第七章英語的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、英語的時態(tài)和語態(tài)知識精講時態(tài)是英語謂語動詞的一種形式,表示動作發(fā)生的時間和所處的狀態(tài);語態(tài)是說明主語與謂語之間的主動或被動關(guān)系的。英語中的時態(tài)和語態(tài)是通過動詞形式本身的變化來實現(xiàn)的?，F(xiàn)以”do”為例列出常用的各種時態(tài)和語態(tài)形式： 語 態(tài) 時 態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時do/doesbe done一般過去時didwas/were done一般將來時will /shall dowill/shall be done過去將來時would /should dowould/ should be done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am/is/are doingam/is/are being done過去進(jìn)行時was/ w

2、ere doingwas/were being done將來進(jìn)行時will/shall be doing現(xiàn)在完成時have/has donehave/has been done過去完成時had donehad been done將來完成時will/shall have donewill/shall have been done現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時have/has been doing過去完成進(jìn)行時had been doing將來完成進(jìn)行時will/shall have been doing過去將來進(jìn)行時would/should be doing過去將來完成時would/should have don

3、e過去將來完成進(jìn)行時would/should have been doing一、時態(tài)（Tense）英語時態(tài)分為16種：一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時，以及這四者的進(jìn)行時、完成時和完成進(jìn)行時。 下面，我們只講高考中的常用時態(tài)。1. 一般現(xiàn)在時 用法： 1). 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動作，常與頻度副詞連用。例：It seldom snows here.若表具體何時發(fā)生則選用其他時態(tài)。比較：It is snowing heavily./Has it snowed here this year?2). 表示現(xiàn)階段發(fā)生的動作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征.常見詞有：see, hear, smell, tast

4、e, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong, seem等。例：l I know what you mean.l Smith owns a car and a house.l All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.3). 表示客觀事實和普遍真理。l The sun rises in the east.l Light travels faster than sound.說明 1).表示一個按規(guī)定,計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作，（僅限于“come, go,

5、leave, arrive, start, end,continue, return, begin, open”等的動詞 ）一般現(xiàn)在時可與表示將來時間的狀語搭配使用，常見的用法是表示飛機(jī),火車,輪船,汽車等的時刻表。例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. 2).在時間和條件狀語從句里經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在（有時也用現(xiàn)在完成時）表示將來事情。例：l If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.l When you have finished the report, I will

6、have waited for about 3 hours.比較：I dont know when he will come here.(賓語從句)2. 一般過去時 用法： 1). 表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。 l He travelled in Europe last year.l He was in Beijing some years ago.2). 表示過去習(xí)慣性動作。特別是由would / used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的就是過去時。 例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at ot

7、hers for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.l He used to visit his mother once a week. 說明： 1).一般過去時常帶有特定的過去時間狀語，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，有時還可通過上下文來顯示時間概念。- How long have you been here?- Only five minutes. Tom and Peter walked here with me. 2).一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：注意動

8、作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在還是過去。l I forgot to tell you that I had passed the exam.l What a surprise! I didnt know you were here.l I never thought you had given up the job. l Why didnt you / I think of that?l I didnt notice it.l Sorry, I didnt recognize you.3). 常用一般過去時表示主語發(fā)出的幾個連續(xù)動作。l The moment she came in, she told me w

9、hat had happened to her.l The old lady went into the supermarket ,bought some eggs and walked home.3. 一般將來時 用法： 1).shall多用于第一人稱；在口語中，will可以用于任何人稱。如：l I shall/will show my photos to you next Monday.l Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2). be going to +do，表示將來。a. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is goin

10、g to be produced next month。說明：在對話中，聽了對方說的話作出的臨時反應(yīng)，用will而不用be going to。- Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.- Never mind. I will post it myself tonight. b. 有跡象可能要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3).be to do表將來，按計劃或正式安排即將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturda

11、y.4). be about to +do，意為馬上要做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。但有be about to do.when(這時) 句型，表示“正要這時”。5). be on the point of doing同樣可以表示“正要,將要”。 例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points. 6

12、). 某些詞，如come, go, leave, arrive, start等的一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時也可以表示將來。l The plane takes off at 8:00 pm.l He is leaving tomorrow.4. 過去將來時用法：表示從過去的某個時間看將要發(fā)生的事。 例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時用法：表示此刻或者現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。l He is writing a letter now.l China is developing the west.l How ar

