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1、定語從句學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)突破所謂定語從句(THEATTRABUTIVE CLAUSE ) 是指在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的名詞或代詞的從句。定語從句在英語學(xué)習(xí)中是比較復(fù)雜卻又是運(yùn)用的比較廣泛的一種從句形式 , 是各級(jí)各類英語語法必考的熱點(diǎn)之一,也是考生通常感到較難掌握的語言知識(shí)之一,而且隨著閱讀理解在各種考試中得占分比例的增加,定語從句的重要性就更加突出了,因?yàn)?,使閱讀文章復(fù)雜化的簡單途徑就是借助于定語從句。所以正確理解定語從句不僅在單項(xiàng)選擇,而且在完形填空、閱讀理解、以及書面表達(dá)中都非常重要,因?yàn)槎ㄕZ從句的掌握好壞直接影響到考生們對(duì)于長句、難句、復(fù)雜句的理解,進(jìn)而直接影響考生的得分。整理本定語從句語
2、法專題的目的,就是幫助考生用最短的時(shí)間攻克定語從句學(xué)習(xí)難關(guān),在考試中取得 好成績。一、定語從句的基本概念:(一)定義作在句子中作定語,修飾句子中的某 一名詞或代詞,從句須放在先行詞 之后。k詞關(guān)聯(lián)詞用于引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句,代 替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。(二)關(guān)系代詞的作用作用例 句1.,乍1. The student whoJsialking with the monitor is Lucy.(指人作主語)2. A dictionary is a book whichgives the meaning of words.(指物作主語)4 p2.Lu 語J3.She is no longer
3、 the girl that she used to be.(指人作表語)3.官 /、p4 .The student whom (who)you want to see has comealready.(指人作賓語)5 .The letter which I received yesterday was from a friend of mine.(指物作賓語)4.te語6.The girl whose mother is ateacher studies very hard.(指人作定語)( 三 ) 須用 that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句情況 1:nothing,everything,anythin
4、g,muc h, all,little , something 等不定代詞 作先行詞時(shí),常用that 引導(dǎo)從句.例句 :Is there anything that I can do for you?情況 2: 指物的先行詞前被序數(shù)詞修飾 時(shí)。例句 :The first thing that we should do is to help him.情況 3: 指物的先行詞前被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。例句 :This is the best foreign film thatI have ever seen.情況 4: 指物的先行詞前被the very,the only, the same 修飾時(shí)
5、。例句 :That shte very tool that we are looking for.情況 5: 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)。例 句 :They talked about the things and friends that they could remember.情況 6: 主句是由Who/Which 引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時(shí)。例 句 :Who is the man that is standing over there?Which is the tool that you are looking for?( 四 ) 不可由 that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句:情況1:在非限制性定語從句中。 例 句
6、 :Mr Smith ,who lives in Chicago, is a doctor .情況2:關(guān)系代詞在從句中作前置介詞的 賓語時(shí)。例句:This is the room in which Mr Liu once lived .情況3:由that作先行詞時(shí)。例句:The bread which is made by my mother is better than that which is sold in food shops.情況4:someone.somebody,nobody,anyo ne,anybody,everyone,everybody 指人的不定代詞作先行詞時(shí)。 例句
7、:Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.(五)非限制性定語從句的特點(diǎn):1 .不能用that引導(dǎo)定語從句2 .關(guān)系代詞不能省略。3 .非限制性定語從句前需有逗號(hào)(六)關(guān)系副詞的用法:關(guān)系副詞代替先行詞在定語從句 中與相應(yīng)的介詞一起充當(dāng)狀語。1. when指代表示時(shí)間的先行詞在定語 從句中與相應(yīng)的介詞一起充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀 語。例如:October 1 , 1949 was the day when (=on which ) the People ' s Republic of China was founded.2、where 指代 代表地點(diǎn)的先行
8、詞 ”在 定語從句中與相應(yīng)的介詞一起充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn) 狀語。例如:We will visit the housewhere(=in which)lu Xun was born.注意:如果代表地點(diǎn)的先行詞在定 于從句中不是充當(dāng)狀語.而是充當(dāng) 牛 語”、賓語”等句子成分,則不能夠用where引導(dǎo)定語從句來修飾代表地點(diǎn) 的先行詞”。例如:1) This is the museum which we visited the day before yesterday.2)We are going to visit the farm which his father bought in the World War
