英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文范文1

1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目：題目： 中英文化中禮貌語(yǔ)的對(duì)比研究a constructive study of politeness in chineseand english culture學(xué)生姓名：學(xué)生姓名： 蔡美玲蔡美玲學(xué)學(xué) 號(hào)：號(hào)： 0807060128專業(yè)班級(jí)：專業(yè)班級(jí)： b08 英語(yǔ)（國(guó)際商務(wù)）英語(yǔ)（國(guó)際商務(wù)）1 班班指導(dǎo)教師：指導(dǎo)教師： 唐紅梅唐紅梅學(xué)學(xué) 院：院： 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院 2012 年年 4 月月 a constructive study of politeness in chinese and english culture中英文化中禮貌語(yǔ)的對(duì)比研究摘要語(yǔ)

2、言禮貌是一種普遍的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，廣泛地存在于人類社會(huì)生活之中。它協(xié)調(diào)著人們的社會(huì)關(guān)系和交際活動(dòng) ,是維系人際和諧的工具 ,避免交際沖突的手段。隨著中國(guó)加入wto，中國(guó)與西方國(guó)家在政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化方面的聯(lián)系變得越來越緊密，社交越來越頻繁，禮貌用語(yǔ)也顯得越來越重要。在此過程中，言語(yǔ)交際成功與否,在很大程度上取決于能否選用恰當(dāng)?shù)亩Y貌表現(xiàn)形式。本課題將通過對(duì)中英文化中禮貌語(yǔ)的對(duì)比研究，闡明中西禮貌用語(yǔ)的共性和差異性，以及在不同文化背景下，中英不同的禮貌原則和各自的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。通過對(duì)此課題的研究，使人們?cè)谏缃贿^程中，根據(jù)不同的場(chǎng)合，正確的使用合適的禮貌語(yǔ)， 避免不同文化下不同禮貌用語(yǔ)帶來的各種沖突。同時(shí)，能使英

3、語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者更加透徹的了解西方文化，掌握交際語(yǔ)言。最后，若用于英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，將提高學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)，以及跨文化交際能力。關(guān)鍵詞：禮貌用語(yǔ); 禮貌原則; 文化; 差異對(duì)比 a constructive study of politeness in chinese and english culturea constructive study of politeness in chinese and english cultureabstractlanguage courtesy is a kind of common social phenomenon, which widely occurs in t

4、he human society of life, coordinating the peoples social relationships and communication activity, maintaining interpersonal harmony, and avoiding the communication conflicts. as china entering the wto and the forming of the globalized market, the relationship between china and the western countrie

5、s has become closer, with more frequent activities in politics, economy and culture. so language courtesy is taking a more important role in our social life. in this process, the successful cross-cultural communication, to a great extent, depends on the selection of the appropriate politeness. this

6、paper expounds the common features and different courtesy between chinese and the western through a constructive study of politeness in chinese and english culture. on the other hand, the paper expounds different politeness principle and the emphasis of the respective in different cultural backgroun

7、d.therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the different culture courtesy and different culture according to the different occasions in the social process. at the same time, the paper can make the reader underst

8、and and master the western culture and the right way of communication. finally, if the politeness principles are used in the english teaching and learning, it will improve the students comprehensive quality, and the ability of cross-cultural communication. key words: polite language; politeness prin

9、ciple; culture; a constructive study of politeness in chinese and english culturecontents1. introduction.12. different principles of politeness in chinese and english.1 2.1 politeness principles of english.1 2.1.1 brown and levinsons “face” theory.1 2.1.2 grice cooperative principle.2 2.1.3 leechs p

10、oliteness principle.2 2.2 politeness principles of chinese.33. a comparison between chinese and english politeness5 3.1 terms of address.5 3.2 humility language and formal language. 5 3.3 terms of privacy .6 3.4 terms of greeting.6 3.5 terms of thanks.7 3.6 terms of goodbye.8 3.7 terms of invitation

