模塊七Unit2閱讀材料中英文對(duì)照版

1、unit 2 fit for lifetwo life-saving medicinesthis article will focus on two drugs that started revolutions in medicine. if you open up any medicine cupboard or go to any medicine counter in the world, it is likely that you will find aspirin and penicillin. both of these medicines have saved millions

2、of people's lives and have proved beneficial to mankind since they were inventedaspirinaspirin was invented in 1897 however, the basic chemical used to make aspirin can be found in nature nearly 3,500 years ago, people chewed on leaves or drank a kind of tea made from leaves possessing a special

3、 chemical to reduce body pains and feve匚 about 2,500 years ago, the greek physician hippocrates, father of all doctors, made a juice from a tree bark containing salicylic acid for the same effect. it was in 1897 that a european chemist called dr felix hoffmann produced aspirin from this chemical. th

4、e first trials of this medicine took place in 1899, when the company hoffmann worked for began distributing the medicine in powder form to physicians to use with patients. a year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops in the form of tablets. within a short time, aspirin became the best-selling me

5、dicine in the world for pain relief.not only has aspirin proved vital for reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with lawrence craven, a doctor from the usa, introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin had the potential to reduce the risk of heart at

6、tacks, because it helped the blood circulate bette匚 the report was ignored however，in 1971, smith and willis from the uk proved that aspirin could have that effect, and in 1977 a study caitied out in the usa showed that aspirin could prevent strokes, as well. eleven years later, dr thun from the usa

7、 showed that aspirin could reduce the risk of some cancers by 40 per cent. in 1999, aspirin was over 100 years old, and yet there have been more discoveries about how it can help increase the length of people's lives. in 2003, a chinese doctor, dr yuan minsheng, found that aspirin could reduce b

8、lood sugar levels and, therefore, help people with diabetes.penicillinanother drug that has helped increase the standard of people's health is penicillin, which is considered by many to be one of the most important medicines in con temporary society. it was discovered by a scottish scientist nam

9、ed alexander fleming in 1928. he noted that a dish in which he was trying to grow bacteria for an experiment looked abnonnalthere was blue mould in it. it astonished him to see the bacteria surrounding the mould dead, which meant that the mould had killed them. fleming tried this mould out on anothe

10、r bacterium and found that it killed the bacterium too. he immediately realized that the mould might have an application in treating illnesses caused by bacteria. he named the liquid made from the mould penicillin1. however, the development of penicillin as a drug faced two problems. first, he was u

11、nable to find a procedure to make penicillin pure enough to work as a medicine. second, it was difficult to produce penicillin in the ample quantities needed to be effective in 1940, two other scientists, howard florey (australian) and ernst chain (german-born english), helped solve these problems,

12、and managed to make and test the new drug in large quantities since the new drug was needed for world war ii, the government approval process for penicillin was accelerated, and mass production began in 1944. due to the widespread use of penicillin, many lives were saved during the war. if penicilli

13、n had not been available, many people would have died from sickness or even small wounds. penicillin became the greatest drug of the 20th century, saving millions of lives. in 1945, the three scientists, fleming, florey and chain, shared the nobel prize in medicine for their workmagic needles: chine

14、se acupunctureone of the most famous chinese medical treatments is the art of *magic needles1, or chinese acupuncture. it was developed long ago, perhaps as early as 2000 bc. there is evidence that acupuncture began during the stone age, when stone tools called bian （眨）were used to press areas of th

15、e bodyas acupuncture developed, the simple bian stones were replaced by stone needles eventually, metal needles began to appear and took their place. there were nine different kinds of needles. these included a needle with a head like an arrow, used for making shallow holes in the surface of the ski

16、n; a needle with a round tip, used for pressing the tissue under the skin; a dull needle, used for tapping against pressure points; and a needle like a small sword, used for letting liquid out of body parts which had swollen up. these needles could be made of different metals, such as gold and silve

17、r. some acupuncturists today still use gold and silver needles, but the majority use only stainless steel ones. the main needle now used for acupuncture is fine and sharp most of the others have been replaced by more complex medical instruments. for example, the needle looking like a sword has been

18、replaced by a sharp knife that doctors use in operationsacupuncture uses stainless steel needles that are put into the skin at certain points on the body so that a disease can be cured or a health problem solved these points are called acupuncture points. when acupuncture was first practised, there

19、were 365 such points. the number of acupuncture points was the same as the number of days in a yean however, over the last 2,000 years, this number has gradually increased to about 2,000 some acupuncturists insert needles at or near the body part affected by the disease, while others select points a

20、ccording to the symptoms that the patient has.if you go to an acupuncturist, he or she will ask you questions about your medical history and your way of life. the acupuncturist will look at the colour of your skin and your tongue, listen to your breathing, and check your pulses.western medicine only

21、 recognizes one pulse which indicates the heartbeat. however, according to traditional chinese medicine, there are twelve different pulses, six on each wrist, and every one of them is connected with a major body organ or its function. by checking all the pulses, the acupuncturist can find out which

22、energy channel does not have enough energy.some of the medical problems that can be treated by acupuncture include severe pains, headaches, injuries, stomach problems and high blood pressure. some people have also used acupuncture to treat smokers, alcoholics and people who are addicted to drugs.how

