學(xué)術(shù)英語(理工)詳解答案_Unit 5（課堂PPT）

1、1學(xué)術(shù)英語學(xué)術(shù)英語 理工理工Academic English for Science and Engineering23Unit Contents1 Definition2 Two types of research paper3 Writing an introduction4 Writing the body of a secondary research essay5 Writing the body of a primary research essay6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusion7 Writing an abstract8 Writ

2、ing a reference list9 Academic writing style10 Proofreading11 ListeningUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay41 Definition1 DefinitionTask 1Text 15 Genetically Modified FoodsFeed the World?Text 16 Influence of Genetically Modified Soya on the Birth Weight and Survival of Rat PupsText 17 Clinical Risk Assess

3、ment of GM FoodsTask 2Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay51 Text 15 is an ordinary essay while text 16 and 17 are research articles.2 For example, Text 16 and 17 use many previous findings and have their abstracts and reference lists, all of which Text 15 lacks.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1

4、 Definition6Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssayl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 151 Definition1 Definition1 What does “the genetic is out of the bottle” mean according to the author?The author means that in fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives.7l

5、 Additional questions for your understanding of Text 152 How can biotech help?Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta carotenewhich the body converts into vitamin Aand additional iron, and they are working on other kinds of nutritionally improved crops.

6、Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil, and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition8l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 153 Why do

7、es the author think that biotech is far from the whole answer?In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition9l Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 c 10 d 1 b

8、2 i3 e4 f6 h7 g8 a9 j Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition10l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 (基因上地) engineering2 advantages (比重要) disadvantages greatly3 (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) construction4 (統(tǒng)計(jì)) analysis5 will soon (解決) all the difficulties6 (金融的)

9、 institution7 (嚴(yán)格的) discipline8 (點(diǎn)燃) the flames of revolution9 be in (合作) with your partner10 a(n) (絕望的) cry for help11 (改變) the bad habitgeneticallyoutweighinfrastructurestatisticsresolvefinancialrigoroussparkcollaborationdesperatealterUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition11l Enhan

10、cing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.12 resources of (可耕種的) land13 (緩和) criticism with reason14 (游說以爭取) for the funds15 He is at the (領(lǐng)先地位).16 a(n) (一系列) of information17 be (缺乏的) in nutrition18 be (限制) to adults19 (沒有根據(jù)的) suspicions20 Coal can be (使轉(zhuǎn)變) to gas.2

11、1 a(n) (毀滅性的) hurricane22 (主要的) exports of this country23 (轉(zhuǎn)變) dream into realitycultivabletemperlobbyleading-edgearraydeficientrestrictedunfoundedconverteddevastatingstapletransformUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition12l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph.True,

12、 GM foods are (已成為我們生活的一部分), and farmers (迫切地想要) use the biotechnology as (能提高稻谷產(chǎn)量), yet we need a deep philosophical discussion of its implication. We still remember that when pesticides were first introduced, they also were praised as absolutely safe and as a miracle cure for farmers. (盡管這么多保證), d

13、ecades later the technology revealed its truer lethal implications. Hence, any technology (應(yīng)該進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的測試) before its wide application. already very much a part of our liveshave a strong incentive toit can raise overall crop productivityBut for all that promisesubjected to rigorous testingshould beUnit 5

14、Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition13l Enhancing your academic language1 特別是在有悠久的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)傳統(tǒng)和主張環(huán)保的游說集團(tuán)的國家里，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。2 在富裕的國家里，由于有大量豐富的食品可供選擇，而且供應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過需求，所以關(guān)于生物技術(shù)的爭論相對緩和一些。3 生物技術(shù)專家已經(jīng)培育出了含有-胡蘿卜素身體可將之轉(zhuǎn)化為維生素A和更多鐵元素的轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻，目前正在研究培育其他一些增進(jìn)營養(yǎng)成分的農(nóng)作物。Translate the following sentences from Text 15

15、into Chinese.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition14l Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 15 into Chinese.4 轉(zhuǎn)基因的抗病毒作物可以減少這種損失，就像抗干旱種子在耕地面積因缺水而受到限制的地區(qū)起到的作用一樣。5 尤其在運(yùn)輸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后的國家，地理?xiàng)l件對食物供給的限制正如遺傳學(xué)為食物供給帶來的希望一樣大。Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Defini

