托福閱讀推斷題

1、識(shí)別提問方式：what can be inferred about_?which of the following can be inferred from paragraph_?it can be inferred from the paragraph that_?關(guān)鍵詞： infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 例題it can be confirmed the link between rising carbon dioxide concentrations and rising temperatures. global warming is a

2、 serious threat to entire ecosystems, the global atmosphere, and the oceans. while we are already seeing its effects on wildlife and habitat. we know that reducing carbon dioxide emissions from human activities such as burning fossil fuels in power plants and automobiles will help slow global warmin

3、g and minimize negative effects.what can be inferred from paragraph 1 about carbon dioxide?a it burns at a very high temperatureb it is the main atmospheric gasc it is a cause of global warmingd it is used as a fuel for automobiles.做題順序：題干關(guān)鍵詞原文定位-分析選項(xiàng)-判斷關(guān)鍵：原文定位定位區(qū)間（比細(xì)節(jié)題大）1.句內(nèi)概括（長(zhǎng)句 反向推論）2.段間推理 （兩段之間）

4、特例：排除法 （找不到依據(jù)或不確定時(shí)）考點(diǎn)：句內(nèi)定位 反向推論例題it can be confirmed the link between rising carbon dioxide concentrations and rising temperatures. global warming is a serious threat to entire ecosystems, the global atmosphere, and the oceans. while we are already seeing its effects on wildlife and habitat. we know

5、 that reducing carbon dioxide emissions from human activities such as burning fossil fuels in power plants and automobiles will help slow global warming and minimize negative effects.what can be inferred from paragraph 1 about carbon dioxide?a it burns at a very high temperature 原文未提及b it is the mai

6、n atmospheric gas 原文未提及c it is a cause of global warmingd it is used as a fuel for automobiles.d we know that reducing co2 in automobiles will help slow global warming burning fossil fuels in automobilesàco2，但co2并不是它的燃料(邏輯混亂)l 狀態(tài)變化：限制/阻撓limit/confine/compress/decrease/narrow/curb/impede/inhibit

7、/obstruct/restrict/block/hamper/hinder發(fā)展/增加develop/advance/evolve/expand/flourish/foster/grow/promote/amplify/augment/broaden/cultivate/generate/originate/退步/減少decline/halt/repress/recession/cease/fall 正確選項(xiàng)特征：與原文邏輯一致錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征：1.與原文矛盾，或邏輯混亂delta p95 3b 2.比較題 （加強(qiáng)比較 or 比較錯(cuò)誤） delta p95 4b 3.原文無關(guān)（必有）4.絕對(duì)詞（作

8、者態(tài)度）never/ most/ best/ allog p72 11delta p95 3b most people think of solar energy in terms from the sun. however, broadly defined, solar energy includes direct energy from the sun as well as a number of indirect forms of solar energy b it is not possible to develop direct forms of solar energysolar

9、energy不僅來源于sun,也來源于a number of indirect forms of energy 干擾原因：與原文矛盾考點(diǎn)：句內(nèi)定位例題（delta p95 4） the reasons for the migration from rural to urban life were exploitation and lack of economic opportunity. 【the family members who would not inherit a share in the property were exploited by the laws of inherita

10、nce. the system was particularly hard on women, who usually did not share in the ownership of the farm and who rarely were paid for their labor. 】the workday for women was even more demanding than it was for men. women were responsible for the kitchen garden and the small livestock as well as the ca

11、re of the family. unmarried women increasingly left the farm in search of economic opportunity in the factories that processed fish or farm products. it can be inferred from the passage that women under this systema moved from farm to farm in search of work（原文第一句 考點(diǎn)：同意替換）b. were paid less than men f

12、or the same work（考點(diǎn)：比較錯(cuò)誤）c. did not acquire property through inheritanced. had to get married in order to stay on the farm （無關(guān)/混淆）考點(diǎn)：段間定位 ogp252 3in geological terms. as a general rule, the higher a mountain is, the more recentlyit was formed; for example, the high mountains of the himalayas are onl

13、y about 50 million years old. lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains. about 400 million years ago, when the present-day continents of north america and europe were joined, the caledonian mountain chain was the same size as the modern himalaya

14、s. today, however, the relics of the caledonian orogeny (mountain-building period) exist as the comparatively low mountains of greenland, the northern appalachians in the united states, the scottish highlands, and the norwegian coastal plateau.3. which of the following can be inferred from paragraph

15、 2 about the mountainsof the himalayas?a their current height is not an indication of their age. （錯(cuò)因：原文相反） b at present, they are much higher than the mountains of the caledonian range. c they were a uniform height about 400 million years ago. uniform height 未提及 d they are not as high as the caledon

16、ian mountains were 400 million years ago. （錯(cuò)因：原文相反）the himalayas are higher than the caledonian mountains =>younger mountains are generally higher than older mountains. =>the himalayas are much younger than the caledonians. 因?yàn)?himalayas 是較為年輕的山脈 and 較年輕的山脈又比較古老的山脈高，于是我們得出 年輕的 himalayas 要比年長(zhǎng)的ca

