工程碩士研究生英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)教程unit6

1、companylogounit 6part a text (engineering) part b grammar (動(dòng)名詞)part c supplementary reading (this titanic floats!) company logoi. background information v 1. industrial revolution the industrial revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturi

2、ng, mining, transport and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the united kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout europe, north america, and eventually the world. the onset of the industrial revolution marks the major turning point in huma

3、n history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. in the two centuries following 1800, the worlds average income increased over 10-fold, while the worlds population increase

4、d over 6-fold. starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of great britains previously manual labor and draft-animalbased economy towards machine-based manufacturing. company logov it started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of i

5、ron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. the introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) un

6、derpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. the development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. the effects spread throughout western europe and north ameri

7、ca during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. the impact of this change on society was enormous. company logov the first industrial revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the second industrial revolution around 18

8、50, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. the period of time covered by the industrial revolution varies with different histori

9、ans. some twentieth century historians such as john clapham and nicholas crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is not a true description of what took place. this is still a subject of debate among historians. gdp per capita was

10、 broadly stable before the industrial revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy. the industrial revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the industrial revolution is the most important ev

11、ent in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants. company logov 2. the middle ages v the middle ages (adjectival form: medieval or medival) is a period of european history from the 5th century to the 15th century. the period followed the fall of the western roman empire i

12、n 476, and preceded the early modern era. it is the middle period in a three-period division of history: classical, medieval, and modern. the term middle ages was coined in the 15th century and reflects the view that this period was a deviation from the path of classical learning, a path supposedly

13、reconnected by renaissance scholarship. company logov the early middle ages saw the continuation of trends set in late antiquity, depopulation, and increased barbarian invasion. north africa and the middle east, once part of the eastern roman empire, were conquered by islam. later in the period, the

14、 establishment of the feudal system allowed a return to systemic agriculture. there was sustained urbanization in northern and western europe. during the high middle ages (c. 1000 - 1300), christian-oriented art and architecture flourished and crusades were mounted to recapture the holy land. the in

15、fluence of the emerging nation-state was tempered by the ideal of an international christendom. the codes of chivalry and courtly love set rules for proper behavior, while the scholastic philosophers attempted to reconcile faith and reason. outstanding achievement in this period includes the code of

16、 justinian, the mathematics of fibonacci and oresme, the philosophy of thomas aquinas, the painting of giotto, the poetry of dante and chaucer and the architecture of many great cathedrals such as notre dame de paris.company logov 3. james watt, frs, frse (19 january 1736 25 august 1819) was a scott

17、ish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the industrial revolution in both the kingdom of great britain and the world.v while working as an instrument maker at the university of glasgow, watt became interested in

18、the technology of steam engines. he realized that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and re-heating the cylinder. watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency

19、, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines. he developed the concept of horsepower. the si unit of power, the watt, was named after him.v watt attempted to commercialize his invention, but experienced great financial difficulties until in 1775 he entered a partnership with matthew boulton. the new fi

20、rm of boulton and watt was eventually highly successful and watt became a wealthy man. in retirement, watt continued to develop new inventions though none were as significant as his steam engine work. he died in 1819 at the age of 83.company logoii. language pointsv 1. engineering is the profession

21、that puts scientific knowledge to practical use. v profession: (i) an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)n. 職業(yè), 自由職業(yè)v e.g.medicine is her destined profession.v 醫(yī)學(xué)是她命中注定要從事的職業(yè)。v (ii) the body of people in a learned occupation同業(yè), 同行v e.g.the legal profes

22、sion hashave always resisted change.v 法律界人士對(duì)變革總是加以抵制。 v parctical: guided by practical experience and observation rather than theoryadj. 明智的, 實(shí)際的, 實(shí)用的, 事實(shí)上的 v e.g. a practical person does not spend his money and time foolishly. 一個(gè)有頭腦的人是不胡亂花錢和虛度光陰的。v (ii) n. 實(shí)踐考試 e.g.his practical at the hospital wen

23、t well enough. 他在醫(yī)院的實(shí)習(xí)進(jìn)行得相當(dāng)好。company logov 2. engineers have had a direct role in the creation of most of modern technologythe tools, materials, techniques, and power sources that make our lives easier.v here “the tools, materials, techniques, and power sources that make our lives easier” is esed as

24、 an appositive, in which ehere is an attributive clause, “that make our lives eariser.company logov 3. for example, engineering projects range from the construction of huge dams to the design of tiny electronic circuits. vrange/range fromto: (i)n. .一系列 v e.g.a range of buildings have sprung up along

