非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的比較研究

1、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的比較研究摘要：本文通過對非謂語動詞與謂語動詞之間的比較與分析，對非謂語動詞進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)詳盡的研究，著重闡明了各非謂語動詞之間在語態(tài)、時態(tài)和語法成分上的區(qū)別。關(guān)鍵詞：非謂語動詞 邏輯主語 語態(tài) 時態(tài)非謂語動詞與謂語動詞有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系。從形式上講，謂語動詞有四種：以動詞do為例，動詞原型為do、過去式為did、現(xiàn)在分詞為doing和過去分詞為done；非謂語動詞也有四種：以動詞do為例，不定式為to do；現(xiàn)在分詞為doing、動名詞為doing和過去分詞為done。其中，現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)稱為V-ing。從語態(tài)上講，謂語動詞和非謂語動詞都有兩種，但表現(xiàn)形式不同。以動詞

2、do為例，謂語動詞是：主動語態(tài)do和被動語態(tài)be done；非謂語動詞是：主動語態(tài)，不定式to do，現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞doing。被動語態(tài)，不定式to be done，現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞being done和過去分詞done。從時態(tài)上講，謂語動詞有16種時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時、一般過去時、過去進(jìn)行時、過去完成時、過去完成進(jìn)行時、過去將來時、過去將來進(jìn)行時、過去將來完成時、過去將來完成進(jìn)行時、一般將來時、將來進(jìn)行時、將來完成時、將來完成進(jìn)行時，而非謂語動詞因?yàn)樽疃嘤兴姆N形式，一般式（不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞和過去分詞）、進(jìn)行式（不定式）、完成式（不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞與

3、動名詞）、完成進(jìn)行式（不定式），所以，它們只能代表十種時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時和過去完成進(jìn)行時。注：因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ?、現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞都沒有將來式，所以，就用其一般式代替將來式。從結(jié)構(gòu)上講，謂語動詞沒有復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，而非謂語動詞卻有。請看下面非謂語動詞的兩個表格。表1：形式和語態(tài)形類 語 式別 態(tài)一般式完成式進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式不定式主動to doto have doneto be doingto have been doing被動to be doneto have been done動名詞主動doin

4、ghaving done被動being donehaving been done現(xiàn)在分詞主動doing(vt.)having donegoing(vi.)having gone被動being donehaving been done過去分詞主動gone(vi.)被動done(vt.)注：不及物動詞的過去分詞只表示完成，不表示被動。如：fallen leaves落葉。表2：結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)類 語 構(gòu)別 態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不定式主動for sb. to do sth疑問詞+to do sth邏輯主語+to do sth被動for sth. to be done疑問詞+to be don

5、e邏輯主語+to be done動名詞主動Ns doing sth被動Ns being done現(xiàn)在分詞主動邏輯主語+doing sth被動邏輯主語+being done過去分詞被動邏輯主語+done從用法上講，非謂語動詞和謂語動詞都能跟語法成分，都有自己的主語，都需要主謂一致；都在句中充當(dāng)一定的語法成分。非謂語動詞與謂語動詞之間，以及不同的非謂語動詞之間有相同點(diǎn)，也有不同點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)分述如下：一、所跟語法成分非謂語動詞和謂語動詞一樣，不及物動詞的非謂語動詞和謂語動詞不能跟賓語，但可以跟狀語，當(dāng)然也可以不跟狀語。完全性及物動的非謂語動詞和謂語動詞需要跟賓語或雙賓語。不完全性及物動詞的非謂語動詞和謂語

6、動詞跟賓語后還要跟賓語補(bǔ)足語。聯(lián)系動詞的非謂語動詞和謂語動詞需要跟表語。例句啥。二、自己的主語謂語動詞在語法上有自己的主語，而非謂語動詞在邏輯上有自己的主語。1. 非謂語動詞作賓語或狀語時，句子的主語就是其邏輯主語。例如：I like swimming in the sea during the summer.He forgot to close the window when he left.He ran fast enough to catch the bus.He stood in the dim light, reading.He stood there, frightened at

7、the footprints.The question is very hard to answer.2. 非謂語動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，賓語就是其邏輯主語。例如：ask somebody to do somethinghave somebody do somethingget the car runninghave something done（something與done之間具有邏輯上的被動的主謂關(guān)系，把它們變成句子后，這種關(guān)系會更加清楚：Something will be done.）3分詞作定語時，它們所修飾的詞就是它們的邏輯主語；不定式作定語時，有時它所修飾的詞也是它的邏輯主語。例如：W

