學(xué)術(shù)英語conclusion結(jié)論的寫作（課堂PPT）

1、1ConclusionIn your conclusions, address the following: reach conclusions about the initial objectives show advantages of your method over previously published methods state open problems identify needed next steps in research on the problem 2common problem in writing a concluding paragragh 1. Too lo

2、ng. The conclusion section should be short. Often the conclusion section is as little as 2.5% of an entire piece of published research. 2. Too much detail. Conclusions that are too long often have unnecessary detail. The conclusion section is not the place for details about your methodology or resul

3、ts. Although you should give a summary of what was learnt from your research, this summary should be short, since the emphasis in the conclusions section is on the implications, evaluations, etc. that you make.3 3. Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues. Whereas in the introduction yo

4、ur task was to move from general (your field) to specific (your research), in the concluding section your task is to move from specific (your research) back to general (your field, how your research will affect the world). In other words, in the conclusion you should put your research in context. 4.

5、 Failure to reveal the complexities of a conclusion or situation. Negative aspects of your research should not be ignored. Problems, drawbacks etc. can be included in summary in your conclusion section as a way of qualifying your conclusions (i.e. pointing out the negative aspects, even if they are

6、outweighed by the positive aspects).common problem in writing a concluding paragragh4common problem in writing a concluding paragragh 5. Lack of a concise summary of what was learned. In order to be able to discuss how your research fits back into your field of study (and the world at large) you nee

7、d to summarize it very briefly. Often the summary is only a few sentences. 6. Failure to match the objectives of the research. Often research objectives change while the research is being carried out. This is not a problem unless you forget to go back and rewrite your original objectives in your int

8、roduction so that they accurately reflect what you were trying to accomplish in your research (not what you thought you might accomplish when you began). 5exercise Here is an example of an objective and conclusion that do not match: Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the impac

9、t of road building on villages on rural communities. Conclusion: The model produced in this study can accurately predict the social and economic impact of road-building on villages in southwest China. If we rewrite the objective to match what we actually did (we developed a model), it will fit the c

10、onclusion: Rewritten objective: The main objective of this study was to develop a model to predict the social and economic impact of road-building on rural communities.6warning1. Dont depend on your conclusion to sum up the body paragraphs. Your paragraphs should flow naturally into one another and

11、connections should be made among them. Summary can be an important function of conclusions but keep this part brief; avoid repeating, word-for-word, a statement you have made earlier in the paper.2. Dont simply repeat your introduction. Try to talk about your topic in a new way. The tone of your con

12、clusion is different because the reader has finished your paper.3. Dont end your conclusion with a quotation or with a statement that could very well be the subject of another paper. The former deflects attention away from you as writer and thinker; the latter deflects attention from what youre sayi

13、ng in your paper. It is ok to quote, but it is better to add a comment of your own to end on. This shows that you are in control to the very end.7warning4. Dont use clichs or an overly sentimental or obvious statement. The former sound good but mean nothing; the latter will weaken rather than streng

14、then your essay.5. Dont introduce new arguments, evidence, or details in your concluding paragraph. It is not place to introduce ideas you forgot to mention in the body of the paper. Never make a claim in your conclusion that is unsubstantiated or even unmentioned anywhere else. New material may ent

15、er a conclusion occasionally, but it must be closely related to everything else you have said.6. Dont apologize for doing a poor job of resenting the material. This will ruin your effort.Strategies for writing a conclusion8Suggestions1. Answer questions. Strive for answers to the questions readers l

16、ogically raise-Why are you telling me this? Why do you think I need to understand your main point? Show your readers why this paper was important. Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful. Point out the importance or the implications of what youve just said on an area of societal concern

17、is perhaps a bit more dramatic.2. Synthesize, dont summarize. Dont simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points your made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together.9Suggestions3. Redirect your readers. Give your reader someth

18、ing to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the real world. Place the paper in a larger context. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally. For analytical papers in particular, you could mention the lack of conclus

19、ion in the field. This demonstrates that you understand the complexity of the subject matter.4. Create a new meaning. You dont have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more t

20、han its parts.10Strategies1. Echoing the introduction: Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding.Examp

