非謂語動詞講解[1]

1、English GrammarNon-Predicate Verbs（非謂語動詞非謂語動詞）英語中動詞的非謂語動詞有三類：英語中動詞的非謂語動詞有三類：1. 不定式：不定式：infinitive2. 動名詞動名詞：gerund3. 分詞分詞： participle 現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞： present participle 過去分詞：過去分詞： past participle 1. 不定式：不定式：infinitive Form Usage Omission of “ to” to do(not to do) 一般式一般式（否定）（否定）to be doing 進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式 主動主動 to h

2、ave done 完成式完成式to have been doing 完成進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式to be done 一般式一般式 被動被動to have been done 完成式完成式 一般式：一般式： 不定式表示的動作與謂語動詞表示不定式表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，或者在謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，或者在謂語動詞表示的動作之后發(fā)生。表示的動作之后發(fā)生。 1. Im glad to see you. (同時發(fā)生同時發(fā)生) 2. They invited us to come to a party.（不（不 定式動作后發(fā)生）定式動作后發(fā)生） 3. The computer to be pro

3、duced is of a new type. (被動被動) 4.You must promise never to do that again.進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式： 謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生時，不定式謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生時，不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行。表示的動作正在進(jìn)行。1. They are said to be building another bridge over the river. 據(jù)說他們正在這條河上修另一座大橋。據(jù)說他們正在這條河上修另一座大橋。2. I d rather read than watch television; the program seem_ all the ti

4、me.(1997.1) a. to get worse b. to be getting worse 我寧愿看書也不愿意看電視，電視節(jié)目好像越我寧愿看書也不愿意看電視，電視節(jié)目好像越來越差了。來越差了。 完成式：完成式：不定式表示的動作發(fā)生不定式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前在謂語動詞表示的動作之前1. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_in broad daylight yesterday.(2001.1)a. robbed b. to have been robbedc. being robbed d. having been

5、robbed2. They were reported to have discovered anthor ancient tomb in this area.完成進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式： 在謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生前，在謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生前，不定式表示的動作一直在進(jìn)行。不定式表示的動作一直在進(jìn)行。 1. They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.(= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.) 2. The struggle was know to h

6、ave been going on for over twenty years.Usage1 subject（主語）（主語）2 predicative（表語）（表語）3 object（賓語）（賓語）4 attribute（定語）（定語）5 adverbial（狀語）（狀語）6 complement（補(bǔ)足語）（補(bǔ)足語）1.不定式（短語）作主語不定式（短語）作主語通常轉(zhuǎn)化成通常轉(zhuǎn)化成 “It + is/was + adj./n. + 不不定式（短語）定式（短語）”, 其中其中it 是形式主語是形式主語(form subject)，真正的主語是后，真正的主語是后面的不定式（短語）。面的不定式（短語）

7、。To master a foreign language is not easy. Its not easy to master a foreign language.vIt takes sb. some time 不定式vIt costs sb. money不定式2. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for sb. to do sth.It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.當(dāng)形容詞為表示當(dāng)形容詞為表示“性格特征或行為表性格特征或行為表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)”的形容詞時，介詞用的形容詞時，介詞用of，如，如kind, wrong, polite, wise as predicati

8、veHer wish is to be a teacher.She seems to be happy. as objectHe loved to listen to music.I find it difficult to speak English fluently. 下列動詞要求不定式作賓語：下列動詞要求不定式作賓語： afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, pl

9、an, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, 特殊疑問詞特殊疑問詞+不定式不定式 介詞介詞+特殊疑問詞特殊疑問詞+不定式不定式Where to stay has not been decided yet. （S.）She doesnt know what to do.（O. of v.）He had no idea of how to do.（O. of prep.）疑問詞包括疑問詞包括how, what, where, when, whether, whom, why等等I ask him where to get this

