管理學(xué)專業(yè)術(shù)語(中英文對照)

1、1 .管理與組織導(dǎo)論管理者：(manager)基層管理者：(first-line managers)中層管理者：(middle managers)高層管理者：(top managers)管理:(management)效率:(efficiency)效果 effectiveness)“劃:(planning)組織：(organizing)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)"leading)控制:(controlling)管理角色“management roles)人際關(guān)系角色interpersonal roles)信息傳遞角色"informational roles)決策制定角色:(descisional

2、roles)技術(shù)技能：(technical skills)人際技能：(human skills)概念技能：(conceptual skills)管理的普遍性;(universality of management)2 .管理的歷史勞動分工:(division of labor)工作專業(yè)化：(job specialization)工業(yè)革命:(industrific revolution)科學(xué)管理"scientific management)一般行政管理理論”general administrative theory)管理原則：(principles of management)官僚行政

3、組織:(bureaucracy)定量方5去quantitative approach) 組織行為：(organizational behavior) 霍桑研究系統(tǒng)：(Hawthorne studies systems) 封閉系統(tǒng)乂dosed systems)開放系統(tǒng)：(open systems)權(quán)變理論：(contingency approach) 勞動力多元化乂workforce diversity)電子企業(yè):(e-business)電子商務(wù)：(e-commerce)內(nèi)部網(wǎng):(intranet)學(xué)習(xí)型組織“l(fā)earning organization) 知識管理"knowledge

4、management) 質(zhì)量管理:(quality management)3 .組織文化與環(huán)境管理萬能論：(omnipotent view of management) 管理象征論:(symbolil view of management) 組織文化organization culture) 強文化strong cultures)社會化乂 socialization)工作場所精神境界“workplace spirituality) 外部于不境:(external environment)具體環(huán)境"specific environment) 一般環(huán)境"general envi

5、ronment) 環(huán)境的不確定性乂environment uncertainty) 環(huán)境的復(fù)雜性：(environment complexity) 利益相關(guān)群體:(stakholders)4 .全球環(huán)境中的管理狹隘主義parochialism)民族中心論"ethnocentric attitude)多國中心論:(polycentric attitude)全球中心論"geocentric attitude)跨國公司:(multinational corporation)多 國公司:(multidomestic corporation)全球公司:(global company)

6、跨國或無邊界組織transnational or boredrless organization)初始全球化組織：(bom globals)全球外購:(global sourcing)出 口 exporting)進口 importing)許可證經(jīng)營：(licensing)許可經(jīng)營 4franchising)戰(zhàn)略同盟：(strategic alliance)合資企業(yè)"joint venture)外國子公司“foreign subsidiary)市場經(jīng)濟：(market economy)計戈lj經(jīng)濟：(command economy)民族文化"national culture)

7、5 .社會責(zé)任與管理道德古典觀點"classical view)社會經(jīng)濟學(xué)觀點乂socioeconomic view)社會義務(wù)4social obligation)社會響應(yīng):(social responsiveness)社會責(zé)任”social responsinility)社會屏障篩選:(social screening)管理的綠色化：(gerrning of management)以價值觀為基礎(chǔ)的管理：(values-based management)道德:(ethics)自我強度控制點：(ego strength locus of control)道德準(zhǔn)則:(code of et

8、hics)社會企業(yè)家"social entrepreneur)社會影響管理social impact management)6 .制定決策決策：(decisions)決策制定過程：(decision-making process)決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題：(decision criteria problem)理性的:(rational)有限理性Abounded rationality)滿意的承諾升級satisfied escalation of commitment)直覺決策intuitive decision making)結(jié)構(gòu)良好問題:(structured problems)程序化決策”p

9、rogrammed decision)程序:(procedure)規(guī)則:(rule)政策"policy)結(jié)構(gòu)不良問題unstructured problems)非程序化決策：(nonprogrammed decisions)確定性:(certainty)風(fēng)險性:(risk)命令型風(fēng)格"directive style)分析型風(fēng)格“analytic style)概念型風(fēng)格：(conceptual style)行為型風(fēng)格：(behavioral style)啟發(fā)法:(heuristics)7 .計劃的基礎(chǔ)陳述目標(biāo)“stated goals)真實目標(biāo):(real goals)戰(zhàn)略計

10、劃：(strategic plans)運營il戈"operational plans)長期計劃:(long-term plans)短期 I 卜劃：(short-term plans)具體計戈lj“specific plans)方向性計劃:(directional plans)一次性 ”劃:(single-used plans)持續(xù)性計劃:(standing plans)傳統(tǒng)目標(biāo):(traditional goal setting)手段-目標(biāo)鏈:(means-ends chain) 目標(biāo)管理:(management by objectives)使命 Emission)承諾概念乂comm