21、leIntroductionFrom the parking lot, I could see the towers of the castle of the Magic Kingdom standing stately against the blue sky. To the right, the tall peak of The Matterhorn rose even higher. From the left, I could hear the jungle sounds of Adventureland. As I entered the gate, Main Street stre

22、tched before me with its quaint shops evoking an old-fashioned small town so charming it could never have existed. I was entranced. Disneyland may have been built for children, but it brings out the child in adults.ConclusionI thought I would spend a few hours at Disneyland, but here I was at 1:00 A

23、.M., closing time, leaving the front gates with the now dark towers of the Magic Kingdom behind me. I could see tired children, toddling along and struggling to keep their eyes open as best they could. Others slept in their parents arms as we waited for the parking lot tram that would take us to our

24、 cars. My forty-year-old feet ached, and I felt a bit sad to think that in a couple of days I would be leaving California, my vacation over, to go back to my desk. But then I smiled to think that for at least a day I felt ten years old again.11Strategies 2. Challenging the reader and call for action

25、: By issuing a challenge to your readers, you are helping them to redirect the information in the paper, and they may apply it to their own lives. Example Though serving on a jury is not only a civic responsibility but also an interesting experience, many people still view jury duty as a chore that

26、interrupts their jobs and the routine of their daily lives. However, juries are part of Americas attempt to be a free and just society. Thus, jury duty challenges us to be interested and responsible citizens.12Strategies3. Looking to the future or to a wider contextLooking to the future can emphasiz

27、e the importance of your paper or redirect the readers thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally.ExampleWithout well-qualified teachers, schools are little more than buildings and equipment. If higher-paying careers continue to attract the

28、 best and the brightest students, there will not only be a shortage of teachers, but the teachers available may not have the best qualifications. Our youth will suffer. And when youth suffers, the future suffers.13Strategies4. Posing questions: Posing questions, either to your readers or in general,

29、 may help your readers gain a new perspective on the topic, which they may not have held before reading your conclusion. It may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning.Example:Campaign advertisements should help us understand the candidates qualifications and positions on the iss

30、ues. Instead, most tell us what a boob or knave the opposing candidate is, or they present general images of the candidate as a family person or God-fearing American. Do such advertisements contribute to creating an informed electorate or a people who choose political leaders the same way they choos

31、e soft drinks and soap?14ConclusionIn your conclusions, address the following: reach conclusions about the initial objectives show advantages of your method over previously published methods state open problems identify needed next steps in research on the problem 15論文的結(jié)論部分 1 結(jié)論的內(nèi)容 2 寫作要點 3 寫作要求 4 寫

32、作時態(tài)16 結(jié)論又稱結(jié)束語、結(jié)語。是最終的總體的概括，結(jié)論又稱結(jié)束語、結(jié)語。是最終的總體的概括，也可寫建議、對策、設(shè)想，或提出研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的也可寫建議、對策、設(shè)想，或提出研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的尚待解決的問題。它是在理論分析和實驗驗證的尚待解決的問題。它是在理論分析和實驗驗證的基礎(chǔ)上，通過嚴(yán)密的邏輯推理而得出的富有創(chuàng)造基礎(chǔ)上，通過嚴(yán)密的邏輯推理而得出的富有創(chuàng)造性、指導(dǎo)性、經(jīng)驗性的結(jié)果描述。它又以自身的性、指導(dǎo)性、經(jīng)驗性的結(jié)果描述。它又以自身的條理性、明確性、客觀性反映了論文或研究成果條理性、明確性、客觀性反映了論文或研究成果的價值。的價值。結(jié)論與引言相呼應(yīng)，同摘要一樣，其作結(jié)論與引言相呼應(yīng)，同摘要一樣，其作

