學(xué)生版 專題十 定語(yǔ)從句

1、專題十 定語(yǔ)從句 考點(diǎn)薈萃定語(yǔ)從句一直是高考的熱點(diǎn)和焦點(diǎn)，考點(diǎn)主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面：定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中as和which的選擇；以抽象地點(diǎn)、抽象時(shí)間名詞作先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞的使用；定語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的綜合考查?？键c(diǎn)解讀一、定語(yǔ)從句的基本概念 定語(yǔ)從句中繁多的術(shù)語(yǔ)、復(fù)雜的關(guān)系一直困擾著很多學(xué)生，考試時(shí)也常為此出錯(cuò)。因此我們首先要理解定語(yǔ)從句的三個(gè)基本概念及它們之間的關(guān)系。 定語(yǔ)從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句，它實(shí)際上起了形容詞的作用。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)

2、系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；關(guān)系副詞有when, where，why等。由示例可知，關(guān)系代(副)詞是定語(yǔ)從句的連接樞紐，在定語(yǔ)從句中起了三層作用：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，替代先行詞，在從句中作成分。因此我們可以得出：關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等；關(guān)系副詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作什么成分是判斷該用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的依據(jù)。因此把先行詞正確還原到定語(yǔ)從句中是做定語(yǔ)從句題很重要的一個(gè)技巧。二、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞一覽表 關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)

3、Do you know the man who/ that is talking with your mother？Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. The boy (whom/who/ that) she loved died in the war.I like those books whose topics are about history. who, whom, which和that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可以省略，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不能用that或who，應(yīng)構(gòu)成“介詞whom/which”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。wh

4、om人賓語(yǔ)whose人，物定語(yǔ) 關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞that人、物主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)A plane is a machine that/ which can fly. Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine for which you asked. He was late again, which made his teacher angry. which可以指代整個(gè)主句引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，放在主句的后面。which意為“這一點(diǎn)，這”。which物，句子主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ) 關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞as人、物、句子主語(yǔ)、賓

5、語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)As you pointed out, I made a mistake. He is such a person as is respected by all of us. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，放在句首、句中、句末均可。as意為 “正如，就像”。名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as。注意：that和which的用法區(qū)別1只用which不用that的情況(1)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which既可代表先行詞又可代表前面的一整句話，譯成“這一點(diǎn)，這一件事”。(2)在介詞后面。(3)先行詞是代詞that或those時(shí)。2只用that不用whic

6、h的情況(1)當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, none等不定代詞時(shí)，只用that。(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，只用that。(3)如果出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的先行詞，并同時(shí)兼指人和物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that。(4)先行詞被the only, the last, the way等修飾時(shí)用that。(5)在疑問詞who, which, what開頭的特殊疑問句中，為了避免重復(fù)只用that。三、“介詞 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞一般是which和whom，“介詞which/whom”既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，又可

7、以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。常見的有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：1介詞 關(guān)系代詞Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. 曼德拉是我尋求建議的一位黑人律師。2名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞介詞關(guān)系代詞Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. Last Sunday I bought some books from

8、the bookstore, of which three were English novels. 上個(gè)星期天，我從書店買回幾本書，其中三本是英文小說(shuō)。3形容詞最高級(jí) 介詞 關(guān)系代詞China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中國(guó)有成千上萬(wàn)的島嶼，其中最大的是臺(tái)灣。四、限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句與其先行詞之間不用逗號(hào)隔開，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與其先行詞之間一般用逗號(hào)隔開。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是主句不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用

9、，去掉了不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。如：People who take physical exercise live longer.進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得更長(zhǎng)些。(限制性定語(yǔ)從句，若把從句去掉句子的意思就不完整。)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓，(她)下星期回來(lái)。(非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，若把從句去掉句子意義仍然完整。)五、必須注意的幾個(gè)問題1定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句及強(qiáng)調(diào)句的辨析比較例句區(qū)別與where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別Years later, he went

10、 to New York, where/in which he made great success.The tree should be planted where there is plenty of rain.where引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，where可以轉(zhuǎn)化為“介詞 which”。 句中where引導(dǎo)的從句前無(wú)先行詞，因此引導(dǎo)的是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，where本身在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，不能轉(zhuǎn)化為“介詞關(guān)系代詞”。 比較例句區(qū)別與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別This is the suggestion(that) he put forward. He gave me a suggesti

11、on that we should start at 5 o'clock. that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，that代替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。同位語(yǔ)從句中連接詞that 在從句中無(wú)意義，不作成分但不可省略。與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別It was last night that I saw the accident.It was a time when there were still slaves.判斷強(qiáng)調(diào)句的方法是把it is/ was和 that (who) 去掉，如果句子仍然完整，則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。(句去掉it wasthat 成為I saw the accident last night.) 2.“

12、使用where而非真實(shí)地點(diǎn)”型定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是situation, case, point, scene等名詞而且從句缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要使用where表示“一種特定的情況”或“一個(gè)特定的場(chǎng)合”。如：I have come to the point where I can't stand him. 我已經(jīng)到了無(wú)法容忍他的程度。He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他到了有可能會(huì)失去控制飛機(jī)的地步。誤區(qū)點(diǎn)撥1關(guān)系代詞的誤

