntract is an agreeme nt,即可將合同說成 是“ An agreementwhich binds the parties concerned 或者說合同說成是“ An agre

4、eme nt which is en forceable by law”,也可以說: Con tracts are promises that the law will en force. 2. 何謂“ Agreement ”? L.B “ A consen sus of mind , or evide nee of such consen sus , in spoke or writte n form , relati ng to any thi ngdone or to be done.根據(jù)這一定義,協(xié)議是 對已經(jīng)做或準(zhǔn)備做的相關(guān)事宜,經(jīng)過談判、協(xié)商后取得一致意見,以口頭或書面形式做 出的

5、約定。 Black “Law Dictio nary 有兩個定義。一個是:“ A concord of un dersta nding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties , of certa in past or future facts or performa nee” 根據(jù)這一定義,協(xié)議即雙方或多方京某些過去或?qū)砟承┦聦?shí)的相關(guān)權(quán)利、義務(wù)或相關(guān) 權(quán)利、義務(wù)的履行而達(dá)成的一致理解和愿望。 另一個是:“ The co

6、nsent of two or more persons concurring respecting the tran smissi on of some property , right or ben efits , with the view of con tact ing an obligation , a mutual obligatio n. 根據(jù)這一定義,協(xié)議即兩個或多個當(dāng)事人, 為了約定單方責(zé)任或相互責(zé)任,就財產(chǎn)權(quán)利、利益的轉(zhuǎn)移取得的一致同意。 3. Contract (合同)和 Agreement(協(xié)議)是不是可以互換呢? 合同的成立必須具備幾個主要因素。它們(要約和承諾構(gòu)成的

7、)協(xié)議、約因、設(shè)立 法律關(guān)系的愿望和締約能力四大部分組成。 L.B Curzon 編著的“ A Diction of Law 提到:“Contract generally involves l.offer and absolute and unq ualified accepta nee(要約和絕對接受); 2. consensus ad idem(意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds ); 3.i nten tion to create legal relatio ns(建立合同關(guān)系的意愿); 4. ge nuinen ess of consent(同意的真實(shí)性); 5. c

8、on tractual capacity of the parties(合同當(dāng)事人的締約能力); 6.legality of object (標(biāo)的物 的合法性); 7. possibility of performa nee(履行的可能性); 8. certai nty of terms(條款的確定性); 9. valuable con siderati on(等價有償)。 Black Law Dictionary “ 中解釋道: Although often used as synonyms with con tract “, agreeme nt is a broader term , e

9、.g.a n agreeme nt might lack an esse ntial eleme nt of a con tact.即“協(xié)議和“合同經(jīng)常用作同義詞,但“協(xié)議 這一術(shù)語含義更廣,例如協(xié)議可能缺乏合同的必備條款(esse ntial clauses/provisi ons )。 實(shí)際使用當(dāng)中,協(xié)議可不受必備條款的限制,而稱為合同的文體肯定少不了必備條 款,有的合同將其單列,稱為一般條款(General provisions)。 1999中國合同法第十二條規(guī)定了八項(xiàng)一般條款,分別是: 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(當(dāng)事人的

10、名稱或姓名和住址); 2. c ontract object(標(biāo)的); 3. qua ntity(數(shù)量); 4. quality (質(zhì)量); 5. price or remun erati on(價款或者報酬); 6. time limit , place and method of performa nee(履行期限、地點(diǎn)和方式); 7.liability for breach of contract(違約責(zé)任); 8.methods to settle disputes(解決爭議的方法)。 上述解釋說明,con tract (合同)和agreeme nt(協(xié)議)的概念雖然接近,但使 用范圍

11、不同,不能互換使用。合同是協(xié)議的重要組成部分,所有合同一定是協(xié)議,而協(xié) 議不見得都是合同??梢哉f具備合同成立要求的具有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力的協(xié)議才是合同 (二)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)合同類法律文件用以規(guī)定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利與義務(wù),是預(yù)防與解決爭議 的依據(jù)。合同英語行文慎密而準(zhǔn)確,歷史悠久,深含法律文化底蘊(yùn)。 中文的合同開頭一般先羅列當(dāng)事人的名稱、姓名、住所或營業(yè)場所,然后是合同正 文,結(jié)尾是當(dāng)事人印章、授權(quán)代表簽字、職務(wù)及簽字日期。而英語合同一般以下面這類 句式為開頭: This agreeme nt/c on tractis made and en tered in to this day of (month ) , (

