與課文相配寫作材料學(xué)生用

1、 Cause and Effect（因果關(guān)系）I. 學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：了解因果關(guān)系的寫作方法II. 概述：在日常生活中，當(dāng)我們需要就某一主題發(fā)表見解時，就需要用因果關(guān)系的方法來解釋原因或告知結(jié)果（好/壞）。這種寫作方法稱為因果關(guān)系(Cause and Effect)。因果關(guān)系寫作方法也是大學(xué)英語四、六級考試寫作部分的主要段落發(fā)展模式中的一種。因果關(guān)系一般分為兩種：一種是討論事情發(fā)生的原因，稱為Cause Essay；另一種是討論特定的事物發(fā)生后會產(chǎn)生什么結(jié)果，稱為Effect Essay。其結(jié)構(gòu)是：(1) Cause Essay Cause Essay重點主題句和支撐句之間的關(guān)系段落發(fā)展模式 Caus

2、e 1 Effect Cause 2Cause 3常用連接詞 One reason, In addition, another reason, Finally First of all, Second, In addition, Finally實例Example 1 :1 It is difficult for workers to find employment this years. （主題句）2 One reason is that many industries are not hiring new workers . （支撐句1）2 In addition, industr

3、ies are reducing their current staff levels because of a decline in national economic conditions. （支撐句2）2 Another reason is that workers who once might have considered early retirement are now staying at their jobs . （支撐句3）2 Finally, other workers who once view their job as optional now must keep th

4、eir positions in order to meet their minimum financial responsibilities. （支撐句4）Example 2: 1 Bag-packing traveling is enjoying a higher and higher popularity among young people in China. （主題句）2 First of all, for poor financial condition, young people prefer this economic traveling. （支撐句1）2 Second, co

5、mpared with under-guide tourists in a package-tour, bag-packers enjoy more freedom in planning the whole traveling. （支撐句2）2 In addition, it brings more fun with chances of visiting long-desired place as long as they like and experiencing diverse folklores as many as they can .（支撐句3）2 Finally, it rew

6、ards them with a fit built and a persevere character. （支撐句4）(2) Effect Essay Effect Essay重點主題句和支撐句之間的關(guān)系段落發(fā)展模式 Effect 1 Cause Effect 2Effect 3常用連接詞As a result, Next, In addition, Finally實例Example 1 :1 It is difficult for workers to find employment this years. （主題句）2 As a result, many recent coll

7、ege graduates are unemployed or taking part-time jobs to meet expenses. （支撐句1）2 Unemployment among high school graduates has meant that large numbers of teenagers are seeking unemployment benefits. （支撐句2） 2 The unemployment figures are the highest in decades. （支撐句3）2 Finally, the federal government

8、must contribute large amounts of money to support the growing numbers of people who are receiving welfare assistance. （支撐句4）Example 2: 1 Bag-packing traveling is enjoying a higher and higher popularity among young people in china. （主題句）2 As a result, more and more young people comprehend the beauty

9、and magic of nature and further, fall in love with it. （支撐句1）2 After experiencing the amazing magnificence of high mountains and long rivers and the charming folklores of diverse peoples, they cannot help developing a feeling of patriotism. （支撐句2）2 Finally, the constant coming and going of visitors

10、results in the development of local tourism and in consequence, that of local economy as a whole. （支撐句3） (3) 其他過渡詞：表原因：because, as, since, for, owing to, due to, as a result of, on account of表結(jié)果：thus, so, hence, consequently, therefore, accordingly, for this reason, as a consequence(4) Other Express

11、ionsCause： (1) There are several reasons why/for (2) The reasons for are (3) is the result of (4) is caused by/due to/because ofEffect: (1) The result/effect/consequence of is (2) (will) result in (3) Thus/Therefore/In view of , we (4) may/can draw the following conclusions III. 范文分析The Joys of an O

12、ld Car(1) Some of my friends can't believe that my car still runs. (2) Others laugh when they see it parked outside the house and ask if it's an antique. (3) But they aren't being fair to my twenty-year-old Toyota Corolla（豐田卡羅拉）. (4) In fact, my "antique" has opened my eyes to

13、the rewards of owning an old car.(1) First obvious reward of owning my old Toyota is economy. (2) Twenty years ago, when my husband and I were newly married and nearly broke, we bought the car a shiny red year-old leftover for a mere $4,200. (3) Today it would cost four times as much. (4) We save mo

14、ney on insurance, since it's no longer worthwhile for us to have collision coverage. (5) Old age has even been kind to the Toyota's engine, which has required only three major repairs in the last several years. (6) And it still delivers twenty-eight miles per gallon in the city and forty-one

15、 on the highway not bad for a senior citizen.(1) I've heard that when a Toyota passes the twenty-thousand-mile mark with no problems, it will probably go on forever. (2) I wouldn't disagree. (3) Our Toyota breezed（輕松自信地走）past that mark many years ago. (4) Since then, I've been able to co