25、 the river.v 沿河建起了一排樓房。v變化幅度, 范圍 v e.g. several cars are available within this price range.v 在這個(gè)價(jià)格范圍內(nèi), 有好幾種汽車可供選購(gòu)。v(ii) vi. .變化 v e.g. prices range from 6 to 10.v 價(jià)錢從六英鎊到十英鎊不等。v延伸；伸展；排成一排 v e.g.high willows ranged along the highway.v 高大的柳樹排列在公路兩旁。company logov 4. they develop complex scientific equi

26、pment to explore the reaches of outer space and the depths of the oceans. v the reaches of outer space: the areas of outer spacev 5. they may work to reduce environmental pollution, increase the worlds food supply, and make transportation faster and safer.v this sentence is noted that there are thre

27、e infinitives used as adverbial of purpose, in which two “to” have been omitted to avoid repetition.company logov6. the history of engineering is the record of human ingenuity through the ages. v ingenuity: the property of being ingenious, ingeniousness, cleverness n. 心靈手巧, 獨(dú)創(chuàng)性, 精巧 v e.g. the writer

28、 showed ingenuity in creating a surprising ending. 作者別具匠心地設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)出人意料的結(jié)尾。 something, such as a toy or game, that tests ones ingenuity. 測(cè)智力游戲檢驗(yàn)一個(gè)人的智力的東西，例如玩具或游戲v company logov 7. people invented farming tools, designed elaborate irrigation networks, and built the first cities. v elaborate: (i) marked b

29、y complexity and richness of detailadj. 詳盡的 e.g. he launched into an elaborate explanation of his theory. 他開始詳盡地闡發(fā)他的理論。(ii) add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a learned way, usually in writingv. 詳細(xì)地說(shuō)明 e.g. she went on to elaborate her argument. 她進(jìn)而詳盡闡述了她的論

30、點(diǎn)。v useful expression:v elaborate on 詳細(xì)說(shuō)明 v elaborate upon詳細(xì)說(shuō)明 company logov irrigation :supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc. n. 灌溉 e.g. water is channelled through a series of irrigation canals. 把水引入一系列灌溉渠中。v we used the money to set up an irrigation project. 我們把錢用在興建灌溉工程上了。v usef

31、ul expression:v flooding irrigation 洪水灌溉; 溢流灌溉v sewage irrigation 污灌company logov 8.the construction of the gigantic egyptian pyramids at giza during the 2500s b.c. was one of the greatest engineering feats of ancient times.v feat：a notable achievement; effort, exploit n. 技藝, 功績(jī), 技藝表演 e.g. i was ama

32、zed to see his dangerous feat. 他的危險(xiǎn)技藝讓我感到驚訝。 a signal feat. 豐功偉績(jī) apparently impossible feats are now accomplished by science. 許多看起來(lái)不可能的偉大業(yè)績(jī)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)由科學(xué)實(shí)現(xiàn)了。v useful expression:v work the feat 奏效v perform the feat 奏效 v do the feat 奏效v feat of arms 武功 company logov 9. early engineers used such simple machin

33、es as the inclined plane, wedge, and wheel and axle. v here are three examples of simple machines, which are 1)inclines plane, 2)wedge and 3) wheel and axle.v plane （i)水平, 程度; 標(biāo)準(zhǔn);（思想、存在或發(fā)展的）水平, 程度, 階段 e.g. keep your work on a high plane. 把你的工作保持在高水平上。 (ii).平面 e.g. parallel lines are, by definition,

34、lines on the same plane that never join. 按照定義說(shuō), 平行線是在同一平面上永不相交的線。 (iii)木工刨；刨子v wedge：n. 楔 e.g. put a wedge under the door so that it will stay open. 在門下面插個(gè)楔, 好讓門開著。v axle： n.1.輪軸,車軸 e.g. a wheel spins on an axle. 輪子在軸上旋轉(zhuǎn)。company logov 10. the growing interest in new types of machines and new sources

35、 of power to drive them helped bring about the industrial revolution of the 1700s and 1800s, during which, their role expanded rapidly.v bring about: cause to move into the opposite direction; cause to happen, occur or exist; produce, give rise v. 帶來(lái), 引起 v e.g. his wise investment of his capital had

36、 brought about a great change in his life. 他對(duì)資本的精明投放已使他的生活發(fā)生巨變。 the doctors couldnt bring about a real (ie permanent) cure. 這些醫(yī)生都無(wú)根治良方。company logov 11. distinct branches of engineering began to develop during the industrial revolution.v distinct: clearly or sharply defined to the mind, clear-cut, t

37、renchant adj. 明顯的, 清晰的, 不同的 e.g. although they look similar, these plants are actually quite distinct from each other. 盡管這些植物看去來(lái)很相似,實(shí)際上卻屬于不同的種類。 there is a distinct posibility that shell be your teacher next term. 她下學(xué)期當(dāng)你們的老師的可能性非常大。v useful expression: distinct from 與 . 截然不同 be distinct from 與 . 有差別