10、book.（O.C.）The question is which to choose.（P.） 能一以這種結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞有：能一以這種結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞有：know, see, show,tell, teach, wonder, imagine, understand,explain等等 as attribute 不定式通常作后置定語，不定式通常作后置定語， 而而且且vi.后要加介詞后要加介詞.There is a lot of work to do.He is the best man to consult with. as adverbialA adverbial of purposeB

11、adverbial of causeC adverbial of resultas adverbial of purposeI started early (so as) / (in order) to get there before dark.so as to 和和 in order to 是不定式是不定式的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式so as (not) to用在句中用在句中in order (not) to 用在句中或句首用在句中或句首as adverbial of causeWe are proud to be members of this team.We jumped with joy

12、to hear of the good news.as adverbial of resultHe is too young to go to school.I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left.He behaved so foolishly as to be laughed by his friends. His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.as complementA object complementB subject comple

13、mentAs object complementChina expects everyone to do his duty.I could make them understand me.要求不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞：要求不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞： ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuade(sb. to do sth.) 要求省要求省to不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞：不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞：make / have / let (sb. do sth.)help sb. to do sth.

14、主語不直接參主語不直接參與動作與動作help sb. do sth. 主語直接參與主語直接參與動作動作This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily.They always help me do my homework.As subject complementWe were made to pay the money.A man was seen to enter the house.注注：主被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換：主被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換S. ask sb. to do sth. sb. be asked to do sth.S.

15、make sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth.S. saw a man enter the house. A man was seen to enter the house.S. saw a man entering the house. A man was seen entering the house.omission of “to”1 set phrase2 set structure3 sentence with special conjunction or preposition 4 as predicative set phrase1 had bet

16、ter/ had best (not) do2 had rather/ had sooner do sth. than do sth.3 would rather/ would sooner do sth. than do sth.4 would just as soon do sth. as do（寧愿（寧愿也不愿也不愿 ）5 may /might (just) as well do（還是（還是好好;還不如還不如;不妨不妨）6 can not but do (不能不；不得不不能不；不得不)7 cannot choose but （只得）（只得）8 cannot help but （不得不）（

17、不得不） cannot help + doing 9 can but = can only （只得，充其量不過）（只得，充其量不過）egI would just as soon stay as go with him.We may as well begin at once.You may as well tell the truth.We might just as well stay at home.I can not but admire his courage.I cannot but laugh.I cannot choose but stay.I cannot help but g

18、rieve.set structure 感官動詞或使役動詞感官動詞或使役動詞+賓語賓語+動詞原動詞原形賓補(bǔ)形賓補(bǔ)make / have / let / bid / leave + sb. / sth. + do常見感官動詞：常見感官動詞： see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel perceive etc.He made her do so.Bid him go home. （叫他回家）（叫他回家）We will have the boy mail this letter.Let there be no mistak

19、e about it. （這（這事可別出錯）事可別出錯）Leave him go. （放他走）（放他走）Look at that horse jump.I heard them talk about that film.連詞連詞 (than, as) 或介詞或介詞 (except, but, besides , save) 前有前有 do 的某的某種形式省種形式省 to; 反之則不省反之則不省I did no more than make a beginning.I have no choice but to accept the fact.I did nothing but / except

20、 repair the farm-tools.My dog does everything except speak.What do you like to do besides swim?作表語的不定式作表語的不定式: :若主語中有若主語中有dodo的某種形式，可省的某種形式，可省toto也可不省也可不省. .All I did was (to) hit him on the head.The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again.The only thing to do is (to) encourage him t

21、o try again.What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth.GerundForm Usage Testing StructureForms:v-ing (主動主動)一般式一般式no v-ing / not doing 否定式否定式having done 主動完成式主動完成式 being done 被動一般式被動一般式 having been done 被動完成式被動完成式 ones doing 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)Usage1 subject2 predicative3 object 4 attribute as S.There is no denying

22、 this.Its no use / no good / useless crying over the spilt milk. as P.His hobby is collecting ancient gold coins. as O.I have finished reading the book.She is very fond of dancing.Do you find staying here interesting? Do you find it interesting staying here? as Attr.動名詞作定語，說明人或物的性能動名詞作定語，說明人或物的性能or用