8、ho is the man standing =(that is standing) at the door?There was no problem settled (= that was settled) at the meeting.Please tell me the subject to be discussed at the next meeting.（The subject will be discussed at the next meeting.）4在for/of sb. to to sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)中，sb.就是不定式的邏輯主語。例如：It was not right for

9、 the South to break away from the Union.Its very kind of you to help me.5在動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)sb.s/sb. doing sth.中，sbs和sb就是動名詞的邏輯主語。例如：Jacks suddenly disappearing made them worried. It made them worried Jack (=Jacks) suddenly disappearing.（邏輯主語是名詞）His coming home is a great event. It is a great event his coming

10、 home.（人稱代詞）His sister Helen getting married last week was a great event in the town.（名詞詞組）I am not surprised at old and young falling in love.（名詞詞組）Today being sunny makes us happy.（時間名詞）She is afraid of your ruining yourself.（人稱代詞）He lives in a house of his own building.（人稱代詞）In spite of the four

11、telling the same story, I couldnt believe it.（數(shù)詞）This cannot be said without some getting angry.（不定代詞）I am doubtful of this being the best choice.（指示代詞）特別提醒：動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，作邏輯主語的名詞和人稱代詞都必須用所有格，但名詞詞組和指時間的名詞常用主格，如有it作形式主語時，作邏輯主語的名詞常用主格，而人稱代詞仍然用所有格；作及物動詞的賓語時，名詞常用主格，人稱代詞用所有格和賓格都可以；作介詞賓語時，名詞、名詞詞組、數(shù)詞、不定代詞、指

12、示代詞常用主格，人稱代詞常用所有格特別是后面有own時。6在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語動詞前面的名詞或主格代詞就是其邏輯主語。例如：Spring coming, trees begin to turn green.She having been away, he felt lonely.Everything done, he felt relaxed.We planted 500 trees today, the rest to be planted tomorrow.7在with或without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞賓語就是非謂語動詞的邏輯主語。例如：With a lot of difficult

13、problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.（2002上海春季，37）8在Thank you for doing sth.等句型中，sb.就是動名詞doing的邏輯主語。例如：Excuse me for coming late.I tried to persuade him out of smoking, but failed.三、主謂一致非謂語動詞和謂語動詞一樣，在人稱和數(shù)上、在語態(tài)或時態(tài)上都需要與主語保持一致。1在人稱和數(shù)上在人稱和數(shù)上，謂語動詞需要與主語保持一致，而非謂語動詞作主語時需要與謂語

14、保持一致。即如果主語表示一個整體概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果表示兩個及以上的個體概念，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：As you can see, the number of cars on roads keeps rising these days.正如你所看到的那樣，道路上的車輛這幾天不斷地在增加。（2006全國，20）Respecting the old and caring for the young is our good tradition in China.尊老愛幼是我們中國的良好傳統(tǒng)。Playing football and listening to music on Sunda

15、ys are my favorite activities.星期天踢足球和聽音樂是我最喜歡的（兩項(xiàng)）活動。2在語態(tài)上在語態(tài)上，謂語動詞需要與句子的主語保持一致，而非謂語動詞需要與自己的邏輯主語保持一致。即如果主語或邏輯主語與謂語或邏輯謂語之間存在主動關(guān)系，謂語動詞或邏輯謂語動詞就用主動語態(tài)，存在被動關(guān)系，就用被動語態(tài)。一句話，語態(tài)的確定，謂語動詞看與主語的關(guān)系，非謂語動詞看與邏輯主語的關(guān)系。語態(tài)上，非謂語動詞的“主動式”與謂語動詞的“主動語態(tài)”同義，若把非謂語動詞變成句子、從句、并列句或并列成分，謂語動詞就用主動語態(tài)。非謂語動詞的“被動式”與謂語動詞的“被動語態(tài)”的意義相同，若把非謂語動詞變成

16、從句、并列句或并列成分，謂語動詞就用被動語態(tài)。例如：He was busy writing a story, only stopping once in a while to smoke a cigarette. 他忙著編故事，偶爾停下來吸支煙。(2008遼寧，27) He was busy writing a story and only stopped once in a while to smoke a cigarette.The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle to be heard (=