38、company logo【詞義辨析】 apparent, obvious, evident, clear, plain, distinct, definite, manifest這些形容詞均含這些形容詞均含“清楚的，明白的，明顯的清楚的，明白的，明顯的”之意。之意。apparent: 強(qiáng)調(diào)顯而易見或一想便知。這個(gè)詞從動(dòng)詞appear派生而來(lái)，故有時(shí)含有表面如此而事實(shí)上未必的意味。obvious: 語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，指極為明顯，有目共睹，無(wú)需說(shuō)明和論證。evident: 指根據(jù)事實(shí)成為顯然的。clear: 普通用詞，側(cè)重清楚明白。plain: 普通用詞，含義與clear很接近，可通用，但plain著重簡(jiǎn)

39、單明了，不復(fù)雜。distinct: 較正式用詞，指輪廓的清楚或定義、含義的明確，不會(huì)弄錯(cuò)。definite: 語(yǔ)氣肯定，著重明白無(wú)誤，無(wú)可懷疑。manifest: 語(yǔ)義較強(qiáng)，書面用詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)一目了然，暗示不要任何推論就一清二楚。company logov 12. mechanical engineers emerged as specialists in industrial machinery, and mining and metallurgical engineers were needed to supply metals and fuels. v metallurgical:of or

40、 relating to metallurgy; metallurgic adj. 冶金的, 冶金學(xué)的v e.g. a material added in small amounts during a chemical or metallurgical process to absorb impurities. 吸氣劑以少量加入化學(xué)或冶金過(guò)程中用來(lái)吸收雜質(zhì)的物質(zhì)v a metallurgical coating process in which iron or steel is immersed in a powder of another metal, such as zinc, chrom

41、ium, or aluminum, and heated to a temperature below the melting point of either. 滲碳處理一種冶金鍍膜工序，在此工序中把鋼或鐵浸入另一種金屬如鋅、鉻或鋁的粉劑里，并加熱至這一金屬的熔點(diǎn)溫度以下vcompany logov 13. artificial hearts, airplanes, computers, lasers, nuclear energy, plastics, space travel, and television are only a few of the scientific and tech

42、nological breakthroughs that engineers have helped bring about in this century. v the clause, “that engineers have helped bring about in this century” is the attributive part which modigies “breakthroughs”company logov 14. because science and technology are progressing and changing so rapidly, today

43、s engineers must study throughout their careers to make sure that their knowledge and expertise do not become obsolete. v obsolete:no longer in us;e disused adj. 已廢棄的, 過(guò)時(shí)的 v e.g. the army plans to phase out the equipment as it becomes obsolete. 軍隊(duì)計(jì)劃淘汰這些設(shè)備，因?yàn)樗鼈円呀?jīng)報(bào)廢了。 our service is obsolete, requirin

44、g root and branch reform. 我們的服務(wù)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，需要從根本上進(jìn)行改革。v company logov 15. they face the challenging task of keeping pace with the latest advances while working to shape the technology of the future.v “keeping pace with” can be replaced by “keeping uo with” and “shape” means “inflience” or “determine”.v 16.

45、 others are responsible for turning plans and specifications for new structures, machines, or systems into reality. v others work is no realize plans and specifications, which are about new structures, machines, or sustems.company logov 17. many engineers work on projects in teams that include scien

46、tists, technicians, and other engineers, however, some engineers act as independent consultants who sell their services to people who need engineering assistance. v in the sentence there are three attributive clauses, “that include scientists, technicians, and pther engineers” are used to modify “te

47、ams”, “who sell their services to people” nad “who need engineering assistance” are to modify “consultants” and “people” respectively.company logov consultant: an expert who gives advice, adviser, advisor n. 顧問,咨詢者 e.g. of all the consultants, only mr. wang gave us some proposals in point. 所有的顧問當(dāng)中，只

48、有王先生提了一些中肯的建議。 the consultant was a woman who had many unanswered questions. 這個(gè)女性咨詢者有許多有待解決的問題。vuseful expression: technical consultant 技術(shù)顧問 consultant service 咨詢服務(wù)company logov 18. they should be curious about the how and why of natural and mechanical things and creative in finding new ways of doin

49、g things, able to analyze problems systematically and logically and to communicate well both orally and in writing, and willing to work within strict budgets and meet tight deadlines. v in this long sentence, “they should be” is followed by 3 predicatives, 1) “curious about” 2) “able to” and 3) “wil

50、ling to ”, “the how and why of” means “the way and reason of.”company logov budget:v n. 預(yù)算預(yù)算 v congress has approved the new educational budget. 國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了新的教育預(yù)算。v vt. 編預(yù)算編預(yù)算, 為為 . 做預(yù)算做預(yù)算;為為 . 做預(yù)算做預(yù)算v the government has budgeted 10000000 pounds for education spending. 政府將1千萬(wàn)英鎊編入教育預(yù)算。v the government plan