11、.8 3.8 differences politeness of cooking culture. 8 3.8.1. the politeness of atmosphere on table.83.8.2 the politeness of customary actions on table.94. reasons for the different & countermeasures9 4.1 reasons for the difference.94.1.1 confucianism and christianity.104.1.2 philosophy differences

12、.104.1.3 differences of culture, thinking and value.104.2 countermeasures.11 4.2.1 countermeasures in english teaching.11 4.2.2 countermeasures in communication.115. conclusion.13references.14 a constructive study of politeness in chinese and english cultureacknowledgements.15 a constructive study o

13、f politeness in chinese and english culture第 1 頁(yè) 共 15 頁(yè)1. introduction“as a universal phenomenon, politeness is observed in every society; its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech

14、 acts so as to attain the aim of communication.”1both english and chinese language has much different restriction in the pragmatic, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. british linguists, leech listed the six politeness principles according to the english culture ch

15、aracteristic, while gu yueguo analysed chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness principles in his work politeness, pragmatics and culture. comparing the politeness principles of gu yueguo and leech we can find that there are many politeness norms of differences. it is an effec

16、tive way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the communication smoothly by analyzing and comparing these differences scientifically.2. different principles of politeness in chinese and english politeness is the common phenomenon existing in social and group which is the symbol of human civiliz

17、ation and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. people should comply with the politeness principles in order to avoid the failures that cause by different politeness2.1 politeness principles of english2.1.1 brown and levinsons “face” theorypoliteness, in the interaction, can then be defined

18、 as the means employed to show awareness of another persons face. 2early in the 1950s, e goffman, the united states scholar, had put forward the “face behavior theory” from sociology. then in 1978, brown and levinson had further put forward the “mature face theory” which tried to take face as a comm

19、on language phenomenon to research on the basis of goffman in their work of universals in language usage: politeness phenomena. the mature face theory of brown and levinson is the first time to discuss the face problems of politeness systematically from anthropology and a constructive study of polit

20、eness in chinese and english culture第 2 頁(yè) 共 15 頁(yè)philosophy. they thought that face is ,for every social member ,wanted to gain for the public self-image of them. in the process of interaction, people hope each other can maintain each others face. along with the face threat increasing, people use the

21、 higher politeness strategies to maintain their face. the face threat level depends on the difference of social distance and social power between the communications. brown and levinson divided the face into positive face and negative face. then politeness is also divided into the positive manner and

22、 negative manner. 3 2.1.2 grice cooperative principlegrice, an american linguist, has put forward the cooperative principle in peoples conversation. he thought that, “in all the communication, the speaker and listener should follow some principles which make the process of communication develop towa

23、rd the tacit understanding and cooperation. there are four maxims to embody the cooperative principle:(1) quantity maxim: the information you offer should accord with the conversation, just the right amount(2). quality maxim: what you said should be reasonable and true.(3). relevant maxim: what you

24、said should be related to the content of the front(4). manner maxim: the word you said should be terse, clear, and systematical. 4but some people do not comply with this social principle; even some of them violate those in social communication. in other words, the cooperative principle cant complete

25、ly contain the kinds of conversation. according to this, the english linguist leech thought the root of people violating the cooperative principle is that they want to comply with another principles politeness principle. from the pragmatics and interpersonal rhetoric, leech summed up and classified

26、the politeness principle during the social communication. leech pointed that: the cooperative principle guides what we should say, so as to meet the expectations. however, the politeness principle can be maintained the friendship. so the cooperation principles and politeness principles can make a su

27、pplement each other which restrict peoples conversation behaviors. 2.1.3 leechs politeness principleenglish scholar leech, in his principles of pragmatics, put forward his politeness principle on the basis of gricean framework. he believed that,”besides cooperative principle, politeness principle gu

28、ides and constrains rational peoples conversation as well. it is closely a constructive study of politeness in chinese and english culture第 3 頁(yè) 共 15 頁(yè)connected with cooperative principle. yet on the other hand, it solves the problem why people prefer to use indirect speech in conversation, which coo

