專升本英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教案---真題版

1、 英 語(yǔ) 語(yǔ) 法語(yǔ)法的三大基礎(chǔ)：十大詞性：1. 名詞 noun(n.) 表名稱 例：teacher, book2. 代詞 pronoun(pron.) 代替名詞 例：we, he3. 數(shù)詞 numeral(num.) 表數(shù)目 例：two, second4. 動(dòng)詞 verb(v.) 表動(dòng)作 例：be, know, work5. 形容詞 adjective(adj.) 作定語(yǔ)，譯為“的” 例：beautiful, good6. 副詞 adverb(adv.) 作狀語(yǔ)，譯為“的” 例：slowly, beautifully7. 冠詞 article(art.) 三個(gè)冠詞 例：a, an, the8.

2、 介詞 preposition(prep.) 表詞與詞的關(guān)系 例：in, on, from, against9. 連詞 conjunction(conj.) 連接詞與詞，句與句 例：and, or, but, if10. 感嘆詞 interjection(interj.) 表感情 例：oh, ah 副詞：用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、全句的詞。說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等。如：now, often, already, here, there, carefully, much, very介詞和連詞的區(qū)別：介詞后跟“名詞”，不能直接跟句子。連詞后可以直接跟句子。七大句子成分：主 謂 賓 表 定 狀 補(bǔ) （

3、同位語(yǔ)，插入語(yǔ)）主語(yǔ)：句首的“誰(shuí)”或“什么”，動(dòng)作發(fā)出者。e.g. I like you.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作。 e.g. I like you.賓語(yǔ)：動(dòng)作承受者。 e.g. I like you.表語(yǔ)：表主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)，be動(dòng)詞為標(biāo)志。 e.g. I am a student. She is beautiful.定語(yǔ)：用來(lái)限定名詞，adj.為標(biāo)志。 e.g. She is a beautiful girl.狀語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾詞或句子，有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)等。 e.g. I eat bread in the morning. I study English at school.補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：用

4、來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。分為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 e.g. We elected（選舉） him monitor（班長(zhǎng)）.同位語(yǔ)：解釋名詞的內(nèi)容。 e.g. Tom, an English teacher, loves his job.插入語(yǔ)：附加解釋。 e.g. As a result,（結(jié)果） To be frank(坦白地說(shuō)), Fortunately,（幸運(yùn)的是） 五大基本句型：一、 主 + 謂 + 賓 動(dòng)作發(fā)出者 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)作承受者 例： She likes English. (名詞) 主 謂 賓 I love you. (代詞) 主 謂 賓 He enjoys reading. (動(dòng)名詞

5、-ing) 主 謂 賓 They want to go.(不定式 to do) 主 謂 賓 I know that she has a boy friend.(句子) 主 謂 賓二、主 + 謂（不及物動(dòng)詞）例： The boy cried. 主 謂 Jim runs in the park every morning. 主 謂 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) I play with him every day. 主 謂 介詞 賓 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞（vt.）與不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.）： 及物動(dòng)詞：直接跟賓語(yǔ)，如：I cook foodI eat foodI buy food 不及物動(dòng)詞：不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)，如果跟，

6、需加介詞。如：I talk to himI play with himI laugh at him三、主 + 系 + 表 系動(dòng)詞：以be動(dòng)詞為首的一系列動(dòng)詞。 1.be(am, is, are/was, were) 強(qiáng)調(diào)用法 可單獨(dú)使用，翻譯為“是”。 系動(dòng)詞be與助動(dòng)詞be(am, is, are/was, were)的區(qū)別：助動(dòng)詞be不可單獨(dú)使用： 構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)：be + doing表正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：be + done表“被”例： He is a handsome boy. 主 系 表 He is swimming. 主 謂 He is told about the accid

7、ent.（被動(dòng)句）2.感官系動(dòng)詞，譯為：“起來(lái)”look, sound, smell, taste, feel, appear(看起來(lái))考點(diǎn)：此時(shí)表語(yǔ)只能用adj.充當(dāng)。例1：Dinner smells good. 主 系 表 His voice sounds strange. 主 系 表 例2：Do you like the material(布料，材料)？Yes, it _very soft. (2012) A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 3.表狀態(tài)變化類的系動(dòng)詞： a.“保持”stay (awake) b.“變得”become (dif

