定語從句-語法知識歸納教學內容

1、定語從句- 語法知識歸納精品文檔定語從句 語法知識歸納一、基本概念（一） 定語從句在復合句中作定語，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。（二） 先行詞被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。一般情況下，定語從句緊跟先行詞。但也有因各種原因定語從句與先行詞被分割的現象。（三）關系代詞和關系副詞定語從句的引導詞。與先行詞關系密切，因此緊跟先行詞，并在定語從句中充當一個成分。 關系代詞有： who, whom, which, that 和 whose, 另外， as 也可充當關系代詞 。關系代詞在定語從句中充當主語、賓語、表語和定語。關系副詞有： when, where 和 why 。在定語從句中充當狀語。一關系

2、代詞引導的定語從句關系代詞的用法（一）基本用法根據先行詞的不同，和在從句中所充當的成分不同，選用不同的關系代詞。如下表：關系詞先行從句成例句備注詞分關who人主語，Do you know the man who iswhom,賓語talking with your mother?which 和系Mr. Smith is the person with whomthat 在從句代whom人賓語I am working中做賓語詞The boy (whom) she loved died in時，?？梢詔he war.收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔whose人，定語物that人，主語，

3、物賓語which 物主語，賓語as人，主語，物賓語I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was te

4、rrible.He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.省略，但介詞提前時后面關系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatas做賓語一般不省略例如：（注意關系代詞在定語從句中所充當的成分） Do you know the professorwho/that will give us a speech next week? （作主語） I read a report about his new novelthat/ which will soon be publish

5、ed. （作主語） The plan that/which they argued aboutwas settled at last. （作賓語） This is the new secretary(who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作賓語） The soldier whoselegs were badly woundedwas operated on without delay.（作定語）注意：關系代詞在定語從句中充當賓語時可以省略，充當主語時則不能。（見上例）（二）關系代詞that 代替 which 的一些情況which,

6、that 在代替物時，一般可以通用。但在有些情況下，只用that。 先行詞是最高級形容詞或它的前面有最高級形容詞修飾時。收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔例如： This is the bestthat has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行詞是序數詞，或它前面有一個序數詞時。例如： This is the last place(that) I want to visit . It is the f

7、irst American movie of this kind that I ve ever seen. 先行詞是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代詞時。例如： You should hand in all that you have. We haventgot much that we can offer you. 先行詞前面有 the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修飾時。例如： The only thing

8、 that we can do is to give you some money. The little money (that) he had was stolen.（三）其它情況 先行詞既有人又有物時。例如： Do you know the things and personsthat they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑問詞who 或 which 時。例如： Which is the bike

9、that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?（四）宜用 who, 而不用 that 的一些情況 先行詞是 one, ones, anyone時。收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Donttell anyone about the newswho oughtntto know it.先行詞是 those 時。例如： Thosewho were not fit for

10、their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（五）與 whose 有關的問題 whose是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如： I saw a womanwhosebag was stolen. Please show me the bookwhose cover is red. 當 whose表示物與物的所有格關系時，亦可用of which 的形式。例如： The building whose roof you can see from hereis a new restaurant.

11、The building, the roof of which you can see from here,is a new restaurant或. The building, of which the roof you can see from hereis a new restaurant.三、介詞前提的問題關系代詞在定語從句中充當介詞賓語時，介詞可以前提至關系代詞前。例如：Have you seen the pen(which) I wrote the note with just now? （which 作介詞 with的賓語） Have you seen the penwith w

12、hich I wrote the note just now?但是，要注意的是：收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔 介詞前提后，先行詞是人或物，關系代詞分別只能用whom 和 which ，而不再用 that 或 who 。 介詞前提后，關系代詞不再能省略。 有些含有介詞的短語動詞中的介詞不能前提，如：look for, look after, takecare of等。Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom)you were talking to?These are

13、 the sheep(which/that) the boy took care of.四、關系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句中的主謂一致關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞在人稱和數上應與先行詞一致。例如： Who is the guythat is reading over there? The number of peoplethat are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be donehas been done. He is one of the studentswh