11、itment concept)正式計戈lj部門formal planning department)8 .戰(zhàn)略管理戰(zhàn)略管理:(strategic management)組織戰(zhàn)略商業(yè)模式“strategies business model) 戰(zhàn)略管理過程:(strategic management process)opportunities)威脅threats)資源resources)能力”capabilities)核心競爭力：(core competencies)SWOT 分析法:(SWOT analysis)公司層戰(zhàn)略“corporate strategy)增長戰(zhàn)略:(growth stra

12、tegy)相關(guān)多元化related diversification) 非相關(guān)多元化：(unrelated diversification) 穩(wěn)定性戰(zhàn)略:(stability strategy) 更新戰(zhàn)略renewal strategies) 緊縮戰(zhàn)略|retrenchment strategy) 扭轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)略乂turnaround strategy) BCG 矩陣:(BCG matrix) 業(yè)務(wù)層戰(zhàn)略：(business strategy) 戰(zhàn)略業(yè)務(wù)單元4strategic business units) 競爭優(yōu)勢:(competitive advantage) 成本領(lǐng)先戰(zhàn)略：(cost lead

13、ership strategy) 遵循差異化戰(zhàn)略乂differentiation strategy) 聚焦戰(zhàn)略：(focus strategy) 徘徊其間stuck in the middle) 戰(zhàn)略靈活性"strategic flexibility) 市場先入者：(first mover)9 .計劃的工具技術(shù)環(huán)境掃描：(environment scanning) 競爭對手情報.competitor intelligence) 預(yù)測forecasts)定量預(yù)測quantitative forecasting) 定性預(yù)測乂qualitative forecasting) 標(biāo)桿比較 be

14、nchmarking)資源resources)預(yù)算budget)甘特圖:(Gantt chart)負(fù)荷圖:(load chart)事件events)計劃評審技術(shù)：(the program evaluation and review technique)活動:(activities)松弛時間:(slack time)關(guān)鍵路徑4critical path)盈虧平衡分析breakeven analysis)線性規(guī)劃"linear programming)項目管理:(project management)腳本scenario)10 .組織結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計組織結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)il，:(organazation

15、al structure design)工作專門化:(work specialization)職能部門化：(functional departmentalization)產(chǎn)品部門化：(product departmentalization)地X 部I、J化:(geographical departmentalization)過程部I I化：(process departmentalization)顧客部門化:(customer departmentalization)跨職自昌團隊：(cross-functional teams)指揮鏈乂chain of command)職權(quán)：(authorit

16、y)職責(zé):(responsib 訃 ity)統(tǒng)一指揮：(unity of command)管理跨度：(span of control)集權(quán)化centralization)分權(quán)化decentralization)員工授權(quán)：(employee empowerment) 正規(guī)化乂 formalization)Hl械式組織:(mechanistic organization) 有81 式組織:(organic organization) 單件生產(chǎn)：(unit production) 大批量生產(chǎn):(mass production) 連續(xù)生產(chǎn)：(process production) 簡單結(jié)構(gòu)"

17、simple structure) 職能型結(jié)構(gòu):(flanctional structure) 事業(yè)部型結(jié)構(gòu)divisional structure) 團隊結(jié)構(gòu)乂team structure) 矩陣型結(jié)構(gòu)：(matrix structure) 項目型結(jié)構(gòu)：(project structure) 無邊界組織:(boundaryless organization) 虛擬組織“virtual organization) 學(xué)習(xí)型組織"learning organization) 組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖organizational charts)11 .溝通與信息技術(shù)溝通communication)人際勾

18、通:(interpersonal communication) 組織;勾通:(organizational communication) 信息：(message) 編碼:(encoding)解碼decoding)溝通過程:(communication process)噪聲:(noise)語言;勾通：(nonverbal communication)體態(tài)語言：(body language)語調(diào)：(verbal intonation)過濾Altering)信息超載：(information overload)積極傾聽“active listening)正式溝通:(formal communicat

19、ion)正式溝通:(informal communication)下行溝通：(upward communication)橫向溝通lateral communication)斜向溝通(diagonal communication)溝通網(wǎng)絡(luò):(communication networks)小道消息：(grape-vine)電子郵件：()即時消息:(instant messaging)音頻郵件:(voic)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換：(electrinic data interchange)電話會議：(teleconferencing)可視會議:(videoconferencing)網(wǎng)絡(luò)會議：(webconfer

20、encing)內(nèi)部互聯(lián)網(wǎng)“intranet)外部互聯(lián)網(wǎng)：(Extranet)實踐社區(qū)：(communities practive)12 .人力資源管理高績效工作實務(wù)：(high-performance work practices)人力資源管理過程“human resource management process)工會(labor union)反優(yōu)先雇傭行動計劃“affirmative action)人力資源規(guī)劃"human resource planning)職務(wù)分析：(job analysis)職務(wù)說明書：(job description)職務(wù)規(guī)范：(job specifica