8、ficult) remain (silent)turn (cold) keep (warm)grow (old)get (fat)go (mad)fall (asleep)come (true) 例： He went mad last night.四、主 + 謂 + 間賓 + 直賓 間接賓語(yǔ)（人） 直接賓語(yǔ)（物） 例： He gave me a book. 主 謂 間賓 直賓主 + 謂 + 間賓 + 直賓 主 + 謂 + 直賓 + 介詞 + 間賓I passed my mother the box. I passed the box to my mother.加to的動(dòng)詞有：bring（帶來(lái)）

9、, show（展示）, sell（賣）, send（寄）, take（拿）, throw（仍）, give（給）, tell（告訴）, offer（提供）, pass（傳遞）I bought John a birthday present. I bought a birthday present for John.加for的動(dòng)詞有：book（預(yù)訂），buy（買）, find（為找到）, order（訂購(gòu)）, cook（做飯）, choose（選擇）, leave（留下） 五、主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 例：We elected(選舉) him monitor.（班長(zhǎng)） He is

10、 monitor. I will make you caption.(船長(zhǎng)) He saw the boy playing by the river.（現(xiàn)在分詞doing） 主 謂 賓 賓補(bǔ) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) The manager asked Amada to leave.（不定式to do） 主 謂 賓 賓補(bǔ)注:句型四與句型五的區(qū)分:句型四，在間賓與直賓之間加系動(dòng)詞 be，語(yǔ)義不通順。句型五，在賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)之間加系動(dòng)詞be，語(yǔ)義通順?？偨Y(jié)：兩大基本句型： 主 + 系 + 表 主 + 謂 + 賓變謂v. 主 + 謂變賓語(yǔ) 主 + 謂 + 間賓 + 直賓加賓補(bǔ) 主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ)注：在英語(yǔ)中，

11、一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句有且只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 名 詞名詞：專有名詞，如人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名等，首字母必須大寫。例：John Smith, the United States, Yale University, Childrens Day, the Greens(格林一家人)名詞的數(shù)（可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞）一、 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 注：1.單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞不可單獨(dú)使用，需在前面加a, an, the, my, his, one等。 2.a用在輔音發(fā)音開頭的名詞前，如a desk, a computer, a university, a tear an用

12、在元音發(fā)音開頭的名詞前，如an orange, an office, an apple單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)法則：1. 一般直接加-s,如：books, caps(帽子)，trees2. 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh 結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾加-es.如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes(以-th結(jié)尾的名詞直接加-s,如：months)3. 以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾，把-y變-ies.如：stories, countries以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾，在-y后直接加-s.如：boys, toys, days4. 以-o結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)：有生命，加-es.如：Negroes, hero

13、es, tomatoes, potatoes無(wú)生命，加-s. 如：radios, zoos, photos, pianos 有生命口訣：黑人和英雄吃西紅柿和土豆5. 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，直接加-s.但是以下名詞需要變-f或-fe為-ves,如：self-selves, life-lives(性命), thieves, wives, knives, loafloaves(一片), leaves, shelves, wolves, halves.口訣：為了自己活命，小偷和妻子拿刀子和一片樹葉站在架子上，把狼劈成兩半。6. 復(fù)合名詞（合成名詞）變復(fù)數(shù)，變中心名詞，如：girl stude

14、nts, boy friends, passers-by(過(guò)路人), sons-in-law(女婿) 注：man/woman +n. 變復(fù)數(shù)，兩個(gè)詞都變復(fù)數(shù)，如：men doctors, women teachers.7. 不規(guī)則變化的名詞：man-men, woman-women, child-children, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, mouse-mice, ox-oxen, goose-geese口訣：男人和女人有小孩，小孩有牙齒和腳，小孩喜歡三種動(dòng)物：老鼠、公牛、鵝。8. 單復(fù)同形的名詞：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, sheep, deer

15、, series, means, aircraft, works(工廠), species, fish, fruit如：a sheep, two sheep.注：American-Americans, German-Germans, Australian-Australians, Frenchman-Frenchmen, Englishman-Englishmen.9. 只有復(fù)數(shù)的名詞：a. people, police, cattle(牛群)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 例：The police are coming.b. 成雙成對(duì)的名詞，如：shoes, socks, stockings(長(zhǎng)