17、so that I could be heard).孩子們吃飯的時候說話的聲音非常大，我不得不極力提高嗓門，以便其他人聽清我的話。（2007浙江，20）The soldier walked very slowly as if having been wounded (=as if he had been wounded).那個士兵走得很慢，好像受傷了。I insist on him being punished. I insist that he should be punished.我堅(jiān)持要求他受懲罰。已經(jīng)失去了主動意味而具有形容詞性的現(xiàn)在分詞和已經(jīng)失去了被動意味而具有形容詞性的過去分詞與其

18、邏輯主語之間具有“主（系）表”關(guān)系。它們對其邏輯主語起到一種“描述”或“說明”作用，描述或說明邏輯主語的“心態(tài)、性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)”。若把非謂語動詞變成句子、從句、并列句或并列成分，謂語動詞就用系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：The dog frightening, no strangers dare to approach it. As the dog is frightening, no strangers dare to approach it.那條狗很可怕，生人都不敢靠近它。（說明the dog的性質(zhì)。）Surprised and happy (=While he was surprised and happ

19、y), Tony stood up and accepted the prize.托尼在驚喜當(dāng)中起身領(lǐng)獎。（2006全國，32，描述Tony的心情。）Can those seated (=who are seated) at the back of the classroom hear me? (2008福建，33，說明those的狀態(tài)。)Ideally located (= Because it is ideally located) for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue, the New York Park hotel is a favourite

20、with many guests.因?yàn)樘幱诜奖愕竭_(dá)百老匯劇院及第五大道之地，紐約公園酒店成了大量客人的首選之地。 (2008上海，37，說明the New York Park hotel的狀態(tài)。)這類具有形容詞性或已經(jīng)變成了形容詞的分詞主要來自具有“使人或令人心里或感情發(fā)生變化”的動詞，另外，還有一些使役動詞變來的過去分詞。例如：annoying令人略感心煩/惱火的，annoyed略感煩惱/生氣的；amusing令人開心的，amused開心的；astonishing令人驚訝的，astonished（感到）驚訝的；confusing令人困惑的，難懂的，confused（感到）困惑的，糊涂的；de

21、lighting/pleasing令人高興的，delighted/pleased（感到）高興的；disappointing令人失望的，disappointed（感到）失望的；discouraging令人灰心/泄氣的，discouraged（感到）泄氣的；exciting令人興奮的，excited（感到）興奮的；thrilling引人入勝的，令人激動的，thrilled非常激動的，興奮的；fascinating迷人的，有極大吸引力的，fascinated被迷住的，被吸引住的，極感興趣的；frightening令人可拍的，frightened（感到）可怕的；frustrating令人沮喪/泄氣/不

22、快的，frustrated沮喪/氣惱/灰心喪氣的；interesting令人感興趣的，interested感/有興趣的； moving令人感動的，moved感動的；puzzling令人困惑/迷惑的，puzzled（感到）困惑的，迷惑的；relaxing令人放松的，relaxed（感到）輕松的；shocking令人震驚的，觸目驚心的，shocked驚愕的，受震驚的；surprising令人吃驚的，surprised（感到）吃驚的；terrifying極其可怕的，駭人聽聞的，terrified非常害怕的，極度驚恐的；tiring令人疲勞的，tired（感到）疲倦的，累的，困倦的；troubling

23、令人苦惱/憂慮的，troubled（感到）苦惱/憂慮/為難/擔(dān)憂的；upsetting令人心煩意亂/心情不好的，upset心煩/煩惱的；born出生；determined決心的，決定的；hidden 隱藏；located坐落；prepared準(zhǔn)備好的；seated坐著的；absorbed in專心致志于；accustomed to/used to習(xí)慣于；buried/lost in埋頭于，陷入；concerned about/for/ sb./sth.關(guān)心，掛念某人/擔(dān)心，關(guān)心，關(guān)注某事的；concerned in sth.涉及或與某事相關(guān)的； devoted/dedicate to忠誠/獻(xiàn)身

24、于；committed to承諾的，獻(xiàn)身的；dressed in穿著；employed in忙于；faced with面臨；involved in參與，涉及，卷入；等。特別提醒：正像有些謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)表示被動一樣，有些非謂語動詞也能用主動語態(tài)表示被動。不定式作表語時常用主動語態(tài)表示被動的情況。例如：This house is to let.此房出租。（動詞let表“出租”之意時，用主動語態(tài)。廣告中說House to let.)You are to blame.怪你。（動詞為blame，用主動語態(tài)。）Youre not to blame for what happened.出了事不能怪你。A

