安徽省巢湖市春暉中學(xué)2012屆高考英語 考前沖刺精品講義閱讀理解類考察角度閱讀理解4

1、安徽省巢湖市春暉中學(xué)2012屆高考英語考前沖刺精品講義閱讀理解類考察角度閱讀理解題型是高考英語試卷中的重中之重，分值最高；在時(shí)間和速度上也最難操作，從某種程度說，它決定高考的成功與否。高考閱讀理解要求考生在35分鐘左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)，完成對四到五篇短文的理解。這幾篇短文涵蓋了記敘文、說明文、議論文和報(bào)刊、廣告、書信應(yīng)用文等多種體裁，涉及人物、故事、社會、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科普、新聞和廣告等多種題材?？v觀近五年的高考試題，我們也能看得出，閱讀理解選材特點(diǎn)是：鮮明的時(shí)代感、豐富多樣的題材、靈活多樣的形式和濃厚的原汁原味性，體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代英語的特點(diǎn)，加大了內(nèi)容的復(fù)雜程度和長難句子，反映了現(xiàn)代科學(xué)及現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的

2、新發(fā)展、新變化。如果沒有良好的閱讀素養(yǎng)和英語語感，讀起來晦澀難懂、不知所云。它考查的不僅是考生對整篇文章的把握能力，還考查了他們快速捕捉信息、準(zhǔn)確理解特定細(xì)節(jié)，以及復(fù)雜句子的能力；考生不僅要理解文章的表層意思，更重要的是要通過文章的表層去合理推斷、挖掘文章的隱含意義、延伸意義。這是對考生能力、智力、心理的一個(gè)綜合檢驗(yàn)。閱讀理解的常見題型為：主旨大意題、分析推理題、細(xì)節(jié)理解題、猜測詞義題；其中以細(xì)節(jié)判斷試題為主，并加大深層次理解試題和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)試題的考查力度。近幾年閱讀理解的題型特點(diǎn)：1詞匯量不斷攀升近幾年高考閱讀理解部分的閱讀量一直保持增長的趨勢，閱讀量的增加意味著對閱讀速度的要求在提高，因此我

3、們要提醒和培養(yǎng)考生提高閱讀速度。2更加注重綜合理解能力的考查閱讀理解能力測試的主要設(shè)題方式有：(1)理解所讀材料的主旨和大意；(2)理解文中用以說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；(3)根據(jù)上下文推斷詞、短語或句子的含義；(4)根據(jù)文章的敘述，作出簡單的推斷判斷；(5)理解文章的基本篇章結(jié)構(gòu)；(6)理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度?！締栴}描述與分析】有一類閱讀理解題，要求考生為短文找出最佳標(biāo)題(title)或中心思想(main idea)等，這是考查領(lǐng)悟文章主旨大意的能力。此題型要求考生在理解全文后歸納短文大意，概括中心思想，或選擇短文的標(biāo)題，這些都暗含在文章中。要充分注意文章的首尾句、段。不少文章一開頭便

4、展示出文章的梗概，尤其是新聞?lì)惖?，第一段常是故事的梗概，這一段往往表達(dá)文章的中心思想。文章的段落則經(jīng)常由開頭的一句作主題句，來概括該段的中心思想。但不少文章或段落中，中心思想貫穿在整個(gè)文章中。必須具備一定的歸納和概括能力，才能選對答案。因此，此類題有些屬于淺層次理解上的檔次，而很多考生缺乏領(lǐng)悟文章主旨大意的能力，常常被一些枝節(jié)問題纏繞，導(dǎo)致題目做錯(cuò)而失分。新課標(biāo)區(qū)的高考閱讀理解試題的一大特點(diǎn)就是傾向于從語篇的角度進(jìn)行考查，文章的主題要根據(jù)全文的信息進(jìn)行推理判斷，在考試的過程中，如果過分糾纏細(xì)節(jié)，容易以偏概全，或者歸納的主題太泛；如果碰到有的文章所涉及的素材是自己所熟悉的，考生容易主觀臆斷而背離

5、命題意向。解答主旨大意題時(shí)，考生容易將文章中出現(xiàn)的細(xì)節(jié)誤認(rèn)為是文章或段落的中心思想。雖然細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容與主旨大意有一定聯(lián)系，但不可以偏概全。如果過于糾纏文章中的細(xì)節(jié)，而不從總體上把握作者要闡明的內(nèi)容，就容易做錯(cuò)題?！纠?Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicken, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws(爪子)on i

6、ts wings when young. They build their homes about 4.6 m above the river, an important feature(特征)for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin.In appearance, the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside. The head is small, with a larg

7、e set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest relatives are the common birds, cuckoos. Its most striking feature, though, is only found in the young.Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip. Using these four claws,

8、 together with the beak(喙)，they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done, When the young hoatzins have learned to fly, they lose their claws.During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but i

