牛津高中英語(yǔ)模塊3.4語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容

1、定語(yǔ)從句1. 定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)及理解2. 定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的使用3. 定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá)知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納(一 定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu):在復(fù)合句中, 修飾某個(gè)名詞或代詞的句子 (做這個(gè)名詞 或代詞的定語(yǔ) 叫定語(yǔ)從句, 定語(yǔ)從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面, 被修 飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞, 它與定語(yǔ)從句之間要有一個(gè)詞連接, 這 個(gè)詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞:that, which, who, whose, when, where, why。先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),時(shí)間,地 點(diǎn),原因狀語(yǔ)。結(jié)構(gòu):先行詞 +關(guān)系詞 +定語(yǔ)從句。1. There she saw a wal

2、l of water that was quickly advancing towards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.4. The park has a conservation center that helps pro

3、tect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story. (二定語(yǔ)從句分為限定

4、性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:限定性定語(yǔ)從句:從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行必要的描述或說(shuō)明, 缺少它, 則句義顯得不 完整,從句與先行詞緊密相連。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明, 解釋, 它與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.3. Flora, whose beauti

5、ful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.(三 關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞, 這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后 面常用 which 或 whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the

6、manager of the company.2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)(一當(dāng)先行詞有最高級(jí),序數(shù)詞修飾,是不定代詞,或是 all, no, only等形式 時(shí),關(guān)系代詞一般用 that ,而不能用 which 。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at

7、that time.2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.(二 當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間, 地點(diǎn), 原因的詞時(shí), 關(guān)系詞用 when, where, why 還 有 which, that1. Im very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.3. I think I can understand the reason why he didnt te

8、ll the truth to me.4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.(三定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá):1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is ver

9、y important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.說(shuō)明:以上的定語(yǔ)從句部分可以用更加簡(jiǎn)單的非謂語(yǔ)形式表達(dá)出來(lái):1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.4. You are welcom

10、e to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.說(shuō)明:修飾一個(gè)名詞除了后面用定語(yǔ)從句以外, 還可以用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式:doing 短語(yǔ), done 短語(yǔ), being done短語(yǔ), to be done短語(yǔ)修飾。 其結(jié)構(gòu)和意思如下:1. 被修飾名詞 +doing短語(yǔ):正在做 . 的人 /正在發(fā)生的事。2. 被修飾名詞 + done短語(yǔ):被 . 的人 /事3. 被修飾名詞 +being done短語(yǔ):正在被 . 的人 /事4. 被修飾名詞 + to be done短語(yǔ):將要被 . 的人 /事(1 Do you know the man talking

11、to my sister ?(2 The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.(3 Did you see that car being repaired ?(4 In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.(5 The students to attend the meeting will arrive h

12、ere tomorrow.(6 Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.(7 The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.總結(jié):以上做定語(yǔ)的那些短語(yǔ)就是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中所說(shuō)的分詞, 不定式的各種形式作 定語(yǔ)。1. 這些短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾名詞的后面。 如果單獨(dú)一個(gè) V-ing 或 V-ed 形式 作定語(yǔ),則可以放在被修飾名詞前面。2. 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí), 其動(dòng)作應(yīng)與全句動(dòng)

13、作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 V-ing 表示主動(dòng)意義和正在做, V-ed 表示被動(dòng)意義。 being done表示正在被做的3. 不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將要發(fā)生的, to be done表示將要被做的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的推測(cè)表達(dá)2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣3. 某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)總結(jié)知識(shí)重點(diǎn):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在表達(dá)推測(cè)意義的句子中的運(yùn)用:(一用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)事實(shí)的推測(cè)。 can , could , might , may , must 可以用來(lái) 表達(dá)對(duì)事實(shí)的推測(cè)。 根據(jù)說(shuō)話人對(duì)事實(shí)的把握性大小, must 表示 “ 肯定 ” , may / might / can / could表示 “ 可能 ” ,

14、must 只用于肯定句中, may / might的否 定式 may not / might not表示 “ 可能不 ”, 而 can / could可以用于疑問(wèn)句, 表示 “ 可能, 可能 嗎 ?” , 其否定式 cant / couldnt 表示 “ 不可能 ” 。 用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 可以對(duì)現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè)。對(duì)不同的時(shí)間內(nèi)容推測(cè)有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。 (二對(duì)現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè):主要結(jié)構(gòu):must / may / might +動(dòng)詞原形be+名詞 /形容詞 /介詞短語(yǔ)be + doing例句:1. You must be Jeanne. Im Mathilde Loisel. We used to