25、 great deal is still/yet to do.還有許多事要做。（不定代詞與be still/yet連用，不定式用主動語態(tài)。）Something remains to do.有些事情有待解決。（不定代詞與remain連用，不定式用主動語態(tài)。注意：名詞或從句與remain連用時，不定式常用被動語態(tài)，如：Several points remain to be settled.還有幾個問題有待解決。/It remains to be seen whether he will pass.他是否能通過考試仍不得而知。）動名詞的主動語態(tài)表示被動的情況。例如The house needs/wa

26、nts/requires repairing (=to be repaired).這房屋需要修理了。He deserves praising (=to be praised).他值得表揚(yáng)。The book is well worth reading.這本書很值得一讀。因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ絼幼鞯膱?zhí)行者非常明顯，所以經(jīng)常被省略，省略后不會影響理解或造成誤解，有時加上去反而顯得句子累贅。當(dāng)省略了for sb.時，不定式用主動語態(tài)；省略了by sb.時，不定式用被動語態(tài)。例如：Do you have anything important (for you) to do today? 你今天有什么這樣的事情要做嗎

27、？Im going to the post office. Do you have any letter to be posted (by me), Mary?我要去郵局。你有信寄嗎，瑪麗？The problem is easy (for me/us/you/everyone) to answer.這個問題容易解決。I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good to breathe. (=for me to breathe 2008海南，寧夏，全國，26)已經(jīng)變成了介詞的分詞不受邏輯主語的限制，不需要考慮語

28、態(tài)和時態(tài)問題。例如：Seeing that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed.（2008北京，24）鑒于她要去睡覺，我問她是否喜歡她床上的那個小洋娃娃。Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.他動了手術(shù)，如果要全面恢復(fù)健康，可能需要一段時間。（2000春季北京，安徽，17）這些分詞式介詞或分詞式介詞短語是：considering考慮

29、到，鑒于；就而論，照來看；supposing如果，假如；given如果有/要；考慮到；由于，鑒于；failing如果沒有，如果不在，如果不行的話；wanting沒有，缺乏；including包括；excepting/excluding=except除之外；following在之后；concerning/regarding/respecting/touching關(guān)于、涉及、就；according to根據(jù)；owing to由于，因?yàn)?；allowing for考慮到；coming to/ speaking of/ talking of談起，說到； getting back to回到（原來的話題）；

30、judging by/from從判斷；leaving on one side拋開不談；relating to與有關(guān)；。還有個別分詞式介詞與that-clause連用，that可以省略；相當(dāng)于連詞引導(dǎo)的從句。例如：Provided (that) there is no opposition, I will act as representative of our class.假如沒有反對的話，我將擔(dān)任本班的代表。這些介詞有：considering that (引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，等于taking into account/consideration，還可以說considering who/how等

31、從句)考慮到，鑒于；seeing that (口語中引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，等于since；還可以說seeing as)因?yàn)?，由于，鑒于；assuming（多引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句，等于if）如果，假如；supposing that(引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句和虛擬語氣句，等于if/suppose)如果，假如；providing/provided that (多引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句，說話者要求條件成真，等于 if)只要，如果；granting/granted (引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句=even though; even supposing that)即使，就算，縱然。用作插入語的分詞和不定式也不受邏輯主語的限制。這些詞是：fail

32、ing that如果不行的話；generally speaking總的說來；frankly speaking坦率地說；roughly speaking粗略地說；honestly speaking誠實(shí)地說；personally speaking就個人來說；properly speaking實(shí)際上；strictly speaking嚴(yán)格地說；politically speaking從政治方面說；geographically speaking從地理上說；biologically speaking從生物學(xué)角度說；technically speaking從技術(shù)上說；theoretically speak

33、ing從理論上講；taking all things together/taking all things into consideration全盤考慮；viewing it from this point從這一點(diǎn)來講；believe it or not信不信由你；to be honest老實(shí)說；to be exact精確地說；to be brief簡言之；to conclude總之；to sum up概括地說；to tell you the truth實(shí)話實(shí)說；to cut/make a long story short長話短說；to begin/start with首先；to make m