13、e you getting on with your new job?說明：1).一般說來，狀態(tài)動詞和短暫動詞不能用于各種進(jìn)行時態(tài)，除非有特別的含義。如：have, belong to, have on, look, smell, taste, feel, sound, know, think, believe, remember, forget, love, like, want, hope等。例如:l Tom, you are being rude.(說明不同于一貫的表現(xiàn))l I'm staying with my aunt this week. (說明暫時的動作)2).現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時

14、與always, constantly, all the time, forever等副詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩(憤怒,不滿等情緒)。例如:l You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。l My wife is asking me for money all the time.3). 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時可表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：l The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。l It's gett

15、ing warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。6. 過去進(jìn)行時 用法： 表示在過去某一時刻或者某段時間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動作。例：l I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.l He was playing games this time yesterday./when I came in.說明：與一般過去時的區(qū)別：一般過去時只強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動作在過去發(fā)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果；過去進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作在過去某時正在進(jìn)行或在某一階段持續(xù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作。I was reading a novel last night.(不一定讀完)I rea

16、d a novel last night. (讀完) Why didn't you come to the film last night? I was watching a football game on TV.7. 將來進(jìn)行時(will be doing) 用法：強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來的某個具體時間正在發(fā)生的動作或事情。 例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（別擔(dān)心，你不會認(rèn)不出她的。她到時會穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一

17、條白色的短裙。） 8. 現(xiàn)在完成時用法：1). 表示過去開始的動作或者存在的狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。常和so far, up to now, recently, already,just,ever,never,for+時間段,since+時刻點，during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks),in recent years狀語連用。l He has written 8 books in the last 3 years.l He has studied English for five years.l Ive told you man

18、y times to be careful.2). 表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果,說話人著眼于現(xiàn)在。l Youve grown much taller .(you are tall now.)l I have come to apologize .(Im here now.)l Look what you have done.l I have been to Beijing twice.說明:1.現(xiàn)在完成時的慣用句型 1）It has been/is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：l It is the first ti

19、me that I have visited the city. l This is the first time（that）I've heard him sing.注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容詞最高級+that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：This is the best film that I've ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。3)have been to 去過某地 have gone to 去了某地 2短暫動詞不能與時段連用。He has

20、left for two years. (×) 可改為：He has been away for two years/since two years ago.He left two years ago.It is two years since he left.Two years have passed since he left.3. 現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或是對現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果；一般過去時只表示過去的某個時間里發(fā)生的動作，與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。試比較：He has been in poor health all his life.(他還活著)He

21、 was in poor health all his life.（他已故）1). for+時段. 表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，用現(xiàn)在完成時； 表示過去已結(jié)束的動作或狀態(tài)，用一般過去時。例：l He lived in Beijing for two months last year.l He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。這只是講述一個過去的事實，他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。）l He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。表示他從過去開始工作，一

22、直工作到現(xiàn)在，現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。） 2). since接從句，從句中動詞用一般過去時，表動作或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束，主句則用現(xiàn)在完成時。l 10 years has passed since he left here.（自從他離開已經(jīng)過去十年了。）l It has been a long time since I enjoyed myself so much.（我已經(jīng)很久沒這么開心過了。）3). 如句中有明確表示過去的時間狀語, 則用一般過去時. 例:l I heard the story for the first time two years agol I have heard the stor

23、y a few times.4).談?wù)撘阎虑榈木唧w情況，如事情發(fā)生的時間、地點、方式等用一般過去時。l -Have you had lunch?-Yes, I had it with Lucy in a new Italian restaurant.l I wonder when he got married.l -Thats a nice picture. Did you put it yourself?l -My father has bought me a bike. -Really, when did he buy it?9. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(have been doing) 用法：

24、表示某一動作開始于過去某一時間，延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今，或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來。 而現(xiàn)在完成時，側(cè)重于動作的結(jié)束和完成。例：l We have been working on this project for over a month now. l I have been reading this book for two hours but I havent finished it yet.l I have read the book. I hope youll read it, too. Im sure youll enjoy it.10. 過去完成時(had done) 用法：表示在過去的某個

25、時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。表示過去的過去:-|-|-|-> 過去的過去 過去 現(xiàn)在 1). 在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。常見時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：l When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.l By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.2).“時間名詞 + befor

26、e”在句子中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時；“時間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去式。例如：l He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. l Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.3). 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本，未能"。例如：l We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