33、用是便于讀者閱讀和為二次文獻(xiàn)作者提供依據(jù)。用是便于讀者閱讀和為二次文獻(xiàn)作者提供依據(jù)。17一般來說可以歸納為以下幾點：一般來說可以歸納為以下幾點： 1 1、歸納性說明研究結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)、歸納性說明研究結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn) 2 2、結(jié)論性說明結(jié)果的可能原因、機(jī)、結(jié)論性說明結(jié)果的可能原因、機(jī)理或意義理或意義 3 3、前瞻性說明未解決的問題、前瞻性說明未解決的問題18 有總結(jié)和小結(jié)之分。有總結(jié)和小結(jié)之分。 小結(jié)小結(jié)文稿篇幅短，內(nèi)容少、簡單，多用于原著論文或短文稿篇幅短，內(nèi)容少、簡單，多用于原著論文或短文的正文之后，它只用較少的文字將全文報告的主要內(nèi)文的正文之后，它只用較少的文字將全文報告的主要內(nèi)容寫出來。內(nèi)容包括主

34、要的結(jié)果、結(jié)論、數(shù)據(jù)，目的在容寫出來。內(nèi)容包括主要的結(jié)果、結(jié)論、數(shù)據(jù)，目的在于闡明本文的成果和理論。于闡明本文的成果和理論。 總結(jié)總結(jié)的內(nèi)容和篇幅較小結(jié)為多，多用于綜述或討論類文稿的內(nèi)容和篇幅較小結(jié)為多，多用于綜述或討論類文稿之后，起著概括主題的作用。從內(nèi)容上說需將全文已論之后，起著概括主題的作用。從內(nèi)容上說需將全文已論述的問題再扼要概括一遍，作者還可以發(fā)表自己的見解述的問題再扼要概括一遍，作者還可以發(fā)表自己的見解和觀點。和觀點。1920 通常情況下，有關(guān)結(jié)論的內(nèi)容都包括在通常情況下，有關(guān)結(jié)論的內(nèi)容都包括在“結(jié)果與討論結(jié)果與討論”或或“討論討論”中，但有時也中，但有時也可將可將“結(jié)論結(jié)論”單獨

35、列為一節(jié)。在單獨列為一節(jié)。在“結(jié)論結(jié)論”中作者應(yīng)清楚、簡潔地敘述自己研究的主中作者應(yīng)清楚、簡潔地敘述自己研究的主要認(rèn)識或論點，要認(rèn)識或論點，其中包括最重要的結(jié)果、其中包括最重要的結(jié)果、結(jié)果的重要蘊(yùn)含、對結(jié)果的說明或認(rèn)識等結(jié)果的重要蘊(yùn)含、對結(jié)果的說明或認(rèn)識等。21 應(yīng)注意的是應(yīng)注意的是，撰寫結(jié)論時不應(yīng)涉及前文不，撰寫結(jié)論時不應(yīng)涉及前文不曾指出的新事實，也不能在結(jié)論中重復(fù)論曾指出的新事實，也不能在結(jié)論中重復(fù)論文中其他章節(jié)中的句子，或者敘述其他不文中其他章節(jié)中的句子，或者敘述其他不重要或與自己研究沒有密切聯(lián)系的內(nèi)容，重要或與自己研究沒有密切聯(lián)系的內(nèi)容，以故意把結(jié)論拉長。以故意把結(jié)論拉長。22 結(jié)論不

36、是研究結(jié)果的簡單重復(fù)，而是對研究結(jié)果結(jié)論不是研究結(jié)果的簡單重復(fù)，而是對研究結(jié)果更深入一步的認(rèn)識，是從正文部分的全部內(nèi)容出更深入一步的認(rèn)識，是從正文部分的全部內(nèi)容出發(fā)，并涉及引言的部分內(nèi)容，經(jīng)過判斷、歸納、發(fā)，并涉及引言的部分內(nèi)容，經(jīng)過判斷、歸納、推理等過程，將研究結(jié)果升華成新的總觀點。其推理等過程，將研究結(jié)果升華成新的總觀點。其內(nèi)容要點內(nèi)容要點如下：如下： 1 1）本研究結(jié)果說明了什么問題，得出了什）本研究結(jié)果說明了什么問題，得出了什么規(guī)律性的東西，解決了什么理論或?qū)嶋H問題；么規(guī)律性的東西，解決了什么理論或?qū)嶋H問題； 2 2）對前人有關(guān)本問題的看法作了哪些檢驗，）對前人有關(guān)本問題的看法作了哪些

