Unit 7 Mixed Economy 財經(jīng)專業(yè)英語教程（第四版）課件

1、Unit 7 Mixed Economy Unit 7 Mixed Economy 財經(jīng)專業(yè)英語教程（第四版）課件財經(jīng)專業(yè)英語教程（第四版）課件 Para 1Para 1 Mixed economy is an economic system in which both the private sector and state direct the economy, reflecting characteristics of both market economies and planned economies. Most mixed economies can be described as

2、 market economies with strong regulatory oversight, and many mixed economies feature a variety of government-run enterprises and governmental provision of public goods. Para 2Para 2 The basic idea of the mixed economy is that the means of production are mainly under private ownership; that markets r

3、emain the dominant form of economic coordination; and that profit-seeking enterprises and the accumulation of capital remains the fundamental driving force behind economic activity. However, unlike a free-market economy, the government would wield considerable indirect influence over the economy thr

4、ough fiscal and monetary policies designed to counteract economic downturns and capitalisms tendency toward financial crises and unemployment, along with playing a role in interventions that promote social welfare. Subsequently, some mixed economies have expanded in scope to include a role for indic

5、ative economic planning and/or large public enterprise sectors. Para 3Para 3 There is not one single definition for a mixed economy, but the definitions always involve a degree of private economic freedom mixed with a degree of government regulation of markets. The relative strength or weakness of e

6、ach component in the national economy can vary greatly between countries. Economies ranging from the United States to Cuba have been termed mixed economies. The term is also used to describe the economies of countries which are referred to as welfare states, such as the Nordic countries. Governments

7、 in mixed economies often provide environmental protection, maintenance of employment standards, a standardized welfare system, and maintenance of competition. Para 4Para 4 As an economic ideal, mixed economies are supported by people of various political persuasions, typically centre-left and centr

8、e-right, such as social democrats or Christian democrats. Supporters view mixed economies as a compromise between state socialism and free-market capitalism that is superior in net effect to either of those.Philosophy Para 5Para 5 The term mixed economy is used to describe economic systems which str

9、ay from the ideals of either the market, or various planned economies, and mix with elements of each other. As most political-economic ideologies are defined in an idealized sense, what is described rarelyif everexists in practice. Most would not consider it unreasonable to label an economy that, wh

10、ile not being a perfect representation, very closely resembles an ideal by applying the rubric that denominates that ideal. When a system in question, however, diverges to a significant extent from an idealized economic model or ideology, the task of identifying it can become problematic. Hence, the

11、 term mixed economy was coined. As it is unlikely that an economy will contain a perfectly even mix, mixed economies are usually noted as being skewed towards either private ownership or public ownership, toward capitalism or socialism, or toward a market economy or command economy in varying degree

12、s.market economyPara 6Para 6 A market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system. The major defining characteristic of a market economy is that decis

13、ions on investment and the allocation of producer goods are mainly made through markets. This is contrasted with a planned economy, where investment and production decisions are embodied in a plan of production. Para 7Para 7 Market economies can range from hypothetical laissez-faire and free market

14、variants to regulated markets and interventionist variants. In reality market economies do not exist in pure form, since societies and governments regulate them to varying degrees. Most existing market economies include a degree of economic planning or state-directed activity, and are thus classifie

15、d as mixed economies. The term free-market economy is sometimes used synonymously with market economy, but it may also refer to laissez-faire or Free-market anarchism. Para 8Para 8 Market economies do not logically presuppose the existence of private property in the means of production; a market eco

16、nomy can consist of various types of cooperatives, collectives or autonomous state agencies that acquire and exchange capital goods with each other in a free price system. There are many variations of market socialism, some of which involve employee-owned enterprises based on self-management; as wel

17、l as models that involve public ownership of the means of production where capital goods are allocated through markets. Para 9Para 9 The term market economy used by itself can be somewhat misleading. For example, the United States constitutes a mixed economy (substantial market regulation, agricultu

18、ral subsidies, extensive government-funded research and development, Medicare/Medicaid), yet at the same time it is rooted in a market economy. Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding the market economy and addressing the inequalities the marke

19、t produces.1. Para 1Para 1 many mixed economies feature a variety of government-run enterprises and governmental provision of public goods. 謂語動詞是feature，意思是have sth. as a prominent attribute or aspect即“具有特點”。本句的譯文可以是“很多混合經(jīng)濟體擁有各種不同的國營企業(yè)，由國家負責公共產(chǎn)品的供應(yīng)?！?. Para 2Para 2 The basic idea of the mixed econom

20、y is that the means of production are mainly under private ownership; that markets remain the dominant form of economic coordination; and that profit-seeking enterprises and the accumulation of capital remains the fundamental driving force behind economic activity.這句的主語是the basic idea of the mixed e

21、conomy，后邊是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，跟了三個并行的that表語從句，用分號隔開。第三個從句的主語是profit-seeking enterprises and the accumulation of capital，動詞是remains，單三人稱，這是執(zhí)行主謂鄰近一致的原則。4. Para 4Para 4 Supporters view mixed economies as a compromise between state socialism and free-market capitalism that is superior in net effect to either of those.

22、 句子骨架是view sth. as “把看作”，a compromise between state socialism and free-market capitalism，指混合經(jīng)濟體是“國家社會主義和自由市場資本主義兩者妥協(xié)的產(chǎn)物”；t h a t 引 出 一 個 定 語 分 句 ， 其 先 行 詞 是 a compromise，即mixed economies，定語句的謂語是is superior to either of those，“其優(yōu)勢超過了國家社會主義和自由市場資本主義單方面的效益”。難點在于be superior to被in net effect 分割了。5. Para

23、5Para 5 As most political-economic ideologies are defined in an idealized sense, what is described rarelyif everexists in practice. 這個as從句是一個讓步句。把主句的插入語if ever暫時忽略，變成what is described rarely exists in practice，即“描寫的如此理想，實際上極少存在”。讓步句子的譯文可以是：盡管政治經(jīng)濟思想定義得十分理想。6. Para 5Para 5 Most would not consider it u

24、nreasonable to label an economy that, while not being a perfect representation, very closely resembles an ideal by applying the rubric that denominates that ideal. 先忽略插入語while not being a perfect representation，再忽略不定式中的兩個定語分句；to label an economy by applying the rubric，意思是：“給一種經(jīng)濟體貼上這個標簽”，再把兩個定語和插入語加上

25、去：“給一個非常相像的理想的經(jīng)濟體，盡管不是一個完美的代表，貼上這個理想的標簽”。7. Para 5Para 5 When a system in question, however, diverges to a significant extent from an idealized economic model or ideology, the task of identifying it can become problematic. When從句中的主語是a system in question，謂語是diverges from an idealized economic model

26、or ideology，難點在于在diverge from中間插入了介詞短語to a significant extent。全句的譯文可以是：但是如果相關(guān)的體系相當程度地偏離了理想的經(jīng)濟思想模式，鑒定任務(wù)就變成了一個難題。8. Para 5Para 5As it is unlikely that an economy will contain a perfectly even mix, mixed economies are usually noted as being skewed towards either private ownership or public ownership, toward capitalism or socialism, or toward a market economy or command economy in va