34、atters worse更糟的是；strange to sat說來奇怪；sad to tell說來令人傷心。等。3在時態(tài)上在時態(tài)上，謂語動詞需要與句子的主語保持一致，而非謂語動詞需要與自己的邏輯主語保持一致。即，如果主語或邏輯主語與謂語或邏輯謂語之間存在某種時態(tài)關(guān)系，就用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r態(tài)。但要注意：非謂語動詞不像謂語動詞一樣，也有16種時態(tài)（一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時、過去將來完成時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時、將來進(jìn)行時、過去將來進(jìn)行時、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時、過去完成進(jìn)行時、將來完成進(jìn)行時、過去將來完成時）。實(shí)際上，非謂語動詞沒有時態(tài)，它們最多只有四種

35、形式：一般式（不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞和過去分詞）、進(jìn)行式（不定式）、完成式（不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞）、完成進(jìn)行式（不定式）。這四種形式代表十種時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時和過去完成進(jìn)行時。時態(tài)的確定，非謂語動詞和謂語動詞一樣，看兩個時間點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在和過去。以現(xiàn)在為基準(zhǔn)，指動作或狀態(tài)的“經(jīng)常性、一貫性、普遍性、真理性”等，用一般現(xiàn)在時；指動作或狀態(tài)的“回憶性”，回憶過去發(fā)生或存在的事情，用一般過去時；指動作的“現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行性、反復(fù)性、不間斷性”，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時；指動作的“過去正在進(jìn)行性、反復(fù)性、不間斷性”，用過

36、去進(jìn)行時；指動作或狀態(tài)的“完成性”，表示動作或狀態(tài)在到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成，并有一定的影響，用現(xiàn)在完成時；延續(xù)性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時也可以指動作或狀態(tài)的“未完成性”，表示動作或狀態(tài)到現(xiàn)在為止尚未完成，還將繼續(xù)；指動作或狀態(tài)的“未完成性”或“剛剛完成性”，表示動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并一直在進(jìn)行或剛剛完成，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時；指動作或狀態(tài)的“將來性”，表示動作或狀態(tài)在現(xiàn)在的將來發(fā)生，用一般將來時；以過去某時為基準(zhǔn)，指動作或狀態(tài)的“將來性”，表示動作或狀態(tài)在那時的將來發(fā)生，用過去將來時；指動作或狀態(tài)的“完成性”，表示動作或狀態(tài)到那時為止已經(jīng)完成或在那時之前就已經(jīng)完成，用過去完成時；指動作或狀態(tài)的

37、“未完成性”，表示動作或狀態(tài)到那時為止還未完成，并仍在進(jìn)行，用過去完成進(jìn)行時。不同的非謂語動詞表示不同的時態(tài)意義。如果進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換，謂語動詞必須作出相應(yīng)的時態(tài)變化。不定式的一般式一般表示動作的“經(jīng)常性、一貫性、普遍性、真理性、回憶性、將來性”。若把不定式或不定式短語變成句子、從句、并列句或并列成分，視具體情況確定謂語動詞用“一般時態(tài)（一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時）”或“將來時態(tài)（一般將來時和過去將來時）”。另外，如果不定式含有情態(tài)意義，從句里要用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞。例如：My parents have always made me feel good about myself, even when I

38、was twelve.我的家長總使讓我自我感覺良好，甚至在我12歲的時候就這樣了。（2007江蘇，30。該句說明I always feel good.不定式的一般式指動作的“一貫性”，表示動作從過去到現(xiàn)在一貫如此。）To read without reflecting is like eating without digesting.（=It is a fact that when you read without reflecting, it is like eating without digesting.）學(xué)而不思，猶如食而不化。（不定式的一般式指動作的“普遍性”或“真理性”，用于“名言

39、警句”。）To write the report took him a long time.（=The report took him a long time.）寫這份報告花了他很長時間。（不定式的一般式指動作的“回憶性”，回憶過去做過的事情。）In order to catch the bus, I got up early this morning.（=I got up early this morning so that I would be able to catch the bus.）為了趕車，我今天起得很早。（不定式的一般式指動作的“將來性”或“后時性”，表示動作在將來即謂語動作之