23、途用途現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表明動作進(jìn)行，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表明動作進(jìn)行，是主謂關(guān)系是主謂關(guān)系sleeping pillsa sleeping childTesting Structure:否定式否定式 no v-ing / not v-ing復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): ones v-ing名詞所有格或物主代詞名詞所有格或物主代詞+動名詞動名詞名詞通格或代詞賓格名詞通格或代詞賓格+動名詞（非動名詞（非正式文體或口語中）正式文體或口語中）Its no use buying books but not reading them.His / Him going there wont help much.Johns

24、/John coming here will get us out of trouble.I dont remember his / him giving me back that dictionary.I heard of Miss Marys /Mary coming back.有些動詞或短語后需接動名詞有些動詞或短語后需接動名詞作賓語：作賓語： anticipate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, deny, encour

25、age, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk, resume, suggest, advise,allow, permit, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend, require, resent, recall, tolerate, appreciate, stop, ap

26、proach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, cant help doing, prefer doing A to doing B,ParticipleForm UsageTesting Structure Present Participlev-ing (主動主動)一般式一般式 not v-ing 否定式否定式 having done 主動完成式主動完成式 being done 被動一般式被動一般式 having been done 被動完成式被動完成式 Past Participle v-ed (被動被動

27、)一般式一般式 not v-ed 否定式否定式Usage1 Predicative2 Attribute3 Adverbial4 Complementas predicativeMy pencil was broken. (過去分詞作表語過去分詞作表語主語狀態(tài)主語狀態(tài))Her speech was quite stirring. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語主語性質(zhì)主語性質(zhì))as attributeA lost opportunity never returns.The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.The material used

28、is cement.注注:分詞分詞(短語短語)作定語可以轉(zhuǎn)化作定語可以轉(zhuǎn)化成定語從句成定語從句as adverbial I stood watching her, not knowing what to do. He was reliable, judged by ordinary standards. 分詞分詞(短語短語)作狀語作狀語,其邏輯主語必須其邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致與句子主語一致. Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city

29、 looks beautiful. Adverbial of time Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. Adverbial of cause Being ill, he stayed at home. Convinced of the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion. Adverbial of condition Working hard

30、, youll succeed. United, we stand; divided, we fall. Adverbial of concession Working very hard, he did not feel a little tired. Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. (連詞連詞though加強(qiáng)語氣加強(qiáng)語氣) Adverbial of result A letter has just come, relieving her from anxiety. New ma

31、chines were installed, thus / thereby resulting in an increase in production. (thus/thereby加強(qiáng)語氣加強(qiáng)語氣) Adverbial of manner Traveling by car, the students visited many places. Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the problems one after another. Adverbial of accompaniment The teacher, followed

32、by some students, went into the classroom. They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning.as complementa O.C. I am sorry Ive kept you waiting.I have my hair cut once a month. (謂語謂語 v.多為使役多為使役 v.和感官和感官 v.)b S.C. She was seen going up stairs.The work was left half done.Testing Struc

33、ture1 Participle as Adverbial 2 Absolute Structure 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別:Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.He stood there, surrounded by his three daughters.一般來說一般來說 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思; 過去分詞表示被動的意思過去分詞表示被動的意思. 分詞作狀語時的時態(tài)分詞作狀語時的時態(tài)1 一般式：分詞表示的動作與謂一般式：分詞表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作

34、同時或幾乎同語動詞表示的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生時發(fā)生Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.= As she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.2 完成式：完成式：分詞表示的動作發(fā)生分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前在謂語動詞表示的動作之前Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden.= After we had cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden. 分詞短語作狀語的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)分詞短語作狀語的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu): 分詞短語前加連詞分詞短語前加連詞(加強(qiáng)語氣加強(qiáng)語氣)Be careful when crossing the street.Though beaten by the oppo