16、tion1 Definition15l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 16 What are the three study groups in the investigation of the influence of GM soya on the birthrate and survival of the offspring of Wistar rats? A group of female rats fed by GM soya flour beforemating and pregnancy; A control

17、 group of females fed by traditional soya; A positive control group received feed without any soya.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition16l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 162 What are the four main sources of hazards of GMO that are discussed by scientists world

18、wide? 1) those due to the new genes, and gene productsintroduced; 2) unintended effects inherent to the technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; 4) those arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination as well as byhorizontal gene transfer.Unit

19、5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition17l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 163 What are the two possible factors that the negative effect of GM soya on the newborn pups could be mediated?Firstly, it can be the result of transformation, and insertion of the foreign genes

20、, which could enter into the sexual/stem cells, or/and into cells of the fetus, as it was observed by Schubbert et al. (1998). Secondly, negative effect of GM soya could be mediated by the accumulation of Roundup residues in GM soya residues.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition18l

21、Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 i 10 d 1 f 2 c3 e4 a6 h7 g8 j9 b Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition19l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 Fog (限制) visibility.2 The sun rises from the (水平的) lin

22、e.3 Early detection of cancers is (重要地) important.4 put a coin into the (插入) slot5 failed to (獲得) a scholarship6 the (功能) of an adjective7 The magician (改變) the frog into a princess.8 the official (文件) concerning the sale of this land9 the determinate (因素) of our economy10 make a thorough (調(diào)查) into

23、the affairrestrictshorizontalvitallyinsertionobtainfunctiontransformeddocumentsfactorinvestigationUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition20l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.11 (堅(jiān)持) in ones efforts12 The artwork was a (構(gòu)成物) of wire and tu

24、bes.13 working out a payment (方案)14 Falling rates of child (死亡率) are also significant.15 eat a small (部分) of food16 A (殘留物) of the shampoo can build up on the hair.17 (承擔(dān)) a project with significance18 be complained of (性別的) harassment19 have difficulty in becoming (懷孕的)persistconstructschememortali

25、typortionresidueundertakesexualpregnantUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition2120 The demonstrators (分配) leaflets to passers-by.21 the old salary paled in (相比) with the offer22 (組織學(xué)) involves looking at cells under a microscope.23 I (假定) that an agreement will eventually be reached.2

26、4 A(n) (積累) of data will be processed.25 Smoking is (有害的) to health.26 All (途徑) to the city were blocked.27 lose the (最佳的) time to defeat the enemy28 a system used to (分配) a scarce commodityl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.distributedcomparisonHistolo

27、gypresumeaccumulationdetrimentalapproachesoptimalallocateUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition22According to our literature review, (早已得到證實(shí)) that there are diverse relationships between early life factors and adult health. (以前一些論文認(rèn)為) that these relationships span a range of health o

28、utcomes which, in some instances, manifest several decades later. (論文假定) health outcomes of early biological insults could depend on the subsequent social and biological environment. Our studies prove that adult disease will be more fully understood when account is taken of the combined effects of s

29、ocial and biological risk occurring at different life stages, (正如圖表五所顯示的).l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph.it has been well establishedIt was thought in several previous papersIt was supposed thatas is evident from Table 5Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition

30、23l Enhancing your academic language1 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估文件中提到，被轉(zhuǎn)變植物中的轉(zhuǎn)基因成分與植物中所含的其它基因材料都在人和動(dòng)物的消化道中一并被摧毀。2 因此，我們決定進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)研究來探尋雌性鼠的主要飲食為美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)大豆（一種轉(zhuǎn)基因食品）的情況下，最常見的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對大鼠幼崽生育率、死亡率和體重增加的影響。3 眾所周知，生大豆含有大量的抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)素如凝集素，胰蛋白酶抑制劑（普茲泰等人, 1998），以及女性激素類物質(zhì)，因此，有必要將沒有補(bǔ)充大豆粉控制對照組的動(dòng)物與這些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行對照研究。Translate the following sentences from Text 1