14、o use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的 all 意為“一切”，作單數。例中沒通過考試的學生事實上只有一人，因此謂語動詞也用單數。定語從句（二）關系副詞引導的定語從句一、“介詞 +關系代詞”結構1. 可代替 when, where, why, that等關系詞e.g. There is no reasonfor which (why) we shouldntbe friends.2. 介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。e.g. Here is the

15、moneywith which to buy a piano.收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔3. that 前不能有介詞。4. 某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的“介詞 +關系詞”結構可以跟關系副詞 when 和 where 互換。e.g. This is the housein which I lived two years ago.This is the housewhere I lived two years ago.Do you remember the dayon which you joined our club?Do you remember the daywh

16、en you joined our club?二、關系副詞的用法：關系詞先行從句成詞分when時間時間狀關語系where地點地點狀副語詞why原因原因狀語（一）基本用法例句備注I will never forget the day when we可用 onmet there.which 代替可用 inThis is the house where I was born. which 代替 I can t imagine the reason why he可用 forturned down my offer.which 代替關系副詞起連接主句和從句的作用，又在從句中作狀語，when, where

17、和why 分別表示時間，地點和原因。1. when在從句中作時間狀語。常用on which, in which, at which, during which 等代替。e.g. April the first is the day when people make fun of others.=April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.2. where在從句中作地點狀語。?？捎蒳n which, on which, at which, on which 等取代。e.g. This is the housewher

18、e he lived two years ago.=This is the housein which he lived two years ago.3. whywhy 在定語從句中作原因狀語?？捎胒or which 代替。 why 不可引導非限定性定語從句，此時可用for which 代替。e.g. This is the reasonwhy he went away.收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔=This is the reasonfor which he went away.（二）關系副詞常可用“介詞+關系代詞”的結構改寫這里的關系代詞只限于which 和 whom，例如

19、 I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.=I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time. This is the housein which I lived two years ago. =This is the housewhere I lived two years ago. We dontknow the reasonfor which he suddenly fell ill. =We dontknow th

20、e reasonwhy he suddenly fell ill.注意：并不是所有的介詞+關系代詞的結構都可用關系副詞替代。例如： I am very impressed by the wayin which he works.這里 in which 代表的是 in the way, 在句中作方式狀語。只有當介詞+關系代詞結構作表示時間、地點和原因的狀語時，才能相應地用when, where和 why代替。（三）如何判斷是用關系代詞還是關系副詞這本質上取決于關系代詞和關系副詞在定語從句中充當的成分。前者充當主語、賓語、表語或定語，后者充當狀語。試比較下面兩組句子： This is the fa

21、ctory that/which produces radios. This is the factory where radios are produced.第一句中劃線部分在從句中作主語，故而應選用關系代詞：The factory produces radios.而第二句中劃線部分在從句中作地點狀語故而應選用關系副詞：Radios are producedin the factory. Do you remember the days(that) we spent together? Do you remember the dayswhen we worked together?第一句中關

22、系代詞在從句中作賓語：We spent the days together而.第二句中關系副詞作時間狀語： We worked together during the days.收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔（四）一些需要特殊記憶的關系詞的用法1. I dontlike the way in which he look at people.當先行詞是 way 時，除了 in which ，還可以用 that 來引導定語從句。 that 還經常省略。又如：Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in thel

23、eg.2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown.當先行詞為 time, moment, day等，并在從句中作狀語時，從句也可以用that引導， that 也常省略。又如：It was the first time (that) we had stayed up so late. The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he hadmade. She was the only girl I went steady with

24、 during the four years(that /when) I was at university.三、關系副詞的省略：1. the time, every time, each time, the moment等后的關系副詞可以省略。e.g. By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.2. 在某些表示地點的名詞后，關系副詞有時也可以省略。如the place等。e.g. This is the place where)( I sa

25、w him last time.3. 先行詞 the reason后面的關系副詞可以省略。e.g. The reason why)( he came here is quite clear.4. 當先行詞是 way 時，關系副詞常常省略。e.g. I know the way (that) he learns English.四、判斷關系代詞與關系副詞的方法：1. 用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面沒有賓語，就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。判斷下列句子的對錯收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔（×） This is the m