37、檢驗，哪些與本研究結(jié)果一致，哪些不一致，作者做了哪些與本研究結(jié)果一致，哪些不一致，作者做了哪些修正、補(bǔ)充、發(fā)展或否定；哪些修正、補(bǔ)充、發(fā)展或否定； 1 結(jié)論的內(nèi)容233 3）本研究的不足之處或遺留問題。）本研究的不足之處或遺留問題。 對于某一篇論文的對于某一篇論文的“結(jié)論結(jié)論”，上述要點，上述要點1 1）是必需的，）是必需的，而而2 2）和）和3 3）視論文的具體內(nèi)容可以有，也可以沒有；）視論文的具體內(nèi)容可以有，也可以沒有；如果不可能導(dǎo)出結(jié)論，也可以沒有結(jié)論而進(jìn)行必要的如果不可能導(dǎo)出結(jié)論，也可以沒有結(jié)論而進(jìn)行必要的討論。討論。 結(jié)論段的格式安排可作如下考慮：結(jié)論段的格式安排可作如下考慮： 如果

38、結(jié)論段的內(nèi)容較多，可以分條來寫，并給以編號，如果結(jié)論段的內(nèi)容較多，可以分條來寫，并給以編號，如如1 1），），2 2），），3 3）等，每條成一段，包括幾句話或）等，每條成一段，包括幾句話或1 1句句話；如果結(jié)論段內(nèi)容較少，可以不分條寫，整個為一話；如果結(jié)論段內(nèi)容較少，可以不分條寫，整個為一段，幾句話。段，幾句話。 結(jié)論里應(yīng)包括必要的數(shù)據(jù)，但主要是用文字表達(dá)，一般結(jié)論里應(yīng)包括必要的數(shù)據(jù)，但主要是用文字表達(dá)，一般不再用插圖和表格。不再用插圖和表格。2416. Conclusion This paper presented the results of initial research into

39、the development of more effective mine safety rules and regulations. Responses from almost 500 mineworkers were analyzed and some simple guidelines established, in particular, regarding rule content. They can be summarized as: 25 (a) Management and regulators should not continue to produce more and

40、more rules and regulations to cover every aspect of mining. Miners will not read nor comprehend to this level of detail.26(b) Detailed prescriptive regulations, detailed safe work procedures, and voluminous safety management plans will not connect with a miner. The aim should be to operate with a fr

41、amework of fewer rules but of the highest quality. (c) Of course, achieving more effective rules and regulations is not the only answer to a safer workplace. Possibly less emphasis should be on content and more about the process. 27 (d) In particular, ensuring that a positive safety culture exists a

42、nd that communication channels are open and working well. This was confirmed in the survey when the expressions simply bad rules or poor rules were rarely blamed for accidents and incidents, risk taking or error-making. (e) It was more the problems of implementation, communication, and learning that

43、 were the main causal factors.282 寫作要點 寫作的要點：內(nèi)容精煉，觀點嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)；正面闡寫作的要點：內(nèi)容精煉，觀點嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)；正面闡述觀點，述觀點，說明與他人不同之處，不反駁、說明與他人不同之處，不反駁、不指責(zé)（指正）、更不攻擊。不指責(zé)（指正）、更不攻擊。（1 1）對結(jié)果的解釋要重點突出，簡潔、清楚。）對結(jié)果的解釋要重點突出，簡潔、清楚。為有效地回答研究問題，可適當(dāng)簡要地回為有效地回答研究問題，可適當(dāng)簡要地回顧研究目的并概括主要結(jié)果，但不能簡單顧研究目的并概括主要結(jié)果，但不能簡單地羅列結(jié)果，因為這種結(jié)果的概括是為討地羅列結(jié)果，因為這種結(jié)果的概括是為討論服務(wù)的。論服務(wù)的。2