40、后發(fā)生。）With a lot of difficult problems to settle (= As there are a lot of difficult problems for him to settle/As there are a lot of difficult problems that he has to/will have to settle), the newly elected president is having a hard time.有許多問題要解決，新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子會不太好過。（2002上海春季，37。不定式的一般式指動作的“將來性”或“后時性”，表示動

41、作在將來即謂語動作之后發(fā)生。）特別提醒：正像有些謂語動詞常用一般時態(tài)代替完成時態(tài)一樣，口語中有時也用非謂語動詞的一般式代替完成式。例如：Nice to know/meet (=have known/met) you.認(rèn)識你很高興。I feel greatly honored to be welcomed (=to have been welcomed) into their society.（2008北京，32）他們歡迎我進(jìn)入他們的協(xié)會，我感到很榮幸。中心詞是the first, the next, the last等序數(shù)詞，或者中心詞被這些詞修飾時，常用不定式的一般式代替完成式作定語。因?yàn)椋?/p>

42、說話者意在陳述一種事實(shí)，而非強(qiáng)調(diào)非謂語動作在謂語動作之前完成。若把不定式變成定語從句，視情況確定從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)用一般時，或完成時。例如：They were the last guests to arrive (=who arrived) this morning.他們是今天早上第一批到的客人。America is one of the first countries to master (=that have mastered) space technology by now. 到現(xiàn)在為止，美國是最初掌握了空間技術(shù)的國家之一。The first mammal to be cloned (=

43、that had been cloned) successfully from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep.（牛津高中英語模塊五，P.42，line 8）第一個成功由成年動物細(xì)胞克隆出來的動物是一只叫多利的羊。be to do sth.表示動作在將來發(fā)生時具有以下含義：表示主語按計(jì)劃、安排（一般是受人安排）將要做某事，這種事情一般不會改變。例如：The Prime Minister is to visit the United States next Sunday.首相將在下星期天訪問美國。was/were to do sth.一是表示主語在當(dāng)時按計(jì)劃或

44、安排要做某事，而且從現(xiàn)在看來已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了；二是用來回憶在過去某時之后確實(shí)發(fā)生了某事。這件事情是真實(shí)的，經(jīng)常是注定的或不可避免的。例如：Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the parade.于是那個不平凡的日子到來了，在那一天他要在接受檢閱的隊(duì)伍里通過故宮。（全國高考98，43。指在當(dāng)時按計(jì)劃或安排他將要在接受檢閱的隊(duì)伍里通過故宮。）Thirty years later, this precocious youth was to be the first President of the United

45、States.三十年后，這個早熟的青年當(dāng)上了第一任總統(tǒng)。（回憶在過去某時之后的三十年，這個早熟的青年當(dāng)上了第一任總統(tǒng)。）Those first words were to change my world.我最初學(xué)的這些單詞后來改變了我的生活天地。（“My teacher”指這些單詞注定或不可避免地改變了我的生活天地。）表示主語的目的或用意。例如：The telegram was to say that she had been delayed.電報的意思是說她被耽擱了。表示主語必須、應(yīng)該或不得不做某事（=must/should/ought to/have to）。例如：All these th

46、ings are to be (=must/have to be) answered for.所有這一切都必須償還。The money with which you were to (=should/ought to) buy dog food is gone, but Spot looks so hungry.）讓你們用來買狗食的錢都已經(jīng)花光了，可是斑點(diǎn)看上去還是這么餓。（牛津高中英語模塊一，P.13）表示主語能夠或可以做某事（=can/may）。例如：Such books are to be found in any library.這樣的書任何圖書館都能找到。用于Sth. is to b

47、e done表示某事有待將來做（=remains to be done。）例如：This problem is to be solved next period. Class is over.這個問題有待下節(jié)課解決。下課。用于was/were to be表示后來證實(shí)為（=proved/turned out to be）。例如：He received a blow on the head. At first the injury didnt worry him, but it was to be very troublesome later.他頭部挨了一下，開始時并沒有使他擔(dān)心，可是后來證明很麻

48、煩。用于真實(shí)的或非真實(shí)的條件句，表示條件或假設(shè)。例如：If we are to be at the station by nine oclock, we must go now.如果我們要在9點(diǎn)之前到達(dá)車站，就必須現(xiàn)在走。（真實(shí)的，用于陳述語氣。）If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.假如明天下雪，他們就不出去了。（非真實(shí)的，用虛擬語氣。）用于疑問句，征求對方的意見。例如：What am I to do then? =What shall/should I do then? 那么，我應(yīng)該怎么辦呢？What is to be don