9、n April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes.(2010全國卷)What is the text mainly about?AHoatzins in dry and rainy seasons.BThe relatives and enemies of hoatzins.CPrimitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon.DThe appearan

10、ce and living habits of hoatzins.解析：本文第一段說，在亞馬遜河流域有一種鳥，先學(xué)會游泳后學(xué)會飛翔，第二段說它們的外表，第三段敘述這種鳥從幼鳥到學(xué)會飛翔的蛻變，第四段講述其生活特性，即在每年的12月到次年的3月以及4月份雨季來臨時(shí)它們的生活習(xí)性。從這些敘述看，本文的主題是D，介紹這種叫hoatzin的鳥的外表和生活習(xí)性。B項(xiàng)“hoatzin的天敵與親戚”在本文沒有提到，A項(xiàng)“在雨季和干燥季節(jié)的hoatzin”，C項(xiàng)“始祖鳥與亞馬遜的hoatzins”都是文章的部分內(nèi)容。考生由于看不懂或者理解片面，都有可能導(dǎo)致選錯(cuò)。答案：D【解決方案與復(fù)習(xí)指南】做此類題目時(shí)，首先

11、要搞清題意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中蘊(yùn)涵的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)就是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞即主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。此外，還要學(xué)會借助文章的結(jié)構(gòu)來把握中心思想。段落中心思想常常由主題句(topic sentence)來表達(dá)。一篇文章的中心思想常常在開始段或結(jié)尾段點(diǎn)出，因此，要特別注意段首、段尾及主題句。對于沒有明顯的主題句的文章，必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行全面考慮，綜合分析，歸納出主題句進(jìn)而概括出文章的中心思想。略讀是閱讀的第一步。特別是在考場上時(shí)間緊、閱

12、讀量大的情況下，要獲取答題所需要的信息，有時(shí)不能按常規(guī)逐字逐句地讀，而是要一個(gè)意群一個(gè)意群地掃描，省略大量與所尋信息無關(guān)的詞句，以求提高答題效率。重點(diǎn)掌握以下三點(diǎn)：1抓住主題句，鎖定文章主旨仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法。瀏覽時(shí)，一般不需逐句瀏覽，只需選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。2抓住段落大意，概括中心思想尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。在這個(gè)過程中，考生們不能只依據(jù)只言片語，或光看文章的某一些段落，而應(yīng)該觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章的重點(diǎn)，考慮文章中

13、材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的，分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么中心來安排的。最后用簡明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達(dá)出來。既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時(shí)過于寬泛，要恰如其分。3抓住主線和關(guān)鍵，歸納文章中心要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時(shí)主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章，就需要自己根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。如：To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human.Common sense is

14、not all that common.Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?These three popular misquotes(戲謔的引語)are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people dont want to accept the

15、 responsibility for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do.The original quote about human nature went like this：“To err is human, to forgive, divine(神圣的)”This saying mirrors an ideal people should be forgiving of others mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the oppositefind someone else to pa

16、ss the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a making of great maturity.Common sense is what we call clear thought. Having common sense means having a good general plan that will make things work well, and it also means staying with the plan. Common sense tells

17、 you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine. Common sense does not seem to be common for large organizations, because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything. People say

18、 that in a large company, “the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing.”And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that its

19、 okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推論)to that: if a good excuse is “good” even if it isnt honest, then where is the place of the truth？(2010天津卷)What would be the best title for this passage?AA Mirror of Human NatureBTo Blame or to ForgiveCA Mark of MaturityDTruth of

20、Excuse解析：本題要選出最佳標(biāo)題，應(yīng)從文章的主旨大意出發(fā)，升華一個(gè)最佳標(biāo)題。A.人性的鏡子；B.責(zé)備或原諒；C.成熟的標(biāo)志；D.借口的真相。B、C、D都是文章的一個(gè)方面，標(biāo)題不能以偏賅全，因此選A。答案：AL1PITORABOUT LIPITORLipitor is a prescription medicine. Along with diet and exercise, it lowers “bad” cholesterol(膽固醇) in your blood. It can also raise “good” cholesterol.Lipitor can lower the ri

21、sk of heart attack in patients with several common risk factors, including family history of early heart disease, high blood pressure, age and smoking.WHO IS LIPITOR FOR？Who can take LIPTTOR：People who cannot lower their cholesterol enough with diet and exerciseAdults and children over 10Who should

22、NOT take LIPITOR：Women who are pregnant, may be pregnant, or may become pregnant. Lipitor may harm your unborn baby.Women who are breastfeeding. Lipitor can pass into your breast milk and may harm your baby.People with liver(肝臟)problemsPOSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF LIPITORSerious side effects in a small

23、number of people：Muscle(肌肉)problems that can lead to kidney(腎臟)problems, including kidney failureLiver problems. Your doctor may do blood tests to check your liver before you start Lipitor and while you are taking it.Call your doctor right away if you have：Unexplained muscle pain or weakness, especi