16、筒襪), trousers, gloves, glasses, chopsticks, scissors(剪刀), 這些詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。注：但與pair(雙), suit(套裝), kind, sort(種類)等量詞連用且作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)與量詞保持一致。例：Glasses are expensive.This pair of glasses is expensive.These pairs of glasses are expensive.10. 集體名詞：public, government, committee, crowd, class, audience, team,

17、 family, group.民眾政府委員會(huì)，人群班級(jí)聽眾隊(duì)，再加家庭和小隊(duì)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)：名詞作為一個(gè)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 名詞指各個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 例：His family is a big one. His family get on well with each other.二、不可數(shù)名詞 1.無(wú)單復(fù)數(shù)變化，詞前不能用a/an，但可用the修飾。 2.作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 3.常見的不可數(shù)名詞：bread, weather, water, advice, information, furniture, fun, traffic, equipment(設(shè)備), lugga

18、ge=baggage(行李) 4.既可數(shù)，又不可數(shù)的名詞： paper C報(bào)紙，論文 room C房間 experience C經(jīng)歷U紙 U空間U經(jīng)驗(yàn) work C作品 chicken C小雞 hair C(幾根)頭發(fā)U工作 U雞肉U整頭頭發(fā) time C次數(shù) glass C玻璃杯 orange C橙子U時(shí)間 U玻璃U橙汁名詞所有格 有生命，用 s 如：the boys bag, the childrens rooms 無(wú)生命，用 of 如：the window of the room注：1.以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加 如：the workers wage(工資), 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞加s 如：the

19、 childrens toys 2.分別所屬和共同所屬的表達(dá)：A and Bs A和B的(一個(gè)東西)As and Bs A的(一個(gè)東西)和B的(一個(gè)東西) 3.雙重所有格：名詞 + of +名詞s 例：a friend of Toms (friends)名詞 + of + 名詞性物主代詞 例：some students of mine注：表時(shí)間、國(guó)家、城市等名詞后，可加s 如：five minutes walk=five-minute walk 例：My daughter and I took a_ tour around New York City. (2009) A. two day B.

20、 two days C. two-days D. two-day名詞所有格后跟地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)，往往省略地點(diǎn)。如：the doctors (office), the tailors (shop)(裁縫店)，the barbers (shop)(理發(fā)店) 4.修飾可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量的詞組：a few/few, many, a (large) number of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量的詞組：a little/little, much, a (large) amount of, a great deal of 既修飾可數(shù)，又修飾不可數(shù)：some, a lot of=lots of, plenty of 5.名詞作

21、定語(yǔ)：the room number n.定語(yǔ)(單數(shù)) n.被限定詞 當(dāng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，該名詞用單數(shù)形式。例：tooth brush, shoe shop, book store 動(dòng) 詞 的 時(shí) 態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.定義：表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性、規(guī)律性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2.構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞be(am, is, are) + 其他 主語(yǔ) + 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 + 其他 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)則： 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為I/其他人稱時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形。 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)第三人稱時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變化規(guī)則如下： 一般動(dòng)詞，加-s. 如：works, loves, likes 以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -o 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加-es.

22、如：kisses, fixes, washes, watches, goes以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變-y為-ies. 如：studies, worries, carries 以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加-s. 如：plays, enjoys3.常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： often, usually, always, seldom(很少), sometimes, every day/week/month/year, once a day, on Mondays/Sundays/weekends 4.否定/疑問(wèn)形式： 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)： 否定形式：在be后加not 主 + be(am,

23、 is, are) + not + 疑問(wèn)形式：be動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)前 Is/Are + 主 + ? 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，變否定/疑問(wèn)借助助動(dòng)詞do/doesa. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為I/其他人稱時(shí)，借助do否定形式：主 + do not (dont) + 動(dòng)原 + 疑問(wèn)形式：Do + 主 + 動(dòng)原 + ?b. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)第三人稱時(shí)，借助 does否定形式：主 + does not (doesnt) + 動(dòng)原 + 疑問(wèn)形式：Does + 主 + 動(dòng)原 + ? 考點(diǎn)：表示不受時(shí)間限制的客觀真理、客觀事實(shí)、自然規(guī)律以及名言警句，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：The earth moves around the sun.對(duì)