15、 know each other very well.2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.3. The teacher must be joking.4. Freda isnt in class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong.6. She might be very clever, but she hasnt got much common sense.7. He may be arriving this evening.8. He may be

16、 traveling around the world.9. The keys cant be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?(三對(duì)過(guò)去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè):結(jié)構(gòu):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +have done / been+名詞 /形容 詞 /介詞短語(yǔ)例句:1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldnt have seen Anna yesterday. Shes gone abroad.3.

17、 I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept again.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣:表達(dá) “ 本來(lái) ” , “ 不然早就 ” 。這是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一種虛 擬語(yǔ)氣用法。 表示說(shuō)話人所講的與所發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反。 表達(dá)了說(shuō)話人的埋怨, 后 悔的語(yǔ)氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)是在一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加 have done 結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)要表達(dá)的意 思,有如下結(jié)構(gòu):should have done / ought to have done:本應(yīng)該 shouldnt have

18、 done / oughtnt to have done:本不該 could have done:本來(lái)可以 neednt have done:本來(lái)沒(méi)必要 would like to have done:本來(lái)很想 would rather not have done: 本來(lái)不愿意 could / might / have done: 不然早就 例句:1. You shouldnt have laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier.3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last

19、 week.4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.6. They would like to have seen that film last film.7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.8. They might have been frozen to death but for the res

20、cue in time.知識(shí)難點(diǎn):某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法:need 和 dare 的兩種形式的用法need 和 dare 可以用做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,后面接不定式(to do結(jié)構(gòu),在疑問(wèn)句和否 定句中,加助動(dòng)詞 do/does/did/或 dont/doesnt/didnt 。作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用時(shí), 主要用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 neednt (沒(méi)有必要,不必相當(dāng)于 dont have to例句:1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you,

21、 you neednt.3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?注意:句型 I dare say+從句。 意思是:我肯定 = Im sure或 There is no doubt that+從句。例句:I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.will 和 would表示 “ 意志 ” 或 “ 愿意 ” , would 則指過(guò)去愿意做 例句:1. He said that he would help us.2. You may telephone if you will accept

22、 this job.would 可以表達(dá) “ 過(guò)去習(xí)慣做 ” 類似于 “used to do”例句:1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river. 表示請(qǐng)求, 固定的句型:Will/Would you please do? / Would you like to do? 例句:Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?shall1. 用于第一,三人稱,表示 “ 請(qǐng)求 ” ; “ 建議 ” 或 “ 推薦 ”例句:1. S

23、hall we start the meeting now?2. Shall I watch TV now ?3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?2. 用于第二人稱,表示 “ 命令, “ 要求 ” , “ 許諾 ”例句:1. You shall take whatever you like.2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again. 在表示推測(cè)的否定句或疑問(wèn)句中, 常用 can /cant /could / couldnt 表示, 意思是:“ 可能

24、 嗎 ?” ; “ 不可能 ” 。而不能使用 mustnt 或 must 等詞。與 it 有關(guān)的主要句型it 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納:(一 it 用做形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ):根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要, it 用做形式主語(yǔ)或形 式賓語(yǔ),而真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)(to do 短語(yǔ), doing 短語(yǔ),名詞性從句則放在 句尾。主要句型:Its +形容詞 /名詞 +連詞 +名詞性從句to do sth.doing sth.find / make / think / feel it +形容詞 /名詞 +連詞 +名詞性從句to do sth.doing sth.例句:1. It will become more and m

25、ore important to have a good knowledge of English .2. Its usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs .3. Its a pity that I didnt think of it earlier.4. Its no use going there so early.5. Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.6. Didnt I make it clear to you that I was

26、 not coming ?7. We found it strange that no one would take the money.(二其他句型1. It takes+時(shí)間段 +sb.+ to do sth.2. 表示 “ 據(jù)說(shuō),據(jù)報(bào)道, /人們認(rèn)為 /相信 /建議等Its said that.Its reported that Its believed/thought/suggested that例句:1. It generally takes time to reach this point being on the same wavelength .2. It is believe