12、year ) by and betwee n Party A(here in after called“ Party A ) and Party B(hereinafter called“ Party B ) 然后是開始陳述: WHEREAS THEREFORE It is hereby agreed as follows : 或以: WITNESSETH , WHEREAS NOW THEREFORE , for and in con sideration of the mutual cove nants and agreeme ntscontainedhere in , the parti

13、es hereby cove nant and agree as follows : 接著是正文,最后是證明部分: IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have hereu nto set their hands the day and years first above written. 隨后還包括當(dāng)事人和見證人的簽字,簽字日期一般在英文合同最 搬弄是非是找不到 的。 下面列出新加坡、美國、香港和日本的合同格式。 1. 新加坡 Agreeme nt THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August,2001

14、between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD , a compa ny in corporated in Si ngapore and havi ng its registered office at Telek Bion gar Rise, Sin gapore 19569( here in after called “The Company ) of the part and JACK Wong ( NRIC No./A)of 108 Orchar Road , Sin gapore 01688( here in after called“ The Man ager ”)

15、of the other part. WHEREAS : 1. The compa ny is en gaged in IT bus in ess and requires a pers on with the n ecessary qualificati ons and experie nee to man age its bus in ess. 2. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows : 1. The compa ny shall employ the Man ager and the Man ager shall serve the Compa ny

16、as man ager of the Compa nys IT bus in ess for a period of two years comme ncing on 1st day of September 2. IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above writte n. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Man ger 1. To man age , maintain and promote the bus

17、 in ess of the Compa ny. 2. 3. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the prese nee of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the prese nee of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分: 第一部分:稱為parties,主要介紹合同各方的姓名或名稱,注冊地/國及地址、郵 編及各自在合同的簡稱。開頭框架一般為:THIS AGREEMENT is made the day of( mon th ),( year) betwee n A ( her

18、e in after called“ The Compa ny ”)of the part and B, ( here in after called“ The Manager ”)of the other part. 句子開頭 THIS AGREEMENT 或 CONTRACT 和當(dāng) 事人的姓名和名稱,都應(yīng)大寫。 當(dāng)事人是自然人的,用“of ”和其后的住址相連;是法人或非法人單位的,用“having its registered office at和其后注冊地址相連。 第二部分:稱為recital.以WHEREAS開頭,進(jìn)入敘述部分,用陳述正式說明當(dāng)事 人訂立合同的原因。 第三部分:稱為 h

19、abendum ,正文。具體約定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。正文部分的 結(jié)束段為:IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above writte n.這段作用相當(dāng)于中文合同的雙方簽字蓋章,特此 為證”。 第四部分:稱為schedule 或addendum ,附錄。是對前述合同部分條款的 必要 補(bǔ)充。不是所有合同都有這一項(xiàng)。 第五部分:稱為attestation ,證明部分。當(dāng)事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by 英文寫作翻譯;連接后填寫 見證姓名的表達(dá)部分“ In the

20、presenee of”;當(dāng)事人 是法人或非法人單位時,授權(quán)代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf of,然后才是In the presenee of.與中文合同的顯著不同是簽章處除當(dāng) 事人外,多了一個In the prese nee of 供證人簽字之處。另一不同的是合同訂 立日期沒有放在合同最后,而是出現(xiàn)在開頭段的當(dāng)事人介紹部分。 第五部分在新加坡還有另一種表達(dá): As Wit ness our Hands thisday of, in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed , and d

21、elivered by the above named In the prese nee of Sign ature Address Occupati on. 上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式與之相比大同大異,有的合同中不含附 錄。 2. 美國 APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September ,2000 betwee nof( address )( here in after referred to

22、as “ the Compa ny ”) as one part and Mr.of ( address ) ( here in after referred to as the Con tractor ) of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS 1. THAT the Compa ny shall 2. This agreeme nt shall comme nee on 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF , both parties set their hands on the date