24、列車、航班、時(shí)刻表的表述時(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：The train leaves at 8 oclock.二、 一般過(guò)去時(shí)1. 定義：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2. 構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ) + be(was, were) + 其他 主語(yǔ) + V-ed + 其他（適用于所有人稱）規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的變化規(guī)則： 一般動(dòng)詞，加-ed. 如：worked, finished, helped, followed 以-e結(jié)尾的加-d. 如：hoped, liked, agreed, believed 以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變-y為-ied. 如：studied, worried 以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加-e

25、d. 如：played, enjoyed 以輔音+元音+輔音字母結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，雙寫最后的輔音字母，加-ed. 如：stopped, admitted, begged3. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, the day before yesterday(前天), the other day(不久前的一天), just now(剛才), this morning(今天早上), 一段時(shí)間 + ago, 如：a week ago, in + 過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn), 如：in 19904.否定/疑問(wèn)形式： 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)： 否定形式：在be后加not 主 + be(was, were) + not + 疑

26、問(wèn)形式：be動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)前 Was/Were + 主 + ? 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，變否定/疑問(wèn)借助助動(dòng)詞did 否定形式：在動(dòng)詞前加did not 主 + did not (didnt) + 動(dòng)原 + 疑問(wèn)形式：將did提到主語(yǔ)前 Did + 主 + 動(dòng)原 + ?考點(diǎn)：used to do 過(guò)去常常做某事 be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做某事例：I used _ on the left in England, but I soon got used_ on the right in China. A. to driving. to drive B. to drive to dri

27、ving (2010)C. to drive to drive D. to driving to driving三、 一般將來(lái)時(shí)1. 定義：表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2. 構(gòu)成：主 + will/shall + 動(dòng)原 + 其他 “心甘情愿做” 注：will 用于所有人稱；shall 只用于 I/We 主 + be(am, is, are) + going to + 動(dòng)原 +其他 “打算做” 主 + be(am, is, are) + to do “一定要做” 注：be about to do=be on the point of doing “馬上要做”3. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：tomorrow, th

28、e day after tomorrow, next day/week/month/year, in + 將來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn)：in 2050 some day（將來(lái)有一天）時(shí)間段： in a week4.否定/疑問(wèn)形式： 否定形式：在will, shall或be后加not 主 + will/shall + not + 動(dòng)原 + 其他 疑問(wèn)形式：將will, shall 或be 提到主語(yǔ)前 Will/Shall + 主 + 動(dòng)原 +其他?考點(diǎn)：由if(如果), as long as, unless, in case(萬(wàn)一), when, as soon as(一就), notuntil(直到才)引導(dǎo)的時(shí)

29、間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。（主將從現(xiàn)） 注：引導(dǎo)詞后面的句子為從句；“逗號(hào)”不能直接連接兩個(gè)句子。固定句型：It will be + 時(shí)間段 + before + “再過(guò)多久才”There be 句型的將來(lái)時(shí)： There will be 例：There will be a meeting in three days. (be)四、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)1.定義：表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。2.構(gòu)成：主 + would/should + 動(dòng)原 + 其他 主 + was/were going to do 主 + was/were to do3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： the next

30、 day/week/month/year, the following day五、 進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 定義：表示某一時(shí)刻或階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2. 構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：be(am, is, are) doing 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：be(was, were) doing 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：will be doing3. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：現(xiàn)進(jìn)：now, at present, this week, these days過(guò)進(jìn)：at that time, at this time yesterday將進(jìn)：at this time tomorrow, at nine tomorrow 考點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與頻度副詞：ofte

31、n, always, all the time 等連用時(shí)，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人批評(píng)或贊揚(yáng)的情緒，譯為：“總是”“老是”。例：She is always asking questions.Look! Listen! 多與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用。例：Listen! The bird is singing.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與表狀態(tài)變化的系動(dòng)詞become, get, turn, grow, go連用表示漸變的過(guò)程。例:The weather is becoming colder and colder.一些表“來(lái)”“去”的詞常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)，如：come, leave, arrive, go, begin, start.