9、 Two.3. why代替先行詞在定語從句中相當(dāng) 于相應(yīng)的介詞在從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語. 例如:Who can tell me the reasonwhy(二for which) tom was absent today?二、定語從句的學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn):同學(xué)們務(wù)必認(rèn)真分析歷屆高考中 有關(guān)定語從句的語言考點(diǎn)分布及命題軌 跡,結(jié)合平時(shí)自己的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)及容易產(chǎn) 生理解誤區(qū)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),特別 需要注意以下起六個(gè)方面的學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn):一)選用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞?關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇是定語從句的學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。在定語從句中關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞都代替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。如果該從句缺少主語、表語、賓語或定語,
10、須用關(guān)系代詞 who,whom,whose,which,that等來引導(dǎo)定語從句;如果從句缺少狀語時(shí),就得選用關(guān)系副詞when,where,why 等來引導(dǎo)包含定語從句的主從復(fù)合句。切記:務(wù)必根據(jù)先行詞在定語從句中所從當(dāng)?shù)某煞旨皬木涞木渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)或功能來選擇相應(yīng)的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。試比較:1 ) I still remember the days which we spent in london. (注:先 行詞 days 在從句中充當(dāng)spent 的賓語。)2 ) I still remember the days when we studied in london.( 注: 先行詞 days
11、在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語。)3 ) I still remember the days inwhich we studied in the same class.( 注:先行詞days 在從句中充當(dāng)前置介詞in 的賓語。)二) 何時(shí)須用that 引導(dǎo)何時(shí)不能用引導(dǎo)定語從句呢?that 在限制性定語從句中既可指人又可指物,既可以作主語、賓語又可以作表語。在下列情況下須用that 引導(dǎo)定語從句。(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是指物的不定代詞,如 :all,much,little,everything,nothi ng,anything,one 等時(shí);但something 作先行詞時(shí),也可以用which 引導(dǎo)定語從句
12、。例如:4 ) That s all that I know and i have nothing that I can tell you.5 ) There is still something which/that I can t tell you at present.(2 )指物的先行詞被不定代詞all,much,few,little,every,each,some,no 或被 the only,the very,the same 等限定詞所修飾時(shí)。例如:6)This is the only book that I really need.(3) 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)。例如:7)My
13、father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and people that they could remember. (4) 先行詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)。例如:)China is no longer the onethat it used to be.(5) 指物的先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)或 序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。例如:9)The first book that I read in english is dickens novel. (6) 、當(dāng)主句是以who 或 which 引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時(shí)。例如:10)Which is the dic
14、tionary that he used yesterday? Who is the girl that is standing over there?三 ) 在以下的情況下定語從句卻不能用 that 引導(dǎo)定語從句: (1) 先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)前置介 詞的賓語時(shí),不能用that ;指人時(shí)只能用 whom 引導(dǎo)從句,指物時(shí)只能用which 引導(dǎo)從句。例如:11)The man about whom you are talking is our headmaster. (2) 在非限制性定語從句中。例如:12) It was in the street last sunday that I m
15、et a friend, who had just come from new york.(3) 先行詞為someone, anyone,everyone, anybody, somebody, nobody , these ,those 等指人的不定 代詞時(shí)。例如:13) Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.(4)that 充當(dāng)主句的先行詞時(shí)。例如:14) I don t like this magazine, and I like that /which you sentme the day before yesterday.溫馨提醒:當(dāng)w
16、ay 作先行瓷時(shí),定語從句常用in which , that 引導(dǎo)定語從句或或省略關(guān)系代詞如:15)I don t like the way (in which/ that) you spoke to your mother.四) “介詞 +關(guān)系代詞 ”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用原則1、 前置介詞的選擇應(yīng)根據(jù)定語從句中動(dòng)詞詞組或搭配的需要。例如:16 ) The book in which you are interested was sent by my uncle.( be interested in