23、 herein men ti oned SIGNED BY Name : Desig nati on For and on behalf of :( sig nature ) Con tractor : Desig nati on For and on behalf of :( sig nature ) 本合同分為四個大部分(缺附錄, schedule )。與上一合同基本相同, 但第一段沒 有謂語,不是個完整的句子。個別用詞與前一合同有差別。最后落款處還多了 “職務(wù)”, 即designation (有的合同還慣用 position )。 3. 香港 CONTRACT CONTACT NO. S

24、IGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER : Name Legal Address Con tact THE SELLER: Name Legal Address Con tact This con tract is made by and betwee n the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity accord ing to the terms and con diti ons. 1. NA

25、ME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2. P RICE 3. PAYMENT 4. PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF , this con tract has bee n executed effective as of the date first above writte n. THE BUYER THE SELLER By: By Date :Date: THE END USER By: Date :- 比起前兩個合同,該買賣合同的不同之處于在于,合同開頭出現(xiàn)了合同編號和簽署 日期,當(dāng)事人名稱或姓名采用簡單列舉式

26、。證明部分用完成時被動態(tài),最后落款處 SIGNED BY項(xiàng)目,但增加了最終用戶一項(xiàng)。 4. 日本 SERVICE AGREEMENT This agreeme nt is made and en tered into on March 1st,2001 , by and betweenLTD ( herei nafter referred to as“ PARTY A ), andCO., LTD. ( hereinafter referred to as“ PARTY B ) WITNESSTH : WHEREAS , PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to

27、dispatchits personal for the purpose ofto PARTY b ; and WHEREAS,( PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel to PARTY B in response to such PARTY Bs request ) NOW , THEREFORE , in con siderationof the mutual promises and cove nants here in contained the parties hereto agree as follows 1. 2. 3. IN

28、WITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first here in above writte n. Ltd.Co, Ltd. (sig nature )(sig nature ) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR 該合同也由四大部分構(gòu)成,與上述合同最大的不同在于,在敘述部分上端加了一個 WITNESSETH (鑒于),最后

29、落款處也沒有SIGNED BY項(xiàng)目,但授權(quán)簽字代表的職 位直接打出來,放在簽字的下一行。別外,當(dāng)事人的簡稱部分用的都是大寫。 相比之下,英文合同除個別地方外,整個合同的段落排列,句式和用詞大同小異。 在草擬英文合同時,只要仿用上述任何一個,都算是地道的英文表達(dá)。 (三)用詞特點(diǎn)(formal term ) 合同英語的用詞極其考究,具有特定性。要求選詞專業(yè)化(professio nal )、正式 (formal )、準(zhǔn)確(accurate )。具體體現(xiàn)在下列方面: 1.May , shall , must ,may not (或 shall not ) 的使用,May , shall , mus

30、t ,may not (或shall not )對學(xué)過英語的人再熟悉不過,但在合同中用這些詞 時要極其謹(jǐn)慎。權(quán)利義務(wù)的約定部分構(gòu)成了合同的主體。這幾個詞如選用不當(dāng),可能會 引起糾紛。| may旨在約定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利(可以做什么),Shall約定當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)(應(yīng)當(dāng)做什 么時候), must用于強(qiáng)制性義務(wù)(必須做什么),may not (或shall not )用于禁 止性義務(wù)(不得做什么)。May do 不能說成can do , shall do , 不能說成should do或ought to do , may not do在美國一些法律文件可以用shall not , 但絕不能 用can no

31、t do 或must not )例如,在約定解決爭議的途徑時的,可以說: The parties hereto shall , first of all , settle any dispute aris ing from or in connection with the con tract by frie ndly n egotiati ons. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for se

32、ttlement in the abse nee of any arbitrati on clause in the disputed con tract or in default of agreeme nt reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall和may表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確。出現(xiàn)爭議后應(yīng)當(dāng)先行協(xié)商,所以采用了義務(wù)性 “約定”,如果協(xié)商解決不了,作為當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利,用選擇性約定may也很妥當(dāng)。如 果may和shall調(diào)換位置會怎么樣? 前半句的shall換用may后,意思變成了當(dāng)事人 可以通過協(xié)商解決,意思上說得過去,但后半句的may換用shall后,變成

