英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文--中西方禮貌用語的文化差異【可編輯】

1、 foreign language departmentgraduation thesiscultural differences of chinese and western courtesy languagesname: ma xx class: x-x major: english advisor: zhang x time: may15th, 2013 黑龍江財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書系別 xx 系 專業(yè) 英 語 班級 x級英本x 學(xué)生姓名 馬xx 2012年11月8日說 明1、本任務(wù)書為我院各專業(yè)下達(dá)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)之用。2、本任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師填寫并簽字，系主任批準(zhǔn)簽字。批準(zhǔn)

2、后，由系（部）統(tǒng)一保存。3、本任務(wù)書中階段檢查必須按時(shí)進(jìn)行填寫，以保證畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）按時(shí)如期完成。4、畢業(yè)答辯完成后，本任務(wù)書與畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）一起裝入學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）資料袋，由系（部）統(tǒng)一保存。教務(wù)處二0一二年十一月畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書姓名馬xx系別x系專業(yè)英語班級x級英本x畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目：cultural differences of chinese and western courtesy language中西方禮貌用語的文化差異畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）目的意義： 語言既是文化的載體，又是文化的一部分，語言受到文化的影響,是文化的一面鏡子。因此，禮貌用語作為語言的一部分與文化也是密

3、不可分的，禮貌是文化的重要組成部分，英漢文化不同，英漢語言的禮貌原則也存在這差異。本課題將通過對中英文化中禮貌語的對比研究，闡明中西禮貌用語的共性和差異性，以及在不同文化背景下，中英不同的禮貌原則和各自的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。通過對此課題的研究，使人們在社交過程中，根據(jù)不同的場合，正確的使用合適的禮貌語， 避免不同文化下不同禮貌用語帶來的各種沖突。同時(shí)，能使英語學(xué)習(xí)者更加透徹的了解西方文化，掌握交際語言。最后，若用于英語教學(xué)中，將提高學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)，以及跨文化交際能力。畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）要求與計(jì)劃：（1）撰寫論文時(shí)要嚴(yán)格按開題報(bào)告的程序進(jìn)行（2）根據(jù)所撰寫的提綱收集材料。選取有利于文章的材料組成文章（3）要有

4、邏輯性，論點(diǎn)明確，論據(jù)充分，文章脈絡(luò)要清晰，應(yīng)有個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)（4）理論、觀點(diǎn)、概念要準(zhǔn)確、清晰（5）論文要有一定新意（6）指導(dǎo)學(xué)生擬訂論文寫作提綱，審閱學(xué)生調(diào)研計(jì)劃和實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)方案。定期檢查學(xué)生論文進(jìn)展情況，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生解決理論上的難點(diǎn)和實(shí)踐中的關(guān)鍵性問題（7）按系里要求提交初稿、二稿和最后成稿（8）每篇論文不少于五千字時(shí)間安排：2012年11月8日 下達(dá)任務(wù)書2012年12月1-8日 收集資料，提交論文詳細(xì)提綱2012年12月9-20日 收集資料，完善初稿（一稿） 2013年4月15日- 5月 與指導(dǎo)教師討論修改論文（二稿）2013年5月上旬 定稿、打印、裝訂、論文答辯指導(dǎo)教師意見（簽字）： 應(yīng)按學(xué)院

5、規(guī)定的格式及時(shí)間安排保證質(zhì)量按期完成。 2012年 11月 17 日專業(yè)指導(dǎo)委員會意見（簽字）：2012 年 11月 20日系主任意見（簽字）： 2012 年11 月 24日畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）評語及成績一、指導(dǎo)教師評語 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 201 年 月 日二、評閱人評語 評閱人簽字： 201 年 月 日三、答辯委員會評語四、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）成績 學(xué)生所在系蓋章： 201 年 月 日五、答辯委員會主任單位 答辯委員會主任職稱 答辯委員會主任簽字 201 年 月 日 黑龍江財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 摘 要語言既是文化的載體，又是文化的一部分，語言受到文化的影響,是文化的一面鏡子。因此，禮貌用語作為語言的一部分