13、用及漏用(1)【誤】 I've read all the books which you lent me. 【正】 (2)【誤】 The student is standing there is our monitor. 【正】 (3)【誤】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter. 【正】 (4)【誤】 He lives in the room，the window of that faces the south. 【正】 (5)【誤】 The man with who I worked has l

14、eft. 【正】 2.定語(yǔ)從句主謂不一致 【誤】 This is one of the rooms that is free now. 【正】3關(guān)系詞與被替換詞重復(fù)【誤】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month. 【正】4介詞的誤用【誤】 The computer to which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【正】5from where與from which混用【誤】 They stood on the top of the building, from which they could

15、 see the whole city. 【正】 6忽視倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)【誤】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which a well lies. 【正】 7限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句誤用 (1)【誤】 Charles Smith, that was my former teacher, retired last year. 【正】 (2)【誤】 This novel, I have read three times, is very touching. 【正】 (3)【誤】 I had told them the reason

16、, why I didn't attend the meeting. 【正】(4)正如所通知的那樣，我們下個(gè)月要舉行期末考試?！菊`】 It has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month.【誤】 Which has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 【正】 (5)我看過(guò)金婚這部電影，它的男主角是張國(guó)立?！菊`】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，its leading actor i

17、s Zhang Guoli. 【正】【正】8定語(yǔ)從句的分隔Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. Awhere Bwhen Cwho Dwhich實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練1It is in this village，_Mary was born 35 years ago，_she will build her first school，_inspires everyone to help her. Athat; whe

18、n; which Bwhere; that; whichCthat; that; that Dwhere; when; that22010·江西卷 The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. Awhere Bwho Cwhich Dwhat32010·重慶卷 In China，the number of cities is increasing _ development is recognized a

19、cross the world. Awhere BwhichCwhose Dthat42009·江西卷 The house I grew up_ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. Ain it BinCin that Din which5TV­Turnoff Week，_millions of people around the world participate every year, tries to encourage people to turn on life. Ain which Bo

20、n which Cwhich Dwhen62010·江蘇卷 The newly­built cafe，the walls of _ are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. Athat Bit Cwhat Dwhich7Nowadays, when people talk about magicians, the first one _comes into their mind is Liu Qian. Awhere Bwhich Cthat D

21、what82009·四川卷 She'll never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. Athat Bwhich Cwhere Dwhen92009·全國(guó)卷 My friend showed me round the town，_was very kind of him. Awhich Bthat Cwhere Dit102009·江蘇卷 _is known to us is that the old doctor, for_ l

22、ife was hard in the past, still works very hard in his late life. AAs; whom BWhat; whomCIt; whose DAs; whose11Sun Valley raised and processed about a million chickens, _up to half went to McDonald's. Ain which Bfor which Cwith which Dof which12Take an active part in the activities you enjoy _you

23、 can make many friends. Awhere Bwhen Cthat Dwhat132010·北京卷 Children who are not active or_ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. Awhat Bwhose Cwhich Dthat142010·四川卷 After graduating from college，I took some time off to go traveling，_ turned out to be a wise decision.Athat Bwhich Cw

24、hen Dwhere15We recommend that our human beings treat the nature with the same care _we give to our eyes. Athat Bwhich Cas Dwhat162010·浙江卷 The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. Awhom BwhichCthem Dthose17The film started to

25、 get boring, at _ point I left the cinema accompanied by my twin sister. Athis Bthat Cthe Dwhich18After graduation I'd like to find a job _I can use what I have learnt at school. Awhose Bwhich Cwhere Dthat19I admire my English teacher. I can remember very few occasions _ she stopped working beca

26、use of her illness. Athat Bwhen Cwho Dwhich20Though it is 30 years _ we last met, I still remember the scene _ we got separated on a rainy day. Abefore; where Bbefore; whichCsince; when Dsince; where模擬演練1(2011·天津十校聯(lián)考)Patience，without_you cant do the work well，is a kind of quality.Athat BitCwhic

27、h Dwhat2(2010·江蘇南京第一次調(diào)研)The owner wanted to charge $5,000 for his car，_I managed to lower to $3,500.Asince BwhatCwhich Dthat3(2011·安徽合肥第一次質(zhì)檢)I still cant believe my eyes when I remember the scene_the best player should miss the pass.Athat BwhichCwhere Dhow4(2011·北京東城期末目標(biāo)檢測(cè))_was report

28、ed in the paper，people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the flooded area in Taiwan Island.AIt BThatCAs DWhat5(2011·青島聯(lián)合模擬)Chinas new food law provides for a food recall system_producers have to stop production if their food isnt up to standards.Awhere BthatCwhen Dwhich6(

29、2010·南京第三次模擬)Our teacher urges us to form a good habit of learning，_we think will benefit us in the long term.Awhat BthatCwhich Dwho7(2011·福建龍巖檢測(cè))Remember that there is still one point_we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.Awhere BwhyCwhen Dthat8(2010·4月濟(jì)南模擬)Shes in a hopeless situation，_we will keep a very close eye on.Awhere BwhenCwhich Dt