（推薦）《高考語法完全突破記憶大綱》第6講：介詞

1、第六講：介詞一. 介詞的語法意義介詞是表示名詞（或名詞性結構的詞）和句中其他詞之間關系的一類詞，一般置于名詞之前 。分類：表示地點、表示時間、表示原因/ 目的、表示所屬或伴隨、表示方法/手段二.介詞詳解1. 表示時間的介詞(1) at 用于表示鐘點、一天中的某個時間點（如正午、拂曉、日落、那時）、某段時間、(節(jié)假日)期間或某些詞組中。如：at six oclock; at noon; at daybreak; at night；at the weekend；at Christmas; at Easter；at war；at risk；at the beginning of at the mee

2、ting; at the end of; at the age of(2). on用于表示星期、日期或具體的上午/下午/晚上等。如：on May 1；on Monday； on Christmas Eve；on a cold night；on July 7, 2010 ；on weekends；on Sunday afternoon ；on the morning of October 10 ；(3) in用在世紀、年份、季節(jié)、月份、上午/下午/晚上等詞前。如：in 2011；in spring ；in January ；in the afternoon；in the daytime；in a

3、 day(=during a day)；in summertime；in the twenty-first century (4) in表示“在之后”，后面接時間段，用于將來時態(tài)；after后接時間段時則用于一般過去時，其后接時間點時可用于將來時 。如：We are going to Beijing in two weeks. Well meet after 7:00. He went to America in 2003, and he came back after one year. (5) by表示“在之前、到時為止”，表示時間上的界限，常與完成時連用。如：Can you finish

4、 the work by tomorrow?By the time this letter reaches you I will have left the country. How many English words had you learned by the end of last term? He ought to have arrived by now/this time.注意：主句動詞為be動詞時一般不用完成時。 如：By this time next week we shall be in New York. By the time we got home we were ti

5、red and hungry. (6) from常與to或till連用，構成fromto/till詞組，意為“從到”，表示時間上的起始與終了。如：The sports meeting will be held from May 5 to May 8 at school. What were you doing from nine to/till eleven yesterday morning? (7) during意為“在期間”，表示某一特定的時間段或某段時間中的一個時間點。如：時間段：He remains hidden during the day. He slept calmly dur

6、ing the early part of the night.某段時間中的一個時間點：His father was killed during the war. I woke up many times during the night. The phone rang during the meal. I mentioned the subject during our discussions. (8) until/till意為“直到”，表示動作延續(xù)到某一時間，如果其前的謂語動詞是非延續(xù)性動詞，則用否定式；如果是延續(xù)性動詞，則肯定式或否定式均可。如：The shop's open t

7、ill nine o'clock on Fridays.She didnt go to bed until she finished her homework. Ill wait until he comes back. It was not until 1972 that the war finally came to an end.(9) 介詞for和since在表示時間時，一般用于完成時，for與時間段連用，since與過去的時間點或一般過去時的句子連用。如：We havent seen each other for years. We have known each other

8、 for ten years. His father has taught in this school since 1985. I haven't played football since I left university.(10) 英語中時間狀語不用介詞的情況： 在this，that，these，those等組成的詞組前不用介詞。如：We are in Grade Three this year. Bobs wife told him that he had forgotten his wallet that morning.  由next或last構成的詞組前不用介

9、詞。如：We're hoping to open the factory some time next year.I saw him on the street last Sunday. 當today, tonight, yesterday, tomorrow或由它們構成的短語作狀語時不用介詞。如：Can you be here at eight tomorrow morning? Were you at home yesterday evening？I think Ill go to bed early tonight. I couldn't go shopping yest

10、erday so I'll have to go today. 在含有one, every, each, some, all等詞的短語前不用介詞。 如：One day (=on a day in the past), a mysterious stranger called at the house.I'd like to go and visit America one day.I hope to go to the moon some day. I've been studying all day. I'm beat!注意：a表示“每一”不用介詞， 表示“一

11、個”時常需要介詞。如：Women generally use up about 2000 calories a day (=every day/each day ). This happened on a cold winter morning. 2. 表示地點、方位的介詞(1) at和in表示某一具體的地點，at多指小地點，而in則指較大的地點或在內部/里面。如：Do you know the boy standing at the door? I spent an unpleasant hour at the dentist's.Well arrive in Shanghai to

12、morrow morning. My mother was in the kitchen. There is a hole in the door. (2) 介詞in, on, to均可表示位置，其區(qū)別如下：onB A ABAABinto如：Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 臺灣位于中國的東南部。Shandong is on the north of Jiangsu. 山東位于江蘇的北部。Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中國東部。(3) 介詞between表示“在兩者之間”，而among表示“在三者或三者以上之中

13、”。如：Mr. Green is standing between Jim and Kate. The project will cost between eight and ten million dollars.There is a beautiful house among the trees.(4) in front of sth.在某物的前面（在某物外面）in the front of sth. 在某物的前面（在某物內部）The tree is in front of the house.The teacher is in the front of the classroom.(5)

