浪漫主義-愛默生

1、essayistpoetphilosopherThe Founder of TranscendentalismBiographycal Introduction(1) Emersons Early LifeEarly Trials Father passes away at age 8 and Emerson is left to support his four other brothers. Ralph was asked to share a coat with his brother Edward to save finances. Despite the hardships, all

2、 the Emerson boys, except one, graduated from Harvard University.Biographycal Introduction(2) Emersons EducationTeacher and Priest After graduation, Emerson became a school teacher in suburban Boston. 1823 graduated from seminary school and became a priest to follow in the footsteps of his father.Bi

3、ographycal Introduction(3) Teacher and PriestBiographycal Introduction(4) First Marriage Five days are wasted since Ellen went to heaven to see, to know, to worship, to love, to intercede. Reunite us, O thou Father of our spirits.“ His wife, Ellen Tucker, died tragically young from tuberculosis, lea

4、ving Emerson a legacy that allowed him to spend the rest of his life traveling, lecturing, and writing.Biographycal Introduction(5) In 1831, traveled to Europe In 1833, began a new career as a lecturer In 1835, married Lydia JacksonIn 1836, published his first book, NatureBiographycal Introduction(6

5、) In September 1836, Emerson and other like-minded intellectuals founded the Transcendental club, which served as a center for the movement. The group published its journal, The Dial, in July 1840. Much of his spiritual insight comes from his readings in Eastern religion, especially Hinduism, Confuc

6、ianism, and Islamic Sufism (Islamic mysticism ).Biographycal Introduction(7) A Famous Lecturer The American Scholar The Divinity School Address Biographycal Introduction(8) His Death His Major Works Nature 論自然1836 The American Scholar 論美國(guó)學(xué)者 1837 Divinity School Address 神學(xué)院演講1838 The Oversoul 論超靈 184

7、1 Self Reliance 論自立 1841 Essays: First Series 散文一集1841 Essays: Second Series 散文二集 1844 Poems 詩(shī)集 1846 Representative Men 代表人物1850 English Traits 英國(guó)人的特性1856Style of Emersons Essays a casual style; a series of short, declarative sentences; comparisons and metaphors; employing the literary sources from

8、the classics of Western European literature. What is Transcendentalism? Transcendentalism was a literary movement that flourished during the middle 19th Century (1836 1860). It began as a rebellion against traditionally held beliefs by the English Church that God superseded the individual. Transcend

9、entalists departed from orthodox Calvinism in that they believed in the importance and efficacy of human striving, as opposed to the bleaker Puritan picture of complete and inescapable human depravity.What is Transcendentalism? “What is popularly called Transcendentalism among us is idealism”. - Eme

10、rson Core Beliefs of Transcendentalism Finding its root in the word “transcend,” Transcendentalists believed individuals could transcend to a higher being of existence in nature. God is located in the soul of each individual. Humanitys potential is limitless. Experience is valued over scholarship. T

11、he over-soul: The “over-soul” as called by Emerson was an all-pervading unitary spiritual power of goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which everyone was a part. Generally, the over-soul referred to spirit of God as the most important thing in the universe. Transc

12、endentalism is the view that the basic truths of the universe lie beyond the knowledge one obtains from his senses; Basic truths can be reached only through instinct and intuition and are a matter of private experience; To arrive at the truth, man must go beyond or transcend what his eyes and ears t

13、ell him or what he can learn from books. He must listen to his inner soul. He must trust in the divinity that is in all men.American Transcendentalism (New England Transcendentalism ) The American Transcendentalism is characterized by: emphasis on intuition, the spirit or the Oversoul; the stress on the importance of individualism; praise of nature as a symbol of the Spirit or God; belief in self-trust and self-reliance; dignity of manual labor. “Self-Reliance” was first published in his 1841 collection, Essays: First Series. It contains the most solid statement