32、例： Im leaving for Beijing next month.發(fā)生在過(guò)去同一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作用進(jìn)行時(shí)，短動(dòng)作用一般態(tài)，由when, as, while引導(dǎo)。例：When I was studying last night, my mother came into my room without knocking the door.表示某一段時(shí)間都在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，可以是間斷進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例：We are making model planes these days.He was writing a novel last night, but I dont know whethe

33、r he has finished it.六、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.定義：動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。 發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響。2.構(gòu)成：主 + has/have + V-ed (單數(shù)第三人稱用has, 其他人稱都用have) 主動(dòng)詞 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： already(已經(jīng)), just(剛剛), yet(還) notyet(還沒有), ever(曾經(jīng)), never(從不), recently = lately(最近), so far = by now = up/till to now(直到現(xiàn)在,迄今為止), in/during the last/past + 時(shí)間段 “在過(guò)去

34、中” 如：in the past two years(在過(guò)去兩年里), during the last two weeks(在過(guò)去兩個(gè)星期里), since + 過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)(since 1990, since then) for +時(shí)間段(多與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用) 句子(一般過(guò)去時(shí)) 4.否定/疑問(wèn)形式： 否定形式：主 + have/has + not + V-ed + 疑問(wèn)形式：Have/Has + 主 + V-ed + ?考點(diǎn)：have/has been to “去過(guò)”(現(xiàn)在人已經(jīng)回來(lái)了) have/has gone to “去了”(現(xiàn)在人不在這兒)例：I D to the Great Wal

35、l three times. A. has gone B. have gone C. has been D. have been固定句型1：It is the first/second/third time that + 句子(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)) “這是第幾次做”例： This is the first time that I have seen this. (see)固定句型2：This is + 最高級(jí) + 名詞 + that + 句子(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))例：This is the best tea that I have drunk. (drink)for + 時(shí)間段/ since不能與短暫動(dòng)詞連用

36、構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：His grandmother has died for two years. () His grandmother has been dead for two years. ()短暫動(dòng)詞需要變?yōu)閎e + 形容詞/副詞 表狀態(tài)的延續(xù)，如：die be dead, begin/start be on, come/join(參加)/arrive(到達(dá)) be in, leave be away七、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.定義：表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并極有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。2.構(gòu)成：主 + have/has been doing 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：表示該動(dòng)作有

37、可能繼續(xù)，也有可能不繼續(xù)?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示該動(dòng)作極有可能繼續(xù)下去。例1：I have washed my clothes for two hours. (有可能繼續(xù)洗，有可能不洗了)I have been washing my clothes for two hours. (極有可能繼續(xù)洗下去)例2：She_ English since she was a child. (2003) A. learning B. had learned C. is learning D. has been learning八、 過(guò)去完成時(shí)1. 定義：在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去完成時(shí)必須有

38、過(guò)去的時(shí)間參考點(diǎn)，表“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。2. 構(gòu)成：主 + had V-ed + 其他3. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by/until + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)(到為止) by the end of + 過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)(到結(jié)束的時(shí)候)before + 過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn) 句子(一般過(guò)去時(shí))by the time+ 句子(一般過(guò)去時(shí))4.否定/疑問(wèn)形式： 否定形式：主 + had + not + V-ed + 疑問(wèn)形式：Had + 主 + V-ed + ?例1：He said that he had been abroad for three years. (be)She had learned some English before

39、 she came to the school. (learn)By then, he had learned English for three years. (learn)例2：John and I _friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _each other a couple of times before that. (2008)A. had been, have been B. have been, have seen C. had been, ha

40、d seen D. have been, had seen Until then, his family_ from him for six months. (2012)A. didnt hear B. hasnt been hearing C. hasnt heard D. hadnt heard九、 將來(lái)完成時(shí)定義：在將來(lái)的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。1. 構(gòu)成：主 + will/shall have V-ed2. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by/until + 將來(lái)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)(到為止) by the end of + 將來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(到結(jié)束的時(shí)候)before + 將來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn) 句子(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))by the