51、s to budget a new hospital. 政府計(jì)劃在預(yù)算中撥款建一家新醫(yī)院。v vi. 節(jié)省開支節(jié)省開支 if we budget carefully, well be able to afford a new house. 如果我們精打細(xì)算就能買一座新房子了。v adj. 廉價(jià)的廉價(jià)的, 不貴的不貴的 v you can buy high-quality goods at budget prices there. 你可以在那買到物美價(jià)廉的商品。company logov deadline: the point in time at which something must be

52、 completed n. 最后期限 e.g.i hope we can finish this before the deadline. 我希望我們能在最后期限之前完成這項(xiàng)工作。v she was working in haste to meet the deadline. 她匆忙工作是為了趕上最后期限。v we pulled out all the stops to meet the deadline. 我們竭盡全力在截止日期前完成了工作。company logopart b grammar (gerunds動(dòng)名詞）v動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞v 如果一個(gè)動(dòng)詞加上了ing變成了名詞，那么這個(gè)詞稱動(dòng)名詞。

53、 動(dòng)名詞是一種兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞特征的非限定動(dòng)詞。它可以支配賓語(yǔ)，也能被副詞修飾。動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。v 由于動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞變化而來(lái)，它仍保留著動(dòng)詞的某些特征，具有動(dòng)詞的某些變化形式，用以表達(dá)名詞所不能表達(dá)的較為復(fù)雜的意念。動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征表現(xiàn)在它可在句子中當(dāng)名詞來(lái)用，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。它也可以被副詞修飾或者支配賓語(yǔ)。 company logo動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)v 1. 動(dòng)名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)v 動(dòng)名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)由not 動(dòng)名詞組成。如： v trying without success is better than not trying at all. v 實(shí)驗(yàn)沒有成功也比不實(shí)

54、驗(yàn)好。 v i fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. v 我看不去對(duì)你倒好了。（not going 是動(dòng)名詞一般式的否定形式） v there is no denying the fact that he si diligent. （no denying 也是動(dòng)名詞一般式的否定） 。company logov 2. 動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)v 通常情況下，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)。如果動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，則需要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)物主代詞或名詞所有格加動(dòng)名詞就構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)

55、等。 v （1）邏輯主語(yǔ)是有生命的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須用名詞或代詞所有格，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)（尤其在口語(yǔ)中），也可用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格。如： v do you think my going there will be of any help? v 你看我去會(huì)有什么幫助嗎？（賓語(yǔ)） v the students knowing english well helps him in learning french. v 這位學(xué)生通曉英語(yǔ)對(duì)他學(xué)法語(yǔ)很有幫助。（主語(yǔ)） v （2）邏輯主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命名詞是，通常只用名詞普通格。如： v do you hear the rain pattering on the r

56、oof? v 你聽見雨點(diǎn)打在屋頂上了嗎？ v (3) 邏輯主語(yǔ)是指示代詞或不定代詞this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 時(shí)，只用普通格。如： v she was woken up by somebody shouting outside. v 她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。 company logo動(dòng)名詞的形式v 動(dòng)名詞的形式有三種：一般式，完成式和被動(dòng)式動(dòng)名詞的形式有三種：一般式，完成式和被動(dòng)式v (1) 動(dòng)名詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂are very interested i

57、n collecting stamps. 我們對(duì)集語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后。如： we 郵很感興趣。 v 但是有些明確表示時(shí)間的動(dòng)詞和介詞after, on,upon, 或for之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。如： i shall never forget seeing the great wall for the first time. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次看到長(zhǎng)城的情景。v (2) 動(dòng)名詞的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前完成或結(jié)束。 he regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔沒有參加這項(xiàng)工作。 v (3)動(dòng)

58、名詞的被動(dòng)式：當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是行為承受者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： i like being given harder work. 我喜歡接受難點(diǎn)的工作。 company logo動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)v帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞（名詞所有格）是邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中物主代

59、詞（名詞所有格）是邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句。如： her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來(lái)幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。 (=that she came to help encouraged all of us.) v在口語(yǔ)中，如果動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有在口語(yǔ)中，如果動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來(lái)代替

60、，但在句首作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能這樣來(lái)代替格常用名詞普通格來(lái)代替，但在句首作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能這樣來(lái)代替。如： would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎？ v在下列情況下動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語(yǔ)：在下列情況下動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語(yǔ)： va.無(wú)命名詞 the baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個(gè)嬰兒被猛烈的關(guān)門聲吵醒。 vb. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義 have you ever heard of women practising b