6、與文化也是密不可分的，禮貌是文化的重要組成部分，英漢文化不同，英漢語言的禮貌原則也存在著差異。禮貌用語在跨文化交際中起著十分重要的作用，是良好的人際關(guān)系得以維持的基石。禮貌用語在跨文化交際中使用的是否得體，將直接關(guān)系著交際是否能順利的進(jìn)行下去，甚至能否能夠達(dá)到交際目的。根據(jù)中英禮貌用語的不同原則，對其做出了對比研究，闡明了中西禮貌用語的共性和差異性，以及引起不同的根源和對策。通過該研究，使人們在社交過程中，根據(jù)不同的場合，正確的使用合適的禮貌語，避免不同文化下不同禮貌用語帶來的各種沖突。同時(shí)，能使英語學(xué)習(xí)者更加透徹的了解西方文化，掌握交際語言。最后，將其應(yīng)用于英語教學(xué)中，有效提高學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)

7、和跨文化交際能力。關(guān)鍵詞：禮貌原則；禮貌用語；對策abstract language, as a part of culture, is influenced by culture, so is courtesy. courtesy language is the important part of the culture. all the courtesy languages are the mirrors to their cultures. different cultures between china and west lead to different politeness pri

8、nciples. courtesy language plays a very important role in the cross-cultural communication. it is the basic element to keep a good relationship. whether the use of courtesy language is proper or not will directly influence the communication. according to the different principles of chinese and weste

9、rn courtesy languages, the paper makes a comparison study between them, and expounds the similarities and differences, as well as the reasons and countermeasures. therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the dif

10、ferent culture courtesy and different culture according to the different occasions in the social process. at the same time, the paper can make the reader understand and master the western culture and the right way of communication. finally, if the politeness principles are used in the english teachi

11、ng and learning, it will improve the students comprehensive quality, and the ability of cross-cultural communication.key words: polite principle ; politeness language; countermeasure iii1 introduction with the development of science and technology, communication among people from different countries

12、 and different cultures is more frequent and important. our world is multicultural, when we communicate with people from another culture, we are not only affected by the difference of language, but also disturbed by the difference of culture, to ensure a successful understanding and communication, w

13、e should pay attention to politeness, one of the most universal phenomena in intercultural communication.as a universal phenomenon, politeness is observed in every society; its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunders

14、tandings by means of polite speech acts so as to attain the aim of communication. both english and chinese language has much different restriction, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. british linguists, leech listed the six politeness principles according to the en

15、glish culture characteristic, while gu yueguo analyzed chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness principles in his research on about politeness, pragmatics and culture. comparing the politeness principles of gu yueguo and leech we can find that there are many politeness norms o

16、f differences. it is an effective way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the communication smoothly by analyzing and comparing these differences scientifically. 2 different principles of politeness in chinese andenglishpoliteness is the common phenomenon existing in social and group which is

17、the symbol of human civilization and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. in an intercultural communication, interlocutors bear the different cultural backgrounds, the manipulation of politeness strategies is even more challenging, because it is human natural tendency to evaluate others be

18、haviour with the reference to ones own criteria. therefore, the comparative study of politeness principles in chinese and english cultures becomes more and more important. meanwhile to be familiar with different cultural backgrounds and to choose the right politeness maxims during communication are

19、also very important.2.1 politeness principles of chinese courtesy languagelike the english speaking countries, the ancient chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁義非禮不成。人有禮則安。無禮則危。故曰：禮者不可不學(xué)也。鸚鵡能言，不離飛鳥；猩猩能言，不離禽獸。今人而無禮，不亦禽獸之心乎。夫惟禽獸無禮。”there is the stander that 夫禮者自卑而尊人 in the earl

20、y work recently, the study of politeness principle had made great improvement in china. gu yueguo pointed out four politeness traits in communication according to the culture background of chinas history and daily communication of chinese people. that is respectfulness, modesty, attitude warmth and