17、ledonians高. 山脈的形成都是因?yàn)榈貧さ臄鄬雍婉薨櫋Ｐ律较蹈呗柖输忼X狀；老山系則因受風(fēng)化和侵蝕作用的破壞，顯得圓滑 特例：排除法og p102 1 before 1815 manufacturing in the united states had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. as master craftworkers, they imparted the knowledge of their tradesto apprentices and journeymen. in addition, women ofte

18、n worked in their homes parttime,making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists.after 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinerytended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. cheap transportation networks,the rise of cities, and the

19、 availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.1. which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articlesmanufactured before 1815? a they were primarily produced by women. parttime primarily （與原文相反+絕對(duì)詞） b they were generally produced in shops rather

20、 than in homes. in homes or shops （與原文相反） c they were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.d they were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportationnetworks. after 1815（與原文相反）推斷題總結(jié)必考：02 per set 識(shí)別：題中干出現(xiàn)infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 與細(xì)節(jié)題本質(zhì)相同，做

21、題步驟相同關(guān)鍵：回歸原文 名詞定位不同之處：定位區(qū)域可能更大 答案不是直接顯現(xiàn) 須經(jīng)過推理+同義替換找不到依據(jù)或不確定時(shí)：用排除法常見錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征：1.與原文矛盾，或邏輯混亂2.比較題 （加強(qiáng)比較 or 比較錯(cuò)誤） 3.原文無關(guān)（必有）4.絕對(duì)詞（作者態(tài)度）never/ most/ best/ all推斷題練習(xí)tpo1 groundwaterparagraph 1: groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. by

22、far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. there it remains, sometim

23、es for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. at first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water. （推理題，直接推理）1. which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? it cannot hold

24、 rainwater for long periods of time. it prevents most groundwater from circulating. it has the capacity to store large amounts of water. it absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. timberline vegetation on mountainsparagraph 1：the transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slo

25、pe is often a dramatic one. within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. this rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. in many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline w

26、here the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture. 3. which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines? both are treeless zones both mark forest boundaries. both are surrounded by desert areas. both

27、 suffer from a lack of moisture. paragraph 2：the upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the polar regions. it ranges from sea level in the polar regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. timberline trees are norm

28、ally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. there are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. species of birch, for example, may occur at the timb

29、erline in parts of the himalayas. （推理題，對(duì)比推理）4. paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees? they cannot grow in cold climates. they do not exist at the upper timberline. they are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline. they do not require as m

30、uch moisture as evergreens do. architecture（推理題，細(xì)節(jié)推理）paragraph 4：even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. in earlier times it was necessary to design structu

31、ral systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the la

32、st few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred ago. 7. in paragraph 4, what does th

33、e author imply about modern buildings? they occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.they are not very different from the building of a few generations ago. the weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago. they take a long time

34、 to build as a result of their complex construction methods. paragraph 5: modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the bodys vital o

35、rgans and systems. the equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. of course in early architecturesuch as igloos and adobe structuresthere was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. （推理題）8. which of the following correctly characterizes the

36、relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph5? complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body. the components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human bo

37、dy. modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is. in general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do. the long-term stability of ecosystemsparagraph 4: the question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. the firs

38、t problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. stability can be defined as simply lack of change. in that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed

39、with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. this kind of stability is also called resilience. in that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax stat

40、e. 6. according to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities? they are more resilient than pioneer communities. they can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. they are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances. they are the most resi

41、lient communities because they change the least over time. paragraph 5: even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. at least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community.

42、once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. in general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stabilit

43、yjust the opposite, in fact. a more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (a fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a childs tricycle.) （推理題，邏輯推理）7. which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests? the

44、y become less stable as they mature. they support many species when they reach climax. they are found in temperate zones. they have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages. the long-term stability of ecosystemsparagraph 4: the question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. the fir

45、st problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. stability can be defined as simply lack of change. in that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed

46、 with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. this kind of stability is also called resilience. in that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax sta

47、te. （推理題）6. according to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities? they are more resilient than pioneer communities. they can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. they are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances. they are the mos

48、t resilient communities because they change the least over time. paragraph 5: even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. at least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax commu

49、nity. once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. in general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem st

50、abilityjust the opposite, in fact. a more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (a fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a childs tricycle.) （推理題，邏輯推理）7. which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forest

51、s? they become less stable as they mature. they support many species when they reach climax. they are found in temperate zones. they have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages. deer populations of the puget soundparagraph 2: nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of

52、 a deer's diet. where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. but this is fair-weather feeding. what keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay

53、and dormancy? one compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of ced

54、ar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder. 2. it can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions cause some deer to hibernate make food unavailable in the highlands for deer make it easier for deer to locate understory plants prevent deer from migrating during the w

55、inter paragraph 4：reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. a worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and

56、factories. no doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. recall the fate of the columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. but for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. wild life zoologist hulmut buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic

57、changes in washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any

58、 age annually for an indefinite period." （推理題）9. which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4? deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline. the activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times. the cleaning of wilderness land for constr