27、那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。說明: .如果句中沒有過去之前的時間狀語或另一過去時態(tài)的動作,就不能用過去完成時。例：l He has come back at last. He lived on that island alone for 3 years.l Although he had lived there for 10 years, he came back to his hometown last spring. 11. 將來完成時(will have done) 用法：表示在將來某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)的動作。經(jīng)常與before+將來時間或by+將來時間連用，也

28、可與before或by the time引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時的從句連用。 l The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends. l By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom 真題演練1. The house belongs to my aunt but she _ here any more. （全國I）A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live

29、【解析】D。這里說的是現(xiàn)在的事實，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時；本題的干擾項是A項。2. “What are you going to do this afternoon?” “I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _ quite early, so we _ to the bookstore after that.” (重慶卷) A. finished, are going B. finished, goC. finishes, are going D. finishes, go【分析】答案選 C。由問句和答語I am going可知，

30、要用將來時態(tài)，排除選項A和B；電影的開始和結(jié)束是電影院在時刻表中已有的計劃，用一般現(xiàn)在時表示，而表示最近的打算或安排，則可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示。3. I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (四川卷)A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived 【解析】A。從句意來看，“我”已經(jīng)不在倫敦了，所以用一般過去時，但不能用過去完成時，因為句中沒有另一過去時態(tài)的動作(后分句用的現(xiàn)在完成時)。4. Scie

31、ntists think that the continents _always where they _ today. (北京卷)A. arent; are B. arent; were C. werent; are D. werent; were答案選 C。句意是：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為各大陸并非一直在它們現(xiàn)在所處的位置。5. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage. (重慶卷)A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repai

32、red 【解析】C。打的上班的原因是車子“在修理”，所以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)。本題的干擾項是B項，錯在不會區(qū)別經(jīng)常性的行為和正在進(jìn)行的行為。6. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money. (湖南卷)A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning 答案選 D。指贏大獎以來近階段正在發(fā)生的事，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。7. Is there anything wro

33、ng, Bob? You look sad.Oh, nothing much. In fact, I _ of my friends back home.（全國II）A. have just thought B. was just thinking C. would just think D. will just be thinking【解析】B。從對話提供的語境來看， Bob在聽到問話后回過神來，說“沒什么，我只不過是剛才想起了我家鄉(xiāng)的朋友”?！皠偛旁谙搿睉?yīng)使用過去進(jìn)行時。8. Susan decided not to work on the program at home because

34、she didnt want her parents to know what she _. (遼寧卷)A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing答案選 C。9. Your job _ open for your return. Thanks.（北京卷）A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept 【解析】A。由后面的for your return可體會用一般將來時；另外your job作主語，則keep就作“保留”解，所以用被動語態(tài)。本題的干擾項是B項，錯在把keep當(dāng)

35、作聯(lián)系動詞“保持”用了。10. “Did you tell Julia about the result?” “Oh, no, I forgot. I _her now.” (全國III)A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call【解析】答案選 B。表示臨時的決定，要用“will+動詞原形”。11. If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _ in science and technology.（天津卷） A. had discovered B. had been

36、discovered C. has discovered D. has been discovered 【解析】D。此題主從句使用的是虛擬語氣，因此考生易誤選A,B項。可是“科學(xué)和技術(shù)的發(fā)現(xiàn)”是客觀事實，不應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，而且what與discover之間是被動關(guān)系，故應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。12. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北卷)A. were deciding B. have dec

37、ided C. decided D. will decide 【解析】答案選B。因賓語從句中的時態(tài)是一般將來時，主句中的謂語動詞不可能是過去時態(tài)，排除選項A和C；由語境判斷，不是“將要決定”，而是“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)決定”，所以排除D，而選B13. Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?Yes, he did. He _ his old friends for a long time.（重慶卷）A. didnt see B. wouldnt see C. hasnt seen D. hadnt seen【解析】D。由時間標(biāo)志詞for a long

38、 time可知應(yīng)使用完成時；又根據(jù)昨天很高興見到了老朋友這一過去事實，此處應(yīng)使用過去完成時，表示在昨天見到老朋友之前他們已經(jīng)很久未見面了。14.Father _for London on business upon my arrival, so I didnt see him. (福建卷)A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left答案選 D。15. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _and see him. (北京卷)A. you will come B. will you come C.