21、refind-ment. at the same time, gu yueguo put forward five politeness principles on the basis of leechs.2.1.1 the chinese tradition of politenesschina has a rich history of 5000 years. as a land of courtesy and civilization, china has been famous as a country of ceremony and propriety. whether a pers

22、on is polite or not is important enough to reveal the quality of that person.in chinese culture, the concept of politeness can be traced back to the notion of li, formulated by the ancient philosopher and thinker confucius (551bc-429bc), who has been highly valued from ancient time. it is commonly a

23、ccepted that it is confucianism, the philosophical system of confucius that has founded the cornerstone of chinese mainstream culture and dominated chinese society for several thousands years. it is bound to have influence on the way people think and treat each other, and even on the forms of langua

24、ge they use in different communicative situations. limao defines the appropriate conduct and behavior, and certain obligation and responsibility for every social member in accordance with his/her social position by way of other-respecting. in a word, politeness in chinese culture has a strong trace

25、of political goals and moral, which helps maintain social order.2.1.2 gu yueguos chinese politeness principles gu yueguo has proposed four sides of politeness: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement and five politeness maxim:the first politeness principle is self-denigration maxi

26、m. gu thought that the most trait of chinese politeness is “fu li zhe, zi bei er zun ren”. the maxim points out that we must “bian” and “qian” when we do something for ourselves. on the other hand, we should “tai” and “zun” when something is related to the listener. the second politeness principle i

27、s address maxim. this maxim points out the traditions that “huang xia you yi, gui jian you fen, zhang yao you xu” which embodies the social relations in the interpersonal communication when people address each other. the third politeness principle is tact maxim. in the chinese culture, “bin bin you

28、li” is considered the politeness and cultivated. the basic content is “genteelism chose, bawdry forbidden, multi-purpose tactful, less with the truth”, avoiding mention the unpleasant or embarrassing things. the fourth politeness principle is agreement maxim. this criterion refers to caring each oth

29、ers identity and status in society, respecting each others “face” which makes each other harmony in many aspects. when we must criticize others or publish the different opinion, we can take the strategy that “xian li hou bin, xian bao hou bian” the fifth politeness principle is generosity maxim. min

30、imize cost to others, maximizes benefit to other in the behavior of motivation. maximize the benefit that you gain from others, minimizing the cost you pay in the words. 2.2 politeness principles of english courtesy language brown and levinson thought different culture have the different politeness

31、principles. in their view, the face is something that is emotionally invested, and that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction. this different is influenced by the society, culture, religion and geography chronically. chinese and english choose the di

32、fferent strategy which embodies their different national culture feature to express the different politeness principle. so people will choose the proper politeness principle in cross-cultural communication.2.2.1 brown and levinsons “face” theorypoliteness, in the interaction, can then be defined as

33、the means employed to show awareness of another persons face. in 1978, brown and levinson had further put forward the “mature face theory” which tried to take face as a common language phenomenon to research on the basis of goff man in their work of universals in language usage: politeness phenomena

34、. brown and levinson divided the face into positive face and negative face. then politeness is also divided into the positive manner and negative manner. the mature face theory of brown and levinson is the first; time to discuss the face problems of politeness systematically from anthropology and ph

35、ilosophy. in their view, the face is something that is emotionally invested, and that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction. this different is influenced by the society, culture, religion and geography chronically. chinese and english choose the diff

36、erent strategy which embodies their different national culture feature to express the different politeness principle. so people will choose the proper politeness principle in cross-cultural communication. they thought that face is, for every social member, wanted to gain for the public self-image of

37、 them. in the process of interaction, people hope each other can maintain each others face. along with the face threat increasing, people use the higher politeness strategies to maintain their face. the face threat level depends on the difference of social distance and social power between the commu

38、nications. 2.2.2 grice cooperative principle grice cooperative principle grice, an american linguist, has put forward the cooperative principle in peoples conversation. he thought that, in all the communication, the speaker and listener should follow some principles which make the process of communi

39、cation develop toward the tacit understanding and cooperation. there are four maxims to embody the cooperative principle: the first one is quantity maxim: the information you offer should accord with the conversation, just the right amount. the second one is quality maxim: what you said should be re

