新西蘭英語國家概況

1、XVI. New ZealandIn Chapter XVI we are going to study 16.1 Introduction16.2 Geography16.3 History16.4 Government and Politics 16.5 Maoritanga16.6 Economy16.1 IntroductionOfficial name New ZealandCapital Wellington 惠靈頓惠靈頓Area 270,534 sq km(The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.)Popula

2、tion 4,173,460 (July 2008 est.) Ireland: Area: 70,282 sq. km Population: 4,156,119 (July 2008 est.) Largest cities, with populationAuckland 5C:klEnd奧克蘭奧克蘭 1,313,200 (2008, 31 percent of the countrys population) Wellington惠靈頓惠靈頓 370,100 (2005)Christchurch 克賴斯特徹奇克賴斯特徹奇; 基督城基督城 367,800 (2005)Ethnic gro

3、upsEuropean 75 percentMaori 15 percentPacific Islander 5 percentOther (including Asian) 5 percentLanguagesEnglish (official), Maori (official), Polynesian languages 波利尼西亞語波利尼西亞語In April 2006, New Zealand became the first country to declare sign language, the language of the deaf community, as an off

4、icial language, alongside English and Maori. ReligionProtestant 24 percentAnglican圣公會 21 percentRoman Catholic 13 percentBuddhist 1 percentNonreligious 13 percentOther (including Jewish and Hindu) 28 percentNational Flag of New Zealand: the Union Jack and the stars of the Southern Cross 南十字星座南十字星座Na

5、tional Flag of Australia16.2 Geography16.2.1 The Geographical Features: New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean, halfway between the equator and the South Pole. It is located within the Ring of Fire, a region encircling the Pacific Ocean where the movement of tectonic plates 板塊板塊 leads to volca

6、nic and seismic5saIzmIk 地震地震 activity.The Ring of FireThe Ring of Fire is a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that encircles the basin of the Pacific Ocean. 90% of the worlds earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. It is a direct consequence of plate tectonics 板板塊構(gòu)造塊構(gòu)造 and the mo

7、vement and collisions of crustal 地殼的地殼的 plates. It has two main islands: North Island and South Island. Mt Cook: the highest peak, 3,754 meters high; Lake Taupo: the largest lake, covering 606 sq km; it is 40 km long and 27 km wide. In the surrounding area are numerous geysers and hot springs. The C

8、lutha: the largest river, 336 km long in the South Island.16.2.2 Climate: The climate of New Zealand is generally temperate, but because the country runs northsouth, the climate is varied.Mount CookLake Taupo sits in central North Island. It covers 606 sq km; it is 40 km long and 27 km wide. In the

9、surrounding area are numerous geysers and hot springs.Lake TaupoThe Clutha: the largest river in New ZealandThe CluthaLady Knox Geyser: The north central region of New Zealands North Island is an area of active volcanism. In addition to three active volcanoes, there are geysers, like the Lady Knox G

10、eyser, mud pools, and hot springs.AucklandAucklands Sky Tower: The Sky Tower, which opened in 1997, forms part of the Sky City casino, hotel, and shopping complex overlooking Aucklands natural Waitemata Harbour. At 328 meters high, it is New Zealands tallest building.Christchurch: the largest city o

11、n New Zealands South Island, is an important transportation, manufacturing, and education center. Several institutions of higher learning are located here.16.2.3 Plants and Animals: Many of New Zealands native flowering plants are unique. A rich variety of trees, treeferns, ground ferns, mosses and

12、other plants make up “the bush”, as New Zealanders call their forests. Besides, New Zealand has 250 species of birds including the kiwi, a New Zealand bird with a long beak and hair-like feathers, which cannot fly. It is the national symbol of New Zealand and New Zealanders refer to themselves as Ki

13、wis.Tree Fern: New Zealands impressive tree fern can grow to a towering height of 15 meters. With more than 150 fern species growing in New Zealand, the plant has become a national symbol.The brown kiwi, related to emu, is a small, flightless bird found only in the forest and scrub areas of New Zeal

14、and. It is named for its call, which sounds like kee-wee. It feeds primarily on insects, spiders, worms, seeds, and fruits.Kiwi Fruit16.3 HistoryMaori came between 1,000 and 3,000 years ago Europeans came in the 17th century Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi 1840 waitB:Ni 16.3.1 Before 1840The first

15、 people to settle New Zealand were the ancestors of the Maori 毛利人毛利人, who are thought to have called the islands Aotearoa (“Land of the Long White Cloud”). The Maori were part of the spread of Polynesian peoples 玻利尼西亞人玻利尼西亞人 across the far-flung islands of the Pacific Ocean between 1,000 and 3,000 y

