新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程 第二版 戴煒棟3 Morphology講解

1、Chapter 3 Morphology Definition: Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Open class word and closed class word Open class words-content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and

2、 adverbs, e.g. beatnik （奇裝異服言行乖僻的人, 垮了的一代）(a member of the Beat Generation), email, internet, “做秀，時裝 秀” in Chinese. Closed class words-grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. Morpheme（詞素）（詞素）-the minimal unit of meaning -Words are composed of morphem

3、es. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism （反對國家

4、對教會不予承認(rèn)論） Affix Prefix - morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. Suffix - morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc. Free morpheme they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g. a) nu

5、mber: tables apples cars b) person, tense: talk/talks/talking/talked c) case: John/Johns Morphological（形態(tài)學(xué)的）（形態(tài)學(xué)的） rules The rules that govern the formation of words: in general, English words are formed through six ways. Derivation/Affixation派生/詞綴: to add a prefix or a suffix to a word or a root to

6、 change either the part of speech or the meaning, or both of the original word. e.g. playreplay, read-reader Compounding合成: putting two words or roots together to form a new word with a certain syntactic relationship within the newly formed word e.g. blackboard-The board is black. ladylike-sb is lik

7、e a lady. * Conversion轉(zhuǎn)化: to change the part of speech of a word without any change in its form. e.g. a new carpet-to carpet the room * Abbreviation 縮略 Clippings: examination-exam, influenza-flu Acronyms: Federal Bureau of Investigation - FBI Blendings: motor hotel-motel, breakfast lunch-brunch * Ba

8、ck-formation 逆成 eg. burglar-burgle, editor-edit * Jingles 重疊 e.g. inf. diner-din-din Some points about compounds When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady（女房東）, icy-cold, blue-black When the two words fall into different ca

9、tegories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong（固執(zhí)）, pickpocket（扒手） nCompounds have different stress patterns from the non- compounded word sequence, e.g. nThe meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Compare： 1） Kate found a red coat in her aunts closet. 2) Kate found a Redcoat in her aunts closet. red coat （紅外套） redcoat (英國軍人) green house （綠色房子） g