29、perative principle can not explain”. leechs politeness principle is elaborated into six maxims.(1). maxim of tact: minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other(2). maxim of generosity: minimize benefit to yourself, maximize cost to yourself.(3). maxim of approbation: minimize dispraise to other

30、, maximize praise to other(4). maxim of modesty: minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self,(5). maxim of agreement: minimize disagreement between self and other; maximize agreement between self and other.(6). maxim of sympathy: minimize antipathy between self and other, maximize sympathy b

31、etween self and other. 5 this is the main content of leechs politeness principles. the above criteria have the different emphasis. for example, the maxim of tact and the maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation and maxim of modesty, which is the same, have two different aspects. the maxim of tact i

32、s referring to how to treat others which is applied to causative verbal behavior “request”. but the maxim of generosity is referring to how to treat self which is applied to commitment verbal behavior “promise to help”. analogously, approbation maxim is referring to how to treat others while modesty

33、 maxim is referring to how to treat self. the agreement maxim points out that it is not suitable to express directly the diversity viewpoint with other person. the last maxim, sympathy, stresses out that we should express common mood with others when people are in bad mood. 2.2 politeness principles

34、 of chineselike the english speaking countries, the ancient chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁義非禮不成”, “人有禮則安。無禮則危。故曰：禮者不可不學(xué)也” 6 “鸚鵡能言，不離飛鳥；猩猩能言，不離禽獸。今人而無禮，不亦禽獸之心乎. 夫惟禽獸無禮.” 6. there is the stander that “夫禮者自卑而尊人” in the early work 6 recently, the study of politeness princi

35、ple had made great improvement in china. professor hu wenzhong and professor he ziran make an important discussion in intercultural communication politeness principle. then gu yueguo pointed out four politeness traits in communication according to the culture background of chinas history and daily a

36、 constructive study of politeness in chinese and english culture第 4 頁(yè) 共 15 頁(yè)communication of chinese people. that is respectfulness, modesty, attitude warmth and refindment. at the same time, gu yueguo put forward five politeness principles on the basis of leechs.(1) the self-denigration maxim. gu t

37、hought that the most trait of chinese politeness is “fu li zhe, zi bei er zun ren”。the maxim points out that we must “bian” and “qian” when we do something for ourselves. on the other hand, we should “tai” and “zun” when something is related to the listener.(2) the address maxim. this maxim points o

38、ut the traditions that “hhang xia you yi, gui jian you feng, zhang yao you xu” which embodies the social relations in the interpersonal communication when people address each other.(3) the tact maxim. in the chinese culture, “bin bin you li” is considered the politeness and cultivated. the basic con

39、tent is “genteelism chose, bawdry forbidden, multi-purpose tactful, less with the truth, avoiding mention the unpleasant or embarrassing things.(4) the agreement maxim. this criterion refers to caring each others identity and status in society, respecting each others “face” which makes each other ha

40、rmony in many aspects. when we must criticize others or publish the different opinion, we can take the strategy that “xian li hou bin, xian bao hou bian”(5)the generosity maxim, minimize cost to others, maximizes benefit to other in the behavior of motivation. maximize the benefit that you gain from

41、 others, minimizing the cost you pay in the words. 7from the above, there are many similar politeness principle and different emphases between chinese and english. the different emphasis reflects precisely the different culture background. the chinese culture attaches importance to “the self-denigra

42、tion maxim” and “the address maxim”, for the “self-denigration maxim” plays an important role in the chinese culture. the address maxim also reflects the politeness habit in chinese culture. in other words, the address maxim is the typical characteristics of chinese culture. in the chinese culture,

43、the address maxim is the important characteristics while in english culture it is not enough to become the politeness principle during to the “tact maxim”. in english culture, the “tact maxim” is the common principle when people take the indicative verbal behavior, such as “instruct, commands, warni

44、ng, suggest, advice”. a constructive study of politeness in chinese and english culture第 5 頁(yè) 共 15 頁(yè)3. a comparison between chinese and english politenessbrown and levinson thought different culture have the different politeness principles.8 in their view, “the face is something that is emotionally i