44、9（2 2）推論要符合邏輯，）推論要符合邏輯，避免實驗數(shù)據(jù)不足以支持避免實驗數(shù)據(jù)不足以支持的觀點和結(jié)論。的觀點和結(jié)論。根據(jù)結(jié)果進(jìn)行推理時要適度，論根據(jù)結(jié)果進(jìn)行推理時要適度，論證時一定要注意結(jié)論和推論的邏輯性。在探討實證時一定要注意結(jié)論和推論的邏輯性。在探討實驗結(jié)果或觀察事實的相互關(guān)系和科學(xué)意義時，無驗結(jié)果或觀察事實的相互關(guān)系和科學(xué)意義時，無需得出試圖去解釋一切的巨大結(jié)論。如果把數(shù)據(jù)需得出試圖去解釋一切的巨大結(jié)論。如果把數(shù)據(jù)外推到一個更大的、不恰當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)論，不僅無益于外推到一個更大的、不恰當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)論，不僅無益于提高作者的科學(xué)貢獻(xiàn)，甚至現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)所支持的結(jié)提高作者的科學(xué)貢獻(xiàn)，甚至現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)所支持的結(jié)論也受

45、到懷疑。論也受到懷疑。30（3 3）觀點或結(jié)論的表述要清楚、明確。盡可能清）觀點或結(jié)論的表述要清楚、明確。盡可能清楚地指出作者的觀點或結(jié)論，并解釋其支持還楚地指出作者的觀點或結(jié)論，并解釋其支持還是反對早先的工作。結(jié)束討論時，避免使用諸是反對早先的工作。結(jié)束討論時，避免使用諸如如“Future studies are needed.Future studies are needed.”之類蒼白無之類蒼白無力的句子。力的句子。31（4 4）對結(jié)果科學(xué)意義和實際應(yīng)用效果的表達(dá)要實事）對結(jié)果科學(xué)意義和實際應(yīng)用效果的表達(dá)要實事求是，適當(dāng)留有余地。避免使用求是，適當(dāng)留有余地。避免使用“For the fi

46、rst For the first timetime”等類似的優(yōu)先權(quán)聲明。在討論中應(yīng)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)阮愃频膬?yōu)先權(quán)聲明。在討論中應(yīng)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯來區(qū)分推測與事實。例如，的詞匯來區(qū)分推測與事實。例如，可選用可選用“proveprove”，“demonstratedemonstrate”等表示作者堅信觀點等表示作者堅信觀點的真實性的真實性；選用選用“showshow”，“indicateindicate”，“foundfound”等表示作者對問題的答案有某些不確定等表示作者對問題的答案有某些不確定性性；選用；選用“implyimply”，“suggestsuggest”等表示推測；或等表示推測；或者選用情

47、態(tài)動詞者選用情態(tài)動詞“cancan”，“willwill”，“shouldshould”，“probablyprobably”，“maymay”，“couldcould”，“possiblypossibly”等來表示論點的確定性程度。等來表示論點的確定性程度。323 寫作的要求 撰寫的結(jié)論應(yīng)達(dá)到如下要求：撰寫的結(jié)論應(yīng)達(dá)到如下要求： 1 1）概括準(zhǔn)確：措詞嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。結(jié)論是論文最終的、）概括準(zhǔn)確：措詞嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。結(jié)論是論文最終的、總體的總結(jié)，對論文創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容的概括應(yīng)當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確、完總體的總結(jié)，對論文創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容的概括應(yīng)當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確、完整，不要輕易放棄，更整，不要輕易放棄，更不要漏掉一條有價值的結(jié)論，不要漏掉一條有價值的結(jié)論，

48、但也不能憑空杜撰但也不能憑空杜撰。措詞要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語句要像法律條。措詞要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語句要像法律條文那樣，不能模棱兩可，含糊其詞。肯定和否定要文那樣，不能模棱兩可，含糊其詞?？隙ê头穸ㄒ鞔_，明確，一般不用一般不用“大概大概”、“也許也許”、“可能是可能是”這類詞語這類詞語。332 2）明確具體，簡短精練。結(jié)論段有相對的獨）明確具體，簡短精練。結(jié)論段有相對的獨立性，立性，專業(yè)讀者和情報人員可以只看摘要和專業(yè)讀者和情報人員可以只看摘要和（或）結(jié)論而能大致了解論文反映的成果和（或）結(jié)論而能大致了解論文反映的成果和成果的價值，成果的價值，所以結(jié)論段應(yīng)提供明確、具體所以結(jié)論段應(yīng)提供明確、具體的定性和定量的信息。