16、ears ago. The European history begins in the 17th century. Abel Tasman: a Dutch navigator, the first European to visit New Zealand in 1642Captain James Cook: the first Englishman to visit New Zealand in 176916.3.2 The Treaty of Waitangi 1840The Treaty of Waitangi was signed on 6th February, 1840 by

17、Governor William Hobson and 50 Maori chiefs. By the terms of the Treaty, Great Britain formally proclaimed sovereignty over the island and agreed to respect the landownership rights of the Maori, who placed themselves under the protection of the British government. February 6th is now celebrated as

18、New Zealands National DayWaitangi Day 威坦哲日威坦哲日, 懷唐伊日懷唐伊日。16.3.3 After 1840Settlement of New Zealand from the British Isles and Australia began in earnest after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. The European population of New Zealand grew from about 1,000 in the 1830s to nearly 60,000 in 1858, a

19、nd then rocketed to 500,000 by the early 1880s. Like Australia, for a long time, New Zealand had followed the policy of Britain and depended on Britain for protection. Yet during and after the Second World War, New Zealand began to shift its allegiance E5li:dVEns 效忠 away from Britain toward the Unit

20、ed States. In 1951, New Zealand signed the ANZUS AnzJs Treaty 澳新美安全條約澳新美安全條約with the United States and Australia. In the mid-1980s, New Zealand declared its antinuclear policy and became a nuclear free zone. This policy led to Americas suspension of the ANZUS security guarantees to New Zealand in 19

21、86. Please compare: Ireland is not a member of NATO. Ireland, which is not part of any military alliance, strives to maintain a neutral position in world affairs.Waitangi National Maori Reserve: This site on the Northland peninsula is considered the birthplace of modern New Zealand. The Treaty of Wa

22、itangi was signed here between the Maori and the United Kingdom on 6 February 1840. The restored Waitangi Treaty HouseForm of governmentParliamentary democracyHead of stateGovernor-general, representing the British monarchHead of governmentPrime ministerLegislatureUnicameral legislatureHouse of Repr

23、esentatives: 120 members (for three years) 16.4.1 The Government16.4 Government and Politics 16.4.2 Political PartiesTwo-party system: the National Party and the Labor PartyFirst-level political divisions12 regions and 4 unitary authoritiesConstitutionNo written constitution; political system closel

24、y modeled on that of the United Kingdom.Beehive 蜂窩蜂窩, Wellington: The Beehive, named for its appearance, is part of the parliamentary complex in Wellington, the capital of New Zealand. The building houses the offices of the prime minister and the cabinet.In 1893 New Zealand became the first country

25、in the world to extend the vote to women. The New Zealand women shown here participating in an election in Wellington North were exercising their right to vote for the first time.Helen Clark In 1999 Helen Clark, leader of the Labor Party, became the first female prime minister in New Zealand. She wo

26、n her third election in September, 2005 (three years for one term).Voted for Change: John Key celebrates National Partys victory during New Zealand General election in Auckland, Nov. 8, 2008. John Key16.5 Maoritanga 毛利人文化和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣毛利人文化和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣Three stages of cultural development: The earliest cultural trad

27、ition in New Zealand was that of the Maori, who developed a rich and diverse Polynesian culture in geographic isolation from the other cultures of Polynesia. European settlers brought with them their own traditions, which eventually dominated the countrys cultural life. Since the 1950s the cultural

28、fabric of New Zealand has become increasingly diverse with the immigration of peoples from the Pacific Islands and Asia.Maoritanga9maJrItANE means Maoriculture, the Maori way of life and view of the world. Traditional Maori culture is expressed in song, dance, oratory, woodcarving, weaving, and arch

29、itecture. In the 1980s they initiated a revival of their language and other traditions. By that time many Maori had assimilated into the predominant European culture. The majority of Maori had become urban dwellers, and most younger Maori did not know the Maori language. Today Maori culture thrives

30、in both traditional and reinvented traditions. New Zealand Houses: The red and white house shown here is probably owned by a Maori family.Te Hau Ki Turanga, Wellington: The National Museum, in Wellington houses a wide array of traditional Maori pieces, including the Te Hau Ki Turanga, an elaborately

31、 carved, mid-19th century Maori meeting house.Maori Woodcarving: Woodcarving is a traditional art form of the Maori people. Maori houses and communal buildings often incorporate ornate 裝飾的裝飾的 woodcarvings.Maori WoodcarvingMaori Haka Dance: Theatrical performances are a celebrated part of the Maori culture in New Zealand today. Here a Maori storyteller dressed in a traditional costume performs the haka dance. The dance, which Mao