31、6 into Chinese.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition24l Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 16 into Chinese.4 更令人吃驚的是，由于幼崽更小，約一半大小，因此會(huì)有更多奶提供給單個(gè)的幼崽。5 然而，沒有觀測到雌性大鼠的死亡率，也沒有觀察到存活的幼崽的死亡率，盡管它們也開始吃轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆，可以推測，（轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆的）負(fù)面影響可能被前面的兩個(gè)因素中和了。Unit 5Writing an

32、 AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition25l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 171 What are the main concerns about adverse effects of genetically modified foods on health?The main concerns about adverse effects of genetically modified (GM) foods on health are the transfer of antibiot

33、ic resistance, toxicity and allergenicity.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition26l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 172 What are the four main approaches by which plants are manipulated by genetic “engineering”?gene insertion using a bacterial vector; (ii) micro b

34、allistic impregnation;(iii) poration(iv) gene neutralisation by means of antisense technology, homologous recombination (gene knock out) and gene replacement.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition27l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 173 Compared to which are GM foo

35、ds a precise and safe manner of genetic alteration in plants?Traditional plant breeding methods.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition28l Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 a 10 h 1 c 2 f3 i4 g6 b7 d8 j9 e Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definiti

36、on1 Definition291 (嚴(yán)厲的) safety measures2 (操作) the lights to get the desirable effect3 (辨別) between right and wrong4 (促使) her to renew her insurance5 (進(jìn)步) in ones career6 The (方案) no longer seems unrealistic.7 (推論) a conclusion from facts8 close (繁殖)9 a(n) (相反的) decisionl Enhancing your academic lang

37、uageComplete the following expressions or sentences.stringentmanipulatedistinguishpromptadvancescenarioderivebreedingadverseUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition30l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.10 illness (導(dǎo)致) by overwork11 (引起) one

38、s interest12 a great (多樣的) of methods13 (保持) appearance of youth14 (共識(shí)) politics15 (轉(zhuǎn)移) of wealth from taxpayers to savers16 social (穩(wěn)定)17 make a few (改變) to the house18 (合并) of the organizationinducedprovokediversityretainconsensustransferstabilityalterationsincorporationUnit 5Writing an AcademicEs

39、say1 Definition1 Definition3119 a(n) (關(guān)鍵的) point in the campaign20 a somewhat haphazard and (斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的) schooling21 the (取代) of conventional weapons by nuclear weapons22 (修改) a thesis23 loss (估計(jì))24 a TV program (著重反映) the unemployment probleml Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expre

40、ssions or sentences.criticaldiscontinuousreplacementreviseassessmenthighlightingUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition32 (有證據(jù)表明) the benefits of cloning are limitless. (提供了一種可能) able to create human organs in order to replace faulty ones. (還確保這樣一種可能) stem cells that could be used to

41、cure terminal illnesses, cancer, and several other physical anomalies. (盡管這個(gè)技術(shù)有很多潛在優(yōu)點(diǎn)), (但出現(xiàn)一些深深的擔(dān)憂，涉及到) medical and ethical problems. l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph.There is evidence thatIt offers a possibility of beingcreatingpotential benefits of this technologyserious c

42、oncerns have been raised concerning bothIt also ensure a probability ofDespiteUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition(To be continued)33l Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph. (主要的擔(dān)憂是) the frightening possibilities of the creation of “super-humans” with unnatural phy

43、sical and mental capabilities and idealized “perfect children” for prospective parents. Hence, (我們要謹(jǐn)慎發(fā)展) in the future, assessing cloning (在把其運(yùn)用到實(shí)踐中之前，考慮其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和危險(xiǎn)性).The main concerns areon the basis of its merits and risks prior to applying it into practical useproceed cautiouslyUnit 5Writing an Academ