33、了應(yīng)當(dāng)訴 訟解決,好像一出事,就要先見官,這就有些不友好了。 本句可譯為:雙方首先應(yīng)通過友好協(xié)商,解決因合同而發(fā)生的或與合同有關(guān)的爭議。 如果協(xié)商未果,合同中又無仲裁條款約定或爭議發(fā)生后未就仲裁達(dá)成一致的,可將爭議 提交有管轄權(quán)的人民法院解決。 2. 正式用語(formal term ) 合同英語有著嚴(yán)肅的風(fēng)格,與其它英語作品有很大不同。例如: 因?yàn)榈亩陶Z多用“by virtue of ,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于“due to 一般不用because of ”; “財務(wù)年度末一般用“ at the close of the fiscal year,而不用 “ in the end of the fiscal

34、year ”; 在之前一般用“ prior to ,而不用“ before ”; 關(guān)于 常用as regards ”,“concerning 或relating to ,而不會用 “about ”; 事實(shí)上用 “ in effect ,而不用 “ in fact ”; “開始用“ commencement,而不用 “ start 或“ begin ”; 停止做用“ cease to do ,而 不用 “ stop to do ”; 何時開會并由某某主持的表述為:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.;其中“召開 不用 “hold 或

35、call,而用“ convene :“主持 不用 “chair 或“ be in charge of ,而用“ preside ; 其他事項(xiàng)用“ miscellaneous ”, 而不用 “ other matters/events; 理解合同用“ con strue a con tract 或“ comprehe nd a con tract,而不 用 “ understand a contract ; 認(rèn)為 用 deem ,用consider少,不用 think 或 believe ; 愿意做用intend to do 或“desire to do ,而不用 “want to do , “

36、wish to do ”。 3. 用詞專業(yè)(technical terms ) 合同用詞不以大眾是否理解和接受為轉(zhuǎn)移,它是合同語言準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)的保障。如合同 出現(xiàn)的“瑕疵”、“救濟(jì)”、“不可抗力”、“管轄、“損毀”、“滅失”等就 可能讓非行業(yè)人士費(fèi)解,在英語以上表達(dá)分別為defect , remedy , force majeure/Act of God , jurisdict ion , damage an d/or loss)。另外幾乎每個合同 者 E少不了 here in after referred to as , whereas , in wit ness whereof, for an

37、don behalf of , hereby , thereof 等虛詞。這也是合同英語的一大特色。其它例子還有: “賠償用“ indemnities ,而不用 “compensation” ; “不動產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓用“ conveyanee ,而 不用 “transfer of real estate ; 房屋出租”用“ tenancy ,而財產(chǎn)出租”用“ lease of property ; 停業(yè) 用 “ wind up a bus in ess 或 “ cease (名詞是 cessati on ) a bus in ess , 而不用 “ en d/stop a bus in ess ; 專

38、利許可中的“特許權(quán)使用費(fèi)只用“royalities ; 還款或?qū)@暾埖摹皩捪奁谟⑽摹癵race ; 當(dāng)事人在破產(chǎn)中的和解”用“composition ; 以實(shí)物出資為 “ investment in kind ; “依照合同相關(guān)規(guī)定 ” 一般說 “pursuant to provisions contained herein” 或 “ as provided herein 等,不說 “ accord ing to releva nt terms and con diti ons in the con tract ”; 合同任何一方當(dāng)事人不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本合同英文表述為“Neither party h

39、ereto may assig n this con tract ”,其中 “ hereto 表示 “ to the contract ”,選用 “ Neither party to the con tract較少。 4同義詞、近義詞、相關(guān)詞的序列 FOR value RECEIVED , the undersigned does hereby sell , transfer , assign and set over toall his right , tile and in terest in and to a certa in con tract dated,19by and betwee n the un dersig ned and, a copy of which is ann exed hereto. 在這里的 同義詞和近義詞并歹V (女口

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