39、 you come D. do you come【分析】答案選 A。when 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，不是狀語從句。二、語態(tài)（Voice）知識精講英語的語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)是動詞的一種特殊形式，一般說來，只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。 1. 被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化被動語態(tài)通常為九種時態(tài)的被動形式, 被動語態(tài)由be過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式見總表。說明： 1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)其形式為：情態(tài)動詞be過去分詞。 例：The baby should be taken good care of

40、 by the baby-sitter. 2). 非謂語動詞也有被動語態(tài)(一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài))doing being done / having been done to do to be done / to have been done。 例I don't like being laughed at in public.2主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的方法1) 通常的辦法是：將主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，將主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動詞變?yōu)椤癰e / get +過去分詞”形式，將主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(若動作的執(zhí)行者沒有必要說明則可以省略該by短語)。如：Li Lei plant

41、ed the tree last year. The tree was planted by Li Lei last year. Workers made the machines in Changsha. The machines were made in Changsha. 2) 將含有復(fù)合賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，應(yīng)將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語，而賓語的補(bǔ)足語則留在原處成為主語補(bǔ)足語。如：He painted the door green yesterday. The door was painted green yesterday.。注意：表示“使,讓”的動詞make, have等，以及感

42、官動詞see, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等，在主動語態(tài)中，接不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時，不定式前的 to 要省略，而變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，成為主語補(bǔ)足語的不定式，則必須帶to。如：I saw him go into the teachersoffice. He was seen to go into the teachersoffice.。3) 帶雙賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，既可將直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，而在間接賓語前加to 或for留在動詞之后；也可將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語，而直接賓語留在動詞之后。但一般采用后一種用法。如He

43、gave me the pen last year. I was given the pen last year. / The pen was given to me last year. 4)一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe過去分詞that從句”或“主語be過去分詞to do sth.”。有：It is said that 據(jù)說,It is reported that據(jù)報道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希

44、望，It is well known that眾所周知，It is thought that大家認(rèn)為，It is suggested that據(jù)建議。例：It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam.5) 短語動詞變被動語態(tài)時，短語動詞后面的介詞或副詞不能省略。如：She has never been operated on before. The baby was looked after by her sister. His pla

45、n was laughed at by everyone. 3如何使用被動語態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動語態(tài)時，不僅要知道被動語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動語態(tài)。1). 講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者 (這時可省 by 短語)。 My bike was stolen last night. 2). 借助被動的動作突出動作的承受者。I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3). 為了更好地安排句子。 The well-known person got on the bus and w

46、as immediately recognized by people. （一個主語就夠了）4. 不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況。1).所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)之中。2).表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：last,hold,benefit,contain,equal,fit,join,mean,last,look like,consist to等。3).表示歸屬的動詞，如have,own,belong to等。4).表示“希望,意圖”的動詞，如：wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等。5. 謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義1).英語中有很多動詞如 break，ca

47、tch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用來描述主語內(nèi)在的特征時，常用其主動形表達(dá)被動意義,主語通常是物而且常與否定詞或副詞連用。l This kind of cloth washes well.l The books sell well. 注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door won't lock （指門本身有毛病） The door won't be locked（指不會有人來鎖門, 指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因） 2). 表示“發(fā)生,進(jìn)行”的不及物動

48、詞和短語，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動形式表示被動意義。l How do the newspapers come out? l The plan worked out successfully. 3）. 在need，want，require, bear等詞的后面，用-ing的主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動形式。例 The house needs repairing（to be repaired）這房

49、子需要修理。4). 形容詞worth后面跟-ing的主動形式表示被動含義；而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）5). 動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。例試比較： I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do與things是動賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)Ill go to the

50、post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動作的執(zhí)行者。) l With a lot of problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.l There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，誰 lost time不明確。）6). 在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓

51、語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）. I find this problem difficult to work out.This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 7). 在be to blame/rent通常應(yīng)用主動表被動。例Who

52、 is to blame for starting the fire?8).介詞in, on, under等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用，含被動之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。 “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某事在進(jìn)行中”。常見的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治療中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在討論中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction

53、( is being constructed). “beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“出乎勝過,范圍,限度”。常見的有：beyond belief (令人難以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭長莫及），beyond ones control（無法控制），beyond our hope 我們的成功始料不及。例The rumor is beyond belief（=cant be believed） “above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“(品質(zhì),行為,能力等) 超過,高于”。 例His honest character is above all praise=His honest charac

54、ter cannot be praised enough “for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 “適于, 為著”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。 例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). “in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ，表示“在過程中或范圍內(nèi)”常見的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在視野范圍內(nèi))，等。例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) “on+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“在從事 中”。常見的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受審）。例Today some treasures are on show in the mu