14、 on表示在某物的表面；above表示“在的上方”，與below相對；over表示“在的正上方”，強調垂直的上方，與under相對。如：There is a map on the wall. The lights are above our heads. A lamp hung over the table.The cat is under the table. The sky above and the sea below are of the same color.(6) 介詞from用于出發(fā)地，for和to用于目的地。如：How far is it from your home to s

15、chool? 從你家到學校有多遠？Theyre leaving America for Japan this afternoon. 今天下午他們將離開美國去日本。Is this your first visit to China? 這是你第一次來中國參觀嗎？3. 其它介詞(1) 表示材料與手段的介詞with, by和in with表示用什么工具，所用的東西都是具體的物。如：Please cut the apple with the small knife.We write with our hands. by指“靠手段”，“用方法”，“憑借動作”，所表示的方法、手段、途徑比較抽象，后接名詞、代

16、詞或動名詞，也可和bus, train, plane, bike等詞連用，表示交通或通訊手段。如： We learn to swim by swimming.He always comes by bus. You must learn every word by heart. in表示“所用的材料以及所用的語言、聲音、衣飾等。如： They are talking in English. I like to draw the picture in red ink. The girl is usually in white. You mustnt fill in the form in

17、 pencil/(with a pencil). (2) against既有緊靠、倚靠的意思，也有反對（反義詞是for）的意思。如： He stood leaning against the wall, unable to speak. She sat with her back against the door.Im for peace and against war.His action was against the law.Are you for it or against it? She sold her hair against her will.(3) about主要有以下四種含

18、義。 意為“關于”。如：He talked about his family.I know nothing about music. This is a book about American history. 意為“在各處；到處；在附近”。如：She walked about the town with her mother. There is a crowd of people about him. Do you happen to have an umbrella about you? 還可用作副詞，意為“大約；左右”。如：The tiny computer is about as bi

19、g as a postcard.We left the restaurant at about 10:30. 用于某些固定搭配中。如：How about a salad for lunch? What (How) about going there by bike? (4) beyond 多于，超出，超越，超過范圍，超出某人的想象/理解能力如：More people are choosing to work beyond retirement age.更多的人選擇在退休后繼續(xù)工作。The bicycle is beyond repair. 自行車（破的）無法修了。The whole probl

20、em was quite beyond him.我無法解決/理解這個問題。Its beyond me why she wants to marry Jim.我無法理解她為什么想要嫁給湯姆。 4. 常見易混介詞的辨析(1) between和among between常用于兩者之間， among一般指在三者或三者以上之間。如：He is sitting between Tom and John.He is sitting among the comrades.注意：即使是三者以上，如果表示其中每兩者之間時，也要用between。如：You can have three meals a day, b

21、ut you shouldn't eat between meals. (2) besides和except except表示“除外”。 besides表示“除以外還有”； 如： We all went besides him. (他去了) We all went except him. (他沒有去)注意：besides還可以用作副詞，意為“除此之外”，“此外”，“而且”。如： Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. (3) like和as 二者都可以表示“像”

22、，但用法不同。 as是連詞，引導比較狀語從句，從句中的動詞或整個謂語部分往往可省略。如： She runs as fast as he (runs). This book is as interesting as that one (is). like用作介詞，后面接名詞或賓格代詞。如： The building looks like a hospital. He is just like everybody else. 注意：as也可以用作介詞，但與like的意思不同。試比較： Im speaking as your father. He talks like his father.He w

23、as dressed as a woman. Maybe you could disguise yourself as a waiter and enter the restaurant. He walks like a woman. (4) across和through二者均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊”，但用法不同。across表示動作在某一物體的表面橫穿過。through表示動作是在三維空間或內部穿過。如：The dog ran across the street. They walked through the street. Its the only bridge across/over

24、 the river.They walked through the forest. She smiled at him as he walked through the door.I could see her through the window. (5) on the corner，at the corner, in the corner如：Several women were standing at the corner, talking to two police officers.There was an old piano in the corner of the living

25、room.Jessie sat on the corner of her bed.(6) in the tree描述外部的事物, on the tree描述樹本身生長的東西如：The leaves on the tree turned yellow. Can you see the bird in the tree?5. 含介詞的固定搭配(1) 介詞與動詞的搭配arrive inat；belong to； do away with； point to/at； do well in；hear from；hear of；laugh at；learn from；leave for；talk to；p

26、ut up； look at；speak to；send for；shout at；think of；listen to；hold on to； get down to； look after；look for；look like；knock at/on；begin with；deal/ do with；smile at； depend on/upon；believe in；make up for； put up with；drop in on；run out of；go in for；look down on/upon；break away from；get along/on with(2)

27、 介詞與名詞的搭配for ages；on the contrary；by no means; in all/total；by this means； for pleasure；by hand；at hand； in a hurry；in no hurry；under control；out of control；on the radio；in order；on sale；in town；on duty；in public； thanks to； the key to； advice on/about；an entrance to； the answer to；success in (3) 介詞與形容詞、過