49、對要點要具體表述，的定性和定量的信息。對要點要具體表述，不能用抽象和籠統(tǒng)的語言?？勺x性要強(qiáng)，如不能用抽象和籠統(tǒng)的語言?？勺x性要強(qiáng)，如一般不單用量符號，而宜用量名稱，比如，一般不單用量符號，而宜用量名稱，比如，說說“T T與與呈正比關(guān)系呈正比關(guān)系”不如說不如說“溫度溫度與壓力呈正比關(guān)系與壓力呈正比關(guān)系”易讀。語言要錘煉，易讀。語言要錘煉，刪去可有可無的詞語。刪去可有可無的詞語。343 3）不作自我評價不作自我評價。論文的真正價值是通過具。論文的真正價值是通過具體體“結(jié)論結(jié)論”來體現(xiàn)的，不宜用如來體現(xiàn)的，不宜用如“本研究本研究具有國際先進(jìn)水平具有國際先進(jìn)水平”、“本研究結(jié)果屬國本研究結(jié)果屬國內(nèi)首創(chuàng)

50、內(nèi)首創(chuàng)”、“本研究結(jié)果填補(bǔ)了國內(nèi)空白本研究結(jié)果填補(bǔ)了國內(nèi)空白”一類語句來作自我評價。一類語句來作自我評價。354寫作時態(tài) 根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而定。論述所做的研究工作根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而定。論述所做的研究工作通常用一般過去時；論述普遍現(xiàn)象通常用通常用一般過去時；論述普遍現(xiàn)象通常用一般現(xiàn)在時有時也用一般過去時一般現(xiàn)在時有時也用一般過去時Conclusions Conclusions 簡述研究內(nèi)容強(qiáng)調(diào)實驗結(jié)果，簡述研究內(nèi)容強(qiáng)調(diào)實驗結(jié)果，跟跟Abstract Abstract 可能有部分重復(fù)?？赡苡胁糠种貜?fù)。與與AbstractAbstract的區(qū)別是的區(qū)別是Abstract Abstract 也要強(qiáng)調(diào)研也要強(qiáng)調(diào)

51、研究內(nèi)容以敘事為主的風(fēng)格究內(nèi)容以敘事為主的風(fēng)格361 1過去時過去時（1 1）涉及本研究的內(nèi)容）涉及本研究的內(nèi)容（2 2）涉及他人研究過程的內(nèi)容）涉及他人研究過程的內(nèi)容（3 3）作者認(rèn)為只適用于本研究環(huán)境和）作者認(rèn)為只適用于本研究環(huán)境和條件的結(jié)論條件的結(jié)論372 2現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)在時（1 1）指示性說明）指示性說明（2 2）普遍接受的思想、理論或結(jié)論）普遍接受的思想、理論或結(jié)論（3 3）作者認(rèn)為本研究結(jié)論具有普遍意）作者認(rèn)為本研究結(jié)論具有普遍意義義（4 4）前瞻性說明）前瞻性說明38結(jié)論部分常用句型1結(jié)果提示：These results suggest that舉例：These data confi

52、rm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes in Nigeria.392結(jié)果支持或反對某種觀點： These results support the idea that；These results fail to support the idea that舉例：These results do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterol concentration cause mood disturbance. 403表示觀點的確定或不確定性：There is no

53、 evidence that；It is likely/unlikely that 舉例：There is no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism or mass.414具有具有意義：意義：Be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance into 舉例：舉例：The detection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis.425前瞻性說明：前瞻性說明：remain t

54、o be further studied；It is remains to be proved that 舉例：舉例：However, the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to be further studied.436插入語： This is the first case of pancreas divisum.舉例：This is the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum.44 This work represents one of the

55、few available studies on smolder ignition. The results show a strict requirement for igniting a self-sustaining forward smoldering reaction of a porous combustible such as open-cell, unrewarded polyurethane. The ignition behavior is primarily determined by the igniter power, time of power input, and

56、 fuel-igniter interface temperature. The magnitude of these parameters can be modeled by the solution of the energy equation describing the smolder process. 45 The experimental results show a minimum energy and temperature requirement for a given input heat flux to initiate a self-sustaining smolder front. A smolder ignition diagram with a well defined boundary between the ignition and no-ignition regimes has been developed w