27、d that the two children went off exploring(探險(xiǎn) on their own and get stuck on the cliff .3. Its suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem .4. It was once predicted(預(yù)測(cè) that British and American English would become separate languages finally .(三 it 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中:在英語(yǔ)中, 為了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一個(gè)成分 (謂語(yǔ)除外

28、 , 達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)或使聽(tīng)話人特別注意這一部分的目的。便形成了一種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。It is / was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分 +that / who+句子的其他部分。It is / was not until+時(shí)間 +that+句子的其他部分。例句:1. I saw John on my way to school this morning.It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning.It was on my way to school that I saw John this morning.It was this morning t

29、hat I saw John on my way to school.2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.4. It was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that frightened me so much .5. It was the kindness and sympat

30、hy in their eyes that prevented me from doing so .知識(shí)難點(diǎn):(一 注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的變形, 即以一般疑問(wèn)句或特殊疑問(wèn)句的形式出現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句 型。1. What is it that Joe cant find in the bathroom ?2. Where was it that you met the foreign guests from Australia?3. I cant quite remember when it was that we married.4. Was it because he was very ill that h

31、e asked for leave?(二是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還是 that 主語(yǔ)從句或其他復(fù)合句1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.2. It is these poisonous products that can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.3. It was almost ten oclock when our soldiers came back from the front.

32、4. Was it in this place that the last king died ?(三注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分帶有定語(yǔ)從句Was it at the air battle on June 8, 1944, which was led by Captain Johnson that Peter lost his life.知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納(一概述:主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的一致:在英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要和主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)保持一 致。主要體現(xiàn)在 be 動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞 do, have 以及一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞形式。 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)保持一致的基本原則:語(yǔ)法一致,就近一致和意義一致。名詞或代詞做主語(yǔ)

33、有人稱和單,復(fù)數(shù)之分,動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)就是第三人稱單數(shù)形式, 而動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式即動(dòng)詞的原形。例句:1. I am seventeen, and he is sixteen.2. There is a desk in the room, but there are no chairs in it.3. John gets up at six oclock every morning.4. What is the latest news about the Olympic Games ?5. The family are sitting at the breakfast table.(二語(yǔ)法一致:1.

34、由 and 連接的兩個(gè)名詞或代詞做主語(yǔ):(1這部分主語(yǔ)表示的是兩個(gè)人或兩件不同的事物,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例句: My brother and I have both seen that film. Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting. Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs.(2這部分主語(yǔ)表示具有兩個(gè)身份或性質(zhì)的同一個(gè)人或一個(gè)完整的事

35、物,謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例句: The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting. War and peace is a constant theme in history. One more knife and fork is needed. The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life. Law and order has been established. Bread and butter is our daily food. Fish and chips is

36、 a popular fast food. The stars and stripes is the national flag of U.S.A.(3 這部分主語(yǔ)前面有 each, every, many a, no 等修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單 數(shù)形式。例句: Each doctor and(each nurse was given a new shirt. No sound and no voice is heard. Many a boy and girl has made the same mistake. Every minute and every second is preci

37、ous.2. 動(dòng)名詞,不定式,主語(yǔ)從句做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例句: Reading is a great pleasure in life. To live means to create. That we need more time is obvious. What is needed is food and medicine.3. 表示時(shí)間,金錢(qián),距離,重量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示數(shù)量做主語(yǔ)時(shí),被視為一個(gè)整 體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例句: Three thousand miles is a long distance. Eight hours of sleep is enough.4. 不

38、定代詞 anyone, anything, everyone, everything, someone, something, no one, nothing, each the other 等做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例句: Is anybody going to tell him the news ? Someone wants to see you.(三就近原則由連詞 or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, 連接的兩個(gè)名詞或代詞 做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和離它最近的哪個(gè)名詞或代詞的人稱和數(shù)一致。例句:1. Either you or Jean

39、 is to be sent to New Zealand.2. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplins movies.3. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.4. George or Tom is wanted.注意:There be句型中 be 的形式由它后面的第一個(gè)名詞的數(shù)決定。例句:1. There arent any letters in the mail for you today.2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.名詞后面帶有 with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as