44、icEssay1 Definition1 Definitionwe need to34l Enhancing your academic language1 詳細(xì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：巴西堅(jiān)果中2S蛋白是巴西堅(jiān)果的主要過敏原；轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆中的最新顯露的蛋白保持了其過敏性，因此，可能促使對巴西堅(jiān)果過敏的病人發(fā)生臨床反應(yīng)。2 第二個(gè)問題是：由于不清楚為什么有的蛋白過敏，而有的不會(huì)，因此更難預(yù)測新的轉(zhuǎn)基因是否表達(dá)新的過敏原、是否導(dǎo)致再次過敏。3 但是也存在明顯的例外，特別是關(guān)于水果過敏原，缺乏這些特征就不能大膽地預(yù)測蛋白不引發(fā)過敏。Translate the following sentences from

45、 Text 17 into Chinese.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition35l Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 17 into Chinese.4 不能根據(jù)氨基酸序列同源性來預(yù)測交叉反應(yīng)性通常是因?yàn)檎郫B蛋白中出現(xiàn)了不連續(xù)（非線性）氨基酸序列組成的構(gòu)象型抗原。5 有一致的報(bào)道建議：對食物的逐級(jí)評價(jià)應(yīng)考慮基因的來源、與已知過敏原進(jìn)行的氨基酸序列對比、免疫學(xué)分析（體外和體內(nèi)的）以及基因產(chǎn)物的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)

46、。Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition361 Genetically modified crops are the most successful agricultural innovation in history. Theyre good for the environment because they keep less carbon dioxide going from the soil into the atmosphere and they reduce pesticide use. Whats more, t

47、hey increase crop yield, thus reducing the use of more agricultural areas and improving soil quality.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition372 The speaker has similar opinion as the writer of Text 15. They have positive attitude towards GM food as it can increase crop yield and solve

48、 the problems of starvation and soil. But the writer of Text 16 is very cautious about GM food, whose experiment proves that there are some harmful influence of GM food on the birth-weight and survival of rat pups. The writer of Text 17 is a little more optimistic though there are some adverse effec

49、ts of GM foods.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay1 Definition1 Definition382 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paperTwo types of research paperTask 1Task 2 Task 3Task 4Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay39There are two major kinds of academic paper:l primary research paper: primary research

50、paper: the study of a subject through firsthand investigation, involving presenting original ideas and information on your own - survey-or-experiment-based researchl secondary research paper:secondary research paper:involving gathering and analyzing the research findings from other peoples research

51、- library-or-Internet-based researchUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paper401 Text 16 is a primary research essay while Text 17 a secondary research one.2 Text 16 contains a methods section as it conducts an empirical study. Text 17, however, is an p

52、ersuasive article based on the analysis of previous and current research findings.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paper411 The first abstract is from the article of primary research, and the second one is form secondary research. According to the ab

53、stract, the article carries out a small scale survey designed to ascertain details of student knowledge and misconceptions about these environmental issues.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paper42In the introduction part of his paper he devises such

54、research questions as “”will the consumers acceptance of GM folds vary from food to food?”, “Is there any different change in the college students attitude toward different GM food products?” and so on. The method he uses is the questionnaires which are administered to students of different majors.

55、The method is appropriate for it can elicit the answers.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paper43Topic 1. Yes. Interviews with some of the students will be much better.Topic 2. Yes. Topic 3. Yes. Interviews with some experts in this field will be much

56、 better.Topic 4. Yes. Interviews with some of the children will be much better. Topic 5. Yes Topic 6. Yes Topic 7. YesUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paper44Topic 8. Yes. Interviews with some of the students will be much better.Topic 9. Yes. Topic 1

57、0. Yes. Topic 11. Some experiments will be much better. Topic 12. Yes. Topic 13. Yes. Interviews with some of the subjects will be much better.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paper2 Two types of research paper45Elements of an introductionHow to make the statement of purposeTask

58、 1Task 2 Task 3Task 4 3 Writing an introduction3 Writing an introductionUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay46Elements of an introduction:l 1) Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.l 2) Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.l 3) Provide the r

59、elevant background information/context of the topic.l 4) Review the previous related studies and point out their limitation if necessary.l 5) State the purpose/objective of the essay.l 6) Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.l 7) Justify your choice of the topic or give the rea

60、sons for your research.l 8) Explain how the essay will be organized (the outline of the essay).Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introduction3 Writing an introduction47How to make the statement of purpose:Purpose + Action Verb + TopicUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introduction3