41、 time+ 句子(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))例：We _building the bridge by the end of next month. (2013) A. are finishing B. would finish C. have finished D. will have finished 動(dòng) 詞 的 被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成： be(助動(dòng)詞) + done(過(guò)去分詞)二、33時(shí)態(tài)變化表： 時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 過(guò)去 將來(lái)體 一般 do did will/shall do進(jìn)行 am, is, are doing was, were doing will/shall be doing完成 have

42、/has done had done will/shall have done加be done變被動(dòng)： 時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 過(guò)去 將來(lái)體 一般 am, is, are done was, were done will/shall be done進(jìn)行 am, is, are being done was, were being done -完成 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done三、主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句的規(guī)律：賓語(yǔ)提前主語(yǔ)變，人稱時(shí)態(tài)be關(guān)鍵。過(guò)去分詞勿用錯(cuò)，主語(yǔ)變賓by后見。被動(dòng)條件：誰(shuí)做的動(dòng)作不知道，說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒必要，突出承受

43、者很重要，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)不了。主動(dòng)句：The boy broke the window yesterday.被動(dòng)句：The window was broken yesterday (by the boy).注：被動(dòng)句中be的單復(fù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致，但時(shí)態(tài)要與主動(dòng)句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。四、 考點(diǎn)1.不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)，一些詞組無(wú)被動(dòng)： take place = happen(發(fā)生) break out(火災(zāi)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)) appear(出現(xiàn)) disappear(消失) break down(壞掉，拋錨) come true(實(shí)現(xiàn)) belong to(屬于) consist of(由組成) occur t

44、o(使想起)例：He_ by his sister at that moment. (2012) A. happened to see B. was happened to see C. was happened to be seen D. happened to be seen2.個(gè)別及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)： fit(適合), wish, cost(花費(fèi))例：This key just fits the lock.3.系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，感官類系動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。例： The silk feels sick.4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 構(gòu)成：主 + 情動(dòng) + be + V-ed 例：New books

45、 can be downloaded from the Internet.5.表示事物屬性的動(dòng)詞：read, write, dry, wear, wash, open, shut主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，一般這類動(dòng)詞后有一個(gè)修飾詞。 例1： The coat dries easily. The book sells well. 例2：The pen writes well. (write) The book was written by Shakespeare. (write)6.sth need/want/require(需要) doing ，主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。 to be done 例：This shirt

46、needs washing/to be washed. (wash)7.在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，make, let, hear, see, watch, observe, notice其后跟省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式（即動(dòng)詞原形），在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，必須還原動(dòng)詞不定式的to.例： We heard him sing this song in that room. He was heard to sing this song in that room. The boss made him work 14 hours a day. He was made to work 14 hours a day.8.帶雙賓語(yǔ)的

47、動(dòng)詞give, send, teach, lend, show, pass, tell等，在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可以有兩種情況：直賓變成主語(yǔ)，間賓前加to；間賓變主語(yǔ)，不加to.例：My friend gave me a pen yesterday. A pen was given to me (by my friend) yesterday. I was given a pen (by my friend) yesterday.非 謂 語(yǔ) 動(dòng) 詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:不能作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式，可以作除謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞外的任何成分，即主謂賓表定狀補(bǔ)。三種基本形式：doing, done, to doDoing:一、作主語(yǔ)

48、1.doing作主語(yǔ),位于句首，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。doing表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。Climbing mountains is a good way to keep fit.(保持健康) 主 系Walking dog is his hobby. 主 系2.當(dāng)doing作主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)時(shí)，用it作形式主語(yǔ)代替doing放在句首，doing放在句尾。（避免頭重腳輕）Crying over the spilt milk is no use. 主 It is no use crying over the spilt milk. 形式主語(yǔ) 真正主語(yǔ)固定句型：1. It is no use / no goo

49、d / useless / senseless doing2. It is worth doing sth3. It is a waste of time doing4. It is fun / enjoyable / pleasant /a good pleasure doing 例：Its no use _ with him since he has made up his mind. (2010) A. to argue B. arguing C. to be argued D. argued二、作賓語(yǔ)1.動(dòng)詞 + doingconsider(考慮), suggest(建議), look forward to(盼), excuse(原諒), admit(承認(rèn)), delay/put off(推遲),得,fancy(想象)，avoid(避免), miss(錯(cuò)過(guò)), keep(繼續(xù)), practice(練), deny(否認(rèn)), finish(完成),就, enjoy