24、ally if you have a fever or feel very tiredSwelling of the face, lips, tongue, and/or throat that may cause difficulty in breathing or swallowingStomach painSome common side effects of LIPITOR are：Muscle painUpset stomachChanges in some blood testsHOW TO TAKE LIPITORDo：Take Lipitor as prescribed by

25、your doctor.Try to eat hearthealthy foods while you take Lipitor.Take Lipitor at any time of day, with or without food.If you miss a dose(一劑), take it as soon as you remember. But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose, wait. Take the next dose at your regular time.Dont：Do not chan

26、ge or stop your dose before talking to your doctor.Do not start new medicines before talking to your doctor.(2010湖南卷)1What is a major function of Lipitor?ATo help quit smoking.BTo control blood pressure.CTo improve unhealthy diet.DTo lower “bad” cholesterol.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一欄中首段內(nèi)容可得知，本藥品主要功效是降低身體有害膽固醇的含

27、量，同時(shí)增加有益膽固醇的含量。故答案為D項(xiàng)。答案：D2Taking Lipitor is helpful for_.Abreastfeeding womenBwomen who are pregnantCadults having heart diseaseDteenagers with liver problems解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二欄內(nèi)容可知，孕婦和哺乳期婦女以及肝臟有問題的人群不宜服用本藥品，故可排除A、B和D項(xiàng)；根據(jù)第一欄中第二段的內(nèi)容可知，本藥品可降低病人患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。故答案為C項(xiàng)。答案：C3If it has been over 12 hours since you mis

28、sed a dose, you should_.Achange the amount of your next doseBeat more when taking your next doseChave a dose as soon as you rememberDtake the next dose at your regular time解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一欄Do的最后一點(diǎn)可知，如果漏服一劑藥品超過12個(gè)小時(shí)，按規(guī)定時(shí)間服用下一劑就可以了，故答案為D項(xiàng)。答案：D4Which of the following is a common side effect of taking Lip

29、itor?AFace swelling. BUpset stomach.CKidney failure. DMuscle weakness.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三欄中Some common side effects of LIPITOR are 的內(nèi)容可知答案為B項(xiàng)。答案：B5What is the main purpose of the passage?ATo teach patients ways for quick recovery.BTo present a report on a scientific research.CTo show the importance of a g

30、ood lifestyle.DTo give information about a kind of medicine.解析：主旨大意題。通讀全文概括可知，文章主要介紹了一種降低膽固醇含量的藥品，故答案為D項(xiàng)。答案：D應(yīng)用文Columbus College, 241Queen Elizabeth Drive, Kowloon CityMemoTo: All StaffFrom: Jakie Mok, Secretary; Sports Development CommitteeDate: May 20, 2010A week ago, “Sports for Life” programme w

31、as sent to the parents, requiring them to select a sport they wanted their child to play. Since then, our staff have received lots of calls from parents asking for more information about it. Here is a memo(備忘錄)for your reference when you answer the phones.Sports 1: Basketball.We expect that this wil

32、l be the most popular of the four sports. Therefore, students should be advised to sign up as soon as possible. Students will take a private bus to and from Kwun Tong Sports Park. To cover the cost of hiring a bus, each student will have to pay $10 each time. There will be four basketball courts ava

33、ilable for our use with one teacher watching over each game.Sports 2: GymWe will be using St. Peters Memorial Park. There are two reasons for choosing this park. First, it is not very busy and crowded before 600p.m. Second, it has lots of trees with plenty of shade. Students must bring along two bot

34、tles of water to prevent thirst. Three activities, skipping, jogging, outdoor aerobics(有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)), all of which are free of charge, will be arranged. And there will be a teacher on duty for each of the activities.Sports 3：HikingHiking(遠(yuǎn)足)will take place at Kowloon Peak. The activitiy will start at 230 pm

35、. and finish 90 minutes later. Three teachers will accompany the students, and a hiking instructor will accompany each group of 15 hikers. Each instructor will cost $75/hr. Studenty are advised to bring plenty of water and sunscreen.Sports 4: SwimmingThe Kowloon City Aquatic Centre is a 10minute wal

36、k from our school. Four teachers will go to the pool and conduct the goingson from the poolside. We will only be able to reserve the pool for one hour (i. e. 245p.m. to 345p.m.). Only students skilful at swimming can take up this activity. The pool will have two lifeguards present. Girls must wear a

37、 swimming suit. The cost is $10 per visit.(2010福建卷)1Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?AStudents selecting basketball had better register early.BStudents participating in gym should arrive at 600 pm.CHiking usually begins at 230 pm and lasts 2 hours.DStudents having swimming suits can take up swimming.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由Basketball所在欄第二句“.students should be advised to sign up as soon as possible”可知要打籃球的話，要盡快登記，因此A項(xiàng)正確。由Gym所在欄目第