21、tion)招聘：(recruitment)解聘:(decriuitment)甄選"selection)效度:(validity)信度"reliability)工作抽樣：(work samping)評估中心:(assessment centers)真實工作預(yù)覽:(relistic job preview)上崗培訓(xùn):(orientation)績效管理系統(tǒng)：(performance management system)書面描述法"written essay)關(guān)鍵事件法"critical incidents)訓(xùn)”分表:去：(graphic rating scal

22、es)行為定位評分法：(behaviorally anchored rating scales) 多人比較:去:(multiperson comparisons)360 度反饋法:(360-degree feedback)基于技能薪酬：(skill-based pay)浮動工資:(variable pay)精簡機構(gòu):(downsizing)性騷擾：(sexual harassment)基于家庭的福利：(family-friendly benefits)13 .變革與創(chuàng)新管理組織變革：(organizational change)變革推動者：(change agent)組織發(fā)展:(organiz

23、ational development)壓力:(stress)14 .行為的基礎(chǔ)行為：(behavior)組織行為學(xué)organizational behavior)員工生產(chǎn)率4employee productivity)離職率(turnover)組織公民行為“organizational citizen behavior)工作滿意度:(job satisfaction)工作場所不當(dāng)行為態(tài)度:(workplace misbehavior attitudes)認(rèn)知彳亍為：(cognitive component)情感成分：(affective component)行為成分：(behavior co

24、mponent)組織承諾:(organizational commitment)組織支持!威：(perceived organizational support)認(rèn)知失調(diào)：(cognitive dissonance)態(tài)度調(diào)查“attitude surveys)人格:(personality)馬基雅維里主義:(machiavellianism)自尊:(self-esteem)自我控制：(self-monitoring)印象管理:(impression management)情緒demotion)情緒智力|emotional Intelligence)知覺：(perception)歸因理論:(at

25、tribution theory)基本歸因錯誤fundamental attribution error)自我服務(wù)偏見:(self-serving bias)假設(shè)相似性：(assumed similarity)刻板印象stereotyping)暈輪效應(yīng):(halo effect)操作性條件反射:(operant conditioning)社會學(xué)習(xí)理論:(social learning theory)行為塑造"shaping behavior)15 .理解群體與團隊群體：(group)形成階段"forming)震蕩階段"storming)規(guī)范階段:(norming)

26、執(zhí)行階段"performing)解體階段"adjourning)群體思維：(groupthink)地位:(status)社會情化:(social loafing)群體內(nèi)聚力：(group cohesiveness)沖突"conflict)沖突的傳統(tǒng)觀點traditional view of conflict)沖突的人際關(guān)系觀點：(human relations view of conflict) 沖突的交互作用觀點：(interactionist view of conflict) 積極沖突：(functional conflict)消極沖突：(disfuncti

27、onal conflict)任務(wù)沖突：(task conflict)關(guān)系沖突式relationship conflict)過程沖突：(process conflict)工作團隊：(workteams)自我管理團隊：(self-managed work teams)跨職能團隊"cross-functional team)虛擬團隊4virtual team)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)造“social network structure)16 .激勵員工動機:(motivation)需要層次理論：(hierarchy of needs theory) 雙因素理論：(two-factor theory)保健

28、因素hygiene factors)激勵因素：(motivators)三種需要理論:(three-needs theory)成就需要Xneed for achievement)權(quán)力需要：(need for power)歸屬需要：(need for affiliation)目標(biāo)設(shè)置理論:(goal-setting theory)自我效能感:(self-efficacy)強化理論"reinforcement theory)強化物：(reinforcerj工作設(shè)計:(job design)工作擴大化：(job enlargement)工作豐富化：(job enrichment)工作深度:(

29、job depth)工作特征模型:(job characteristics model) 公平理論“equity theory)參照對象:(referents)分配公平"distributive justice)程序公平：(procedural justice)期望理論“expectancy theory)壓縮工作周:(compressed workweek)彈性工作制"flexible work hours)彈性時間制:(flextime)工作分擔(dān):(job sharing)遠(yuǎn)程辦公：(telecommuting)賬目公開管理:(open-book management)

30、員工認(rèn)可方案:(employee recognition programs)績效 1：資方案:(pay-for-performance program)股票期權(quán)：(stock options)17 .領(lǐng)導(dǎo)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者Xleader)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)"leadership)行為理論"behavioral theories)獨裁型風(fēng)格:(authoeratic style)民主型風(fēng)格“democratic style)放任型風(fēng)格:(laissez-faire style)定規(guī)維度initiating structure)關(guān)懷維度 consideration)高-高型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者"high-h

31、igh leader)管理方格managerial grid)權(quán)變模型：(contingency model)最對£共事著 可卷：(least-preferred co-worker questionnaire)情境領(lǐng)導(dǎo)理論：(situational leadership theory)成熟度readiness)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者參與模型"leader participation model)路徑-目標(biāo)理論:(path-goal theory)交易型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者：(transactional leaders)變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者"transformational leaders)領(lǐng)袖魅力型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者：(charismatic leader)愿景規(guī)劃型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：(visionary