45、nvested, and that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction” 8this different is influenced by the society, culture, religion and geography chronically. chinese and english choose the different strategy which embodies their different national culture feat

46、ure to express the different politeness principle. so people will choose the proper politeness principle in cross-cultural communication.3.1 terms of addressin the modern chinese, people pay great attention to the others status or career. this is the symbol of vertical social relations, which shows

47、a power orientation. while in english country, people are affected by the social relation and personal standard. so they show equal cultural orientation in the terms of address. 9 for example, in the chinese culture, the subordinate cant call the name of the supervisor, students may not call a teach

48、ers name directly, and the children do not call the parents name, which is showing the politeness and upbringing. while in english culture, the address shows equal cultural orientation which makes each other closer. in the english country, generally speaking, no matter how old the others are and how

49、 high the others social status and level is, people would like to call their name. this is the symbol of equal social relation. another difference is about the form of addressing. chinese often use “title + surname” to address other rather than call them surnames. such as “張經(jīng)理”. but in english speak

50、ing country, people can not be tolerated with the addressing of chinese such as “李老師”“李師傅” in addition to several traditional called in west. that is doctor, doctor, judges and professor.3.2 humility language and formal languagethe self-denigration is the polite phenomenon of richest chinese culture

51、 characteristics. 10 when chinese gain the praise or congratulations from others, they usually take the expression like “nali、nali”, “guo jiang le”, “can kui、cang kui”, “cha yuan le” to show their a constructive study of politeness in chinese and english culture第 6 頁(yè) 共 15 頁(yè)modesty. but if we communi

52、cate with the westerners in the chinese habits, the result of communication would fail. for westerns, its offensive to deny others praise. however, the chinese people think the westerns are too confident, not enough modest to show the politeness. for example:chinese a: 你的飯菜太香了。chinese b: 獻(xiàn)丑了。british

53、 a: you are very beautiful.british b: thank youchinese b: 過獎(jiǎng)了。from the above we can make a conclusion that the compliment of chinese and british has the same common. but chinese express their politeness through modesty and lower themselves. while british just take the expression of “thank you”.on th

54、e other hand, there are more distinguishing in honorific of chinese and english language. for example, the chinese “請(qǐng)教”, “高見”, “貴姓”, “拜讀”, “鄙人”, “拙作”, “愚見”, “駕到”, “貴干”, “寒舍” are difficult to find the corresponding expression in english. but there are many words to show the respect and politeness in

55、english, such as “will”, “would”, “can”, “could”.3.3 terms of privacythere exits the value difference in personal privacy between english and chinese culture. chinese interpersonal relationship highlights the sociality, which emphasizes on social group for personal constraint and emphasizes the coll

56、ective action, people cannot feel the privacy. while the westerns emphasize the individualism and personal interests, they try to get rid of social bondage for not to exposure their own privacy to the public. so the “wage income”, “age” and “marital status” is the privacy of westerns. in chinese cul

57、ture, chinese people will take the expression “how much is your salary”, “how old are you” to show their care and enthusiasm. but the same topic will become the threat in english privacy.3.4 terms of greetingthe difference of communication reflects the nations cultural characteristics. in most cases

58、, they are highly conventional behavior and comply with the standardized routine. 11 saying “hello” is the conversation activities between friend and acquaintance. the aim is to make each other closer through the less information. for example, firstly, the chinese say “hello” a constructive study of

59、 politeness in chinese and english culture第 7 頁(yè) 共 15 頁(yè)will use the “您好”, “干啥去”, “吃了沒”. if we use the same language to say “hello” with westerns, they will feel sick. they will think this is impolite to pry about others privacy. so when we talk with the westerns, we should talk about the weather, hob

60、bies or events. secondly, chinese would like to praise others that “你發(fā)福了”, as if people find some good event. but in britain, it is impolite to take the words “you are getting fat”. thirdly, the chinese people see the guests out always say “慢慢走”. on the other hand, chinese people often take some discour