23、 acupuncture reduces pain is not clear. one theory explaining this phenomenon suggests that acupuncture blocks pain signals from reaching the brain. another theory relates acupuncture to the production of chemicals in the body which reduce pain. a lot of people now subscribe to these theories.as a u

24、nique contribution of traditional chinese medicine, acupuncture spread to many other asian countries, such as japan, as early as the 6th century. it was introduced to the west in the 17th century. today acupuncture has become popular round the world, as have other traditional chinese medicines. the

25、world health organization recommends acupuncture as a good treatment for over forty medical problems. while doubts about its safety have faded away, interest continues to grow.兩種挽救生命的藥物這篇文章將著重講述兩種引發(fā)了醫(yī)學(xué)革命的藥物。倘若你打開(kāi)世界上的任何一個(gè)藥柜, 或者走到任何一個(gè)賣(mài)藥的柜臺(tái)，都可能找到阿司兀林和青霉素。自這兩種藥被發(fā)明以來(lái)，它 們己挽救了數(shù)百萬(wàn)人的性命，并己證實(shí)對(duì)人類(lèi)有益。阿司匹林阿司匹林發(fā)明于1

26、 897年。但是，用于制造阿司匹林的基本化學(xué)物質(zhì)卻可在自然界屮找 到。將近3500年前，人們咀嚼一種含有特殊化學(xué)物質(zhì)的樹(shù)葉或飲用這種樹(shù)葉制成的茶，以 減輕身體疼痛或退燒。大約2500年前，醫(yī)生之父、古希臘醫(yī)師希波克拉底就用一種樹(shù)皮制 成汁，這種汁含有水楊酸，也有同樣的功效。1897年，一位名叫費(fèi)利克斯霍夫曼的歐洲 藥劑師提取這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，制成了阿司匹林。對(duì)該藥進(jìn)行的首批試驗(yàn)發(fā)生在1899年。當(dāng)時(shí), 霍夫曼供職的公司開(kāi)始將這種藥以粉末形式分發(fā)給醫(yī)師，在病人身上使用。一年之后，即 1900年，阿司匹林被制成片劑在藥店出售。很快，阿司匹林成了世界上最暢銷(xiāo)的止痛藥。阿司匹林不僅被證明對(duì)于退燒和止痛必不

27、可少，而且還有其他用途。美國(guó)醫(yī)生勞倫斯 克雷文在1953年提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，即阿司匹林可能有助于降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樗?改善血液循環(huán)。該報(bào)告并未引起人們的注意。但是，1971年，英國(guó)醫(yī)生史密斯和威利斯證 實(shí)阿司匹林的確有此功效。1977年，美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究表明，阿司匹林還能預(yù)防屮風(fēng)。11年 后，美國(guó)更生圖恩證明，阿司兀林可以降低某些癌癥40%的發(fā)病率。到1999年，阿司匹林 已有一百多年的歷史，但是在它如何能夠幫助延年益壽方面仍然有更多的發(fā)現(xiàn)。2003年， 中國(guó)醫(yī)生袁敏生發(fā)現(xiàn)，阿司匹林可以降低血糖水平，從而幫助糖尿病患者。青霉素另外一種幫助人們提高健康水平的藥物是青霉素。許多人認(rèn)為這種藥是當(dāng)

28、代社會(huì)最重要 的藥物之一。它是由一名叫亞歷山大弗萊明的蘇格蘭科學(xué)家于1928年發(fā)現(xiàn)的。他注意到 一個(gè)碟子看起來(lái)有些界常一一為了做實(shí)驗(yàn)，他試圖在這個(gè)碟子中培育細(xì)菌一一它里面有藍(lán)色 的芻。使他十分驚訝的是，他看到這種每周?chē)募?xì)菌都死了，這意味著是這種芻殺死了它們。 弗萊明將這種霉用在另外一種細(xì)菌上做試驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)它同樣殺死了那種細(xì)菌。他立刻意識(shí)到這 種霉或許能用于治療由細(xì)菌引起的疾病。他將由這種霉制成的液體命名為“青霉素”。然而, 青霉素的藥物研發(fā)面臨兩個(gè)難題。首先，他難以找到種方法來(lái)提純藥用的青霉素。第二, 難以牛產(chǎn)出足量的青霉素以產(chǎn)生藥效。1940年，另外兩名科學(xué)家，澳大利亞人霍華德弗 洛里和德裔英國(guó)人恩斯特錢(qián)恩，幫助解決了這些問(wèn)題，并設(shè)法大量制造和試用這一新藥。 由于這種新藥為第二次世界大戰(zhàn)所需，政府批準(zhǔn)程序得以加快，大批量生產(chǎn)始于1944年。 正因?yàn)榍嗝顾氐膹V泛應(yīng)用，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間的很多生命得以挽救。如果沒(méi)有青霉素，很多人會(huì)死于 疾病，甚至是很小的傷口。青霉素挽救了無(wú)數(shù)人的性命，成了二十世紀(jì)最了不起的藥物。由于他們的工作成果，弗萊明、弗洛里和錢(qián)恩于1945年共同