26、ountain village where I visited last year.（×） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞where, when聯系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。定語從句（三）非限制

27、性定語從句非限制性定語從句起補充附帶說明的作用，缺少它也不會影響全句的理解，譯為漢語時常常不譯作定語，而根據句意翻譯為相應的其他形式的從句。它與主語的關系不像限定性定語從句的關系那樣密切。在非限定性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開，如果把非限定性定語從句放在句子中間，其前后都要用逗號與主句隔開。1. 引導非限定性定語從句的關系代詞如下表所示：指代對象指代人指代物主格who賓語whomwhich, as所有格whom, of whom, whosewhich, of which,whose注意：關系代詞 that 不能引導非限定性定語從句。引導非限定性定語從句的關系副詞主要有when, where。

28、不可用 why。2. 運用非限定性定語從句的情況：收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔（ 1）關系代詞指代整個主句內容e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden,which makes us very happy.（ 2）當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.（ 3）當出現 some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which,

29、 whom等結構時e.g. Youve made many mistakes,most of which were due to your carelessness,3. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別語法意義及特征對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，限制性定主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主語從句句的關系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關系非限制性不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當于一個插入語，不能定語從句用 that 引導，關系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。例句The accident happened at the time when I

30、left.His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.非限制性定語從句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定語從句： 非限制性定語從句和主句的關系不十分密切，它不是對先行詞進行修飾或確定，只是對先行詞作些附加的說明。專有名詞通常被非限制性定語從句所修飾。例如：地名，人名，國家名等。 非限制性定語從句不是先行詞必不可少的修飾語，因此如果去掉從句，主句的意思仍然清楚。 從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開，翻譯時復合句通常譯成兩句話。收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔 與限制性定語從句一樣，非限制性定語從句也可用關系代詞who, which,w

31、hom, whose, as和關系副詞 when, where, why 引導。 that 不引導非限制性定語從句。例如： We will fly to Xi an first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days. My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year. As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state. 非限制性定語從句中值得注意的幾個問題 在 which 引導的非限制性定語從句，先行詞可以是一個名詞或代詞，也可以是句

32、子的一部分，甚至整個句子。例如： My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isntrunning well.先行詞是 car He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.先行詞是 he had never seen her before which 和 as引導的非限制性定語從句比較which 和 as都可引導非限制性定語從句，并且先行詞都可以是一句句子，但which 通常指代上文提到的情況，而as則可以指代上文或下文。as 在這類句子中經常有“正

33、如”的意思。另外，as還經常與 such, the same等連用。（見第一講中 as 引導的定語從句）例如： He has to work on Sundays,which he doesntlike. As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance. Mike is late, as is often the case. I never heard such storiesas he told. She knew he felt just the sameas she did. 在從句中作賓語的關系代詞which, who, whom 一般不

34、省略。例如： Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace. He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔4. as與 which 的區(qū)別：定語從句區(qū)別限制性定名詞前有 such 和 the same修飾時，語從關系代詞用 as,不能用 which句中as和 which 都可以指代前面整個主非限句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，制性并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后定語面，那么用 as；而 which 引導

35、的從句從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意中思。關系代詞 as引導的定語從句例句He is not such a fool as he looks. Don t read such books as you can t understand.They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn t expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.和 such 連用，這時的 as相當于 who, which。有時 such和 as

36、連在一起例如： Wendy is not such a foolas she looks. Such carsas I saw were too expensive to me. We had hoped to give you a chancesuch as nobody else ever had.注意：這種用法和suchthat 的區(qū)別在 suchas 中， as是關系代詞，它在從句中充當成分。例中作looks 的表語，在例和中分別作saw 和 had 的賓語。而在 suchthat 中 that 引導的結果狀語從句，解釋為“以至于”。that 不充當任何成分，只起語法上的連接作用。例如

37、： She gave me such a surprisethat I couldntsay anything at that moment. His idea was such a good onethat we all agreed to use it. 和 same連用例如： You must show my friend thesamerespectas you show me. She wears the same kind of clothesas her sister usually does.收集于網絡，如有侵權請聯系管理員刪除精品文檔 引導非限制性定語從句例如： She was the one I met at