16、unt on it to sputter to life and make its way down the driveway on the coldest, snowiest mornings. (5) When my boss got stuck with his brand-new BMW in the worst snowstorm of the year, I sauntered （閑逛, 漫步）into work on time. (6) The single time my Toyota didn't start, unfortunately, was the day I

17、 had a final exam. (7) The Toyota may have the body of an old car, but beneath its elderly hood hums the engine of a teenager.(1) Last of all, having the same car for many years offers the advantage of familiarity. (2) When I open the door and slide into the driver's seat, the soft vinyl（聚乙烯基薄膜）

18、 surrounds me like a well-worn glove. (3) I know to the millimeter exactly how much room I have when I turn a corner or back into a curbside（路邊）parking space. (4) When my gas gauge（量表）points to "empty," I know that 1.3 gallons are still in reserve, and I can plan accordingly. (5) The front

19、 wheels invariably begin to shake when I go more than fifty-five miles an hour, reminding me that I am exceeding the speed limit. (6) With the Toyota, the only surprises I face come from other drivers.(1) I prize my twenty-year-old Toyota's economy and dependability, and most of all, its familia

20、rity. (2) It is faded, predictable, and comfortable, like a well-worn pair of jeans. (3) And, like a well-worn pair of jeans, it will be difficult to throw away.Questions1. About Unity(1) Which developmental pattern does it belong? A. effect essayB. cause essay(2) Which sentence in Paragraph 1 is th

21、e topic sentence?(3) Which supporting paragraph in "The Joys of an Old Car" lacks a topic sentence?A. 2B. 3C. 4(4) Which sentence in paragraph 3 of "The Joys of an Old Car" should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity?2. About Support(5) In paragraph 2 of “The Joys of an

22、Old Car”, the author supports the idea that “One obvious reward of owning my old Toyota is economy.” with _.A. statistics and exampleB an explanation.C. a quotation by an expert3. About Coherent(6) Which topic sentence in “The Joys of an Old car” functions as a linking sentence between paragraphs?(7

23、) What are the two transition words or phrases in “The Joys of an Old Car” that signal two major points of support for the thesis?4. About the Introduction and Conclusion(8) Which method is used in the conclusion of "The Joys of an Old Car"?A. Summary and final thoughtB. Thought-provoking

24、questionC. Recommendation范文一：Effect Essay Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1） 廣告隨處可見；2）

25、 廣告的消極影響；3） 我的看法模版1第一段：_.（鋪墊，提出問題）However, _.（轉(zhuǎn)折，引出主題）第二段：The bad effects are listed as follows: _.（列舉消極影響）Firstly, _.（消極影響一）Secondly, _.（消極影響二）Take _ for example, _.（舉例說明）What is worse, _.（消極影響三）In my opinion, _.（提出我的看法）On the one hand, _.（辦法一）On the other hand, _. （辦法二）第三段：In a word, _.（總結(jié)全文）My Vi

26、ew on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements(1) Currently, advertisements appear everywhere in modern society, and they inform us of lots of useful information. (2) However, many advertisements are subjective rather than objective, persuasive rather than informative. (3) Such ads have brought m

27、ore side effects. (1) The bad effects are listed as follows: (2) Firstly, people waste a lot of money on some fake goods. (3) Secondly, commercials make things so beautiful and attractive, people often end up buying things that they dont really need or will never use. (4) Take children for example,

28、they often buy some advertised food or candy which lead to their tooth decay and poor nutrition. (5) What is worse, quite a large number of adults fall victims to false or deceptive advertisement. (6) In my opinion, advertisements are good things if they are under proper control and supervision. (7)

29、 On the one hand, consumers must be careful in making a decision to buy something. (8) On the other hand, the government has the duty to take actions to ban the false and deceptive advertisements. (1) In a word, a joint effort from both the consumer and the government is needed to fulfill their impo

30、rtant roles in our life and get rid of their defects as well. 范文二：Cause Essay Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is It Necessary to Attend Training Classes. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline given in Ch

31、inese below:1） 以下是某省有關(guān)報考碩士研究生的人數(shù)及錄取人數(shù)的圖表，請簡略敘述詞表；2） 說明造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因和可能的結(jié)果；3） 你的觀點。模版2第一段：According to the chart, _.（引出對于圖表的描述）On the one hand, _. （描述一）On the other hand, _. （描述二）第二段：There are three reasons for the change.（引出原因）Firstly, _.（原因一）Secondly, _.（原因二）Thirdly, _.（原因三）第三段：As for me, I think _.（引出

32、我的看法）For one thing, _.（我的看法原因一）For another, _.（我的看法原因二）Is It Necessary to Attend Training ClassesAccording to the chart, great changes have taken place in the number of training classes in the past twenty years. On the one hand, in the last century, the increase of training classes was not so obvious. On the oth