40、asonable and true. the next one is relevant maxim: what you said should be related to the content of the front. the last one is manner maxim: the word you said should be terse, clear, and systematical. but some people do not comply with this social principle; even some of them violate those in socia

41、l communication. in other words, the cooperative principle cant completely contain the kinds of conversation. according to this, the english linguist leech thought the root of people violating the cooperative principle is that they want to comply with another principles politeness principle. from th

42、e pragmatics and interpersonal rhetoric, leech summed up and classified the politeness principle during the social communication. leech pointed that: the cooperative principle guides what we should say, so as to meet the expectations. however, the politeness principle can be maintained the friendshi

43、p. so the cooperation principles and politeness principles can make a supplement each other which restrict peoples conversation behaviors. 2.2.3 leechs politeness principleleechs politeness principle english scholar leech, in his principles of pragmatics, put forward his politeness principle on the

44、basis of grecian framework. he believed that “besides cooperative principle, politeness principle guides and constrains rational peoples conversation as well. it is closely connected with cooperative principle. yet on the other hand, it solves the problem why people prefer to use indirect speech in

45、conversation, which cooperative principle can not explain”. leechs politeness principle is elaborated into six maxims. the first two are maxim of tact: minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other. maxim of generosity: minimize benefit to yourself, maximize cost to yourself. the second two are

46、maxim of approbation: minimize dispraise to other, maximize praise to other. maxim of modesty: minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self. the last two are maxim of agreement: minimize disagreement between self and other; maximize agreement between self and other. maxim of sympathy: minimiz

47、e antipathy between self and other, maximize sympathy between self and other. this is the main content of leechs politeness principles. the above criteria have the different emphasis. for example, the maxim of tact and the maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation and maxim of modesty, which is the

48、same, have two different aspects. the maxim of tact is referring to how to treat others which is applied to causative verbal behavior “request”. but the maxim of generosity is referring to how to treat self which is applied to commitment verbal behavior “promise to help”. analogously, approbation ma

49、xim is referring to how to treat others while modesty maxim is referring to how to treat self. the agreement maxim points out that it is not suitable to express directly the diversity viewpoint with other person. 3 a comparison of chinese and western courtesy languages what is politeness? this sound

50、s like a simple question. in daily life, we often make judgments about what is polite and what is not polite. to define politeness is by no means an easy job. we may have different understandings on politeness from different viewpoints. politeness is best expressed as the practical application of go

51、od manners or etiquette. it might involve ideas like being tactful, modest and nice to other people. also, since politeness is a very important subject of research, many people, home and aboard has defined politeness from different perspectives. politeness is one of those social virtues which we nev

52、er estimate rightly but from the inconvenience of its loss. though perhaps not distinctly perceived when present, its absence is strongly indicated. the difference between a polite person and one who is impolite is very marked, yet those who do not possess good breeding rarely understand its importa

53、nce and worth.3.1 humility language and formal language the self-denigration is the polite phenomenon of richest chinese culture characteristics. when chinese gain the praise or congratulations from others, they usually take the expression like “nali、nali”, “guo jiang le”, “can kui、can kui”, “cha yu

54、an le” to show their modesty. but if we communicate with the westerners in the chinese habits, the result of communication would fail. chinese express their politeness through modesty and lower themselves. for example, the chinese “請教”“高見”“貴姓”“拜讀”“鄙人”“拙作”“愚見”“駕到”“貴干”“寒舍” are difficult to find the co

55、rresponding expression in english. for westerns, its offensive to deny others praise. however, the chinese people think the westerns are too confident, not enough modest to show the politeness. for example: chinese a: 你的飯菜太香了。chinese b: 獻(xiàn)丑了。 british a: you are very beautiful. british b: thank you ch

56、inese b: 過獎(jiǎng)了。 british take the expression of “thank you”. there are many words to show the respect and politeness in english, such as “will”, “would”, “can”, “could”. from the above we can make a conclusion that the compliment of chinese and british has the same common. there are more distinguishing in honorific of chinese and english language. 3.2 daily communication