49、e next? =What shall/should I/we do next? 下一步該怎么辦呢？不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動作的“正在進(jìn)行性”、“反復(fù)性”或“不間斷性”，有時具有“厭煩、批評”等感情色彩。若把不定式的進(jìn)行式變成句子、從句、并列句或并列成分，謂語動詞就用“進(jìn)行時態(tài)（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時或過去進(jìn)行時）”或其它“具有進(jìn)行時意義”的表達(dá)法。例如：She is said to be studying in America now.（=It is said that she is studying in America now.）據(jù)說她現(xiàn)在在美國學(xué)習(xí)。She was said to be studyin

50、g in America then.（=It is/was said that she was studying in America then.）據(jù)說她當(dāng)時在美國學(xué)習(xí)。To be writing and reading is a bore.（=It is a bore when you are always writing and reading/keep on writing and reading.）反復(fù)地讀寫是一件煩人的事。不定式的完成式表示動作的“完成性”或“先時性”。若把不定式的完成式變成句子、從句、并列句或并列成分，謂語動詞就用“完成時態(tài)（現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時）”。例如：To

51、have studied English at least six years “is” the qualification for this position.（=The fact that one has studied English at least six years “is” the qualification for this position.）至少學(xué)習(xí)英語6年才有資格應(yīng)聘這個職位。（不定式的完成式指動作的“先時性”，表示動作在謂語動作或主句的謂語動作之前完成。）I dont know whether you happen to have heard (=it happens

52、that you have heard), but Im going to study in the U.S.A this September.（2004遼寧，25）我不知道你是否碰巧聽到了，不過我是打算今年9月去美國學(xué)習(xí)的。（不定式的完成式指動作的“先時性”，表示動作在謂語動作之前完成。）We are glad to have visited so many of your beautiful places in Beijing.（=We are glad that we have visited so many of your beautiful places in Beijing.）非常

53、高興在北京看了你們那么多的美麗的地方。（不定式的完成式和現(xiàn)在完成時指動作的“先時性”，表示動作在謂語動作之前完成。）Is Bob still performing? 鮑勃還演戲嗎？Im afraid not; he is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.（=it is said that he has left）(2005江蘇，25)恐怕不演了。據(jù)說他當(dāng)了官已經(jīng)離開舞臺了。（不定式的完成式指動作的“先時性”，表示動作在謂語動作之前完成。）The crowd cheered wildly at th

54、e sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported to have broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.（=The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, because it was reported that he had broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.）(2007遼寧，29)看到劉翔，人群立刻歡呼起來，因?yàn)閾?jù)報道，他已經(jīng)打破了110米欄的世界紀(jì)錄。（不定式的完成式

55、指動作的“先時性”，表示動作在謂語動作之前完成。）Doctors claimed to have discovered (=that they had discovered) a cure for the disease.醫(yī)生聲稱已經(jīng)找到了治療該疾病的方法。（不定式的完成式指動作的“先時性”，表示動作在謂語動作之前完成。）特別提醒：was/were to have done和intended/wanted/meant/hoped, etc to have done 句型表示“本來打算要做某事，而實(shí)際上沒做該事”。它們相當(dāng)于had intended/wanted, etc to do或inten

56、ded/wanted, etc to do或was/were going to do或would have done。例如：They were to have been married in May but had to postpone the wedding until June.他們本來打算/本該在五月份結(jié)婚的，但是不得不把婚禮推遲到六月份。They intended to have gone (= had intended to go/intended to go/were going to go/would have gone) to Arizona but the airport

57、was closed because of kidnapping.他們本來打算去亞利桑那州，但由于綁架事件，機(jī)場關(guān)閉了。為了避免重復(fù)前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的實(shí)義動詞，常采用不定式的省略形式，用to代替to do (sth.)；用to be代替to be sb./sth./doing sth.；用to have代替to have done sth.；用to have been代替to have been sb./sth./doing sth./done。例如：Would you like to see our baby?Yes. Id love to.(代替了to see your baby。)Are you a doctor?No, but I used to be.（代替了to be a doctor）I didnt tell him the news.Oh, you ought to have.(代替了to have told him the news)You should have thanked her before you left.I meant to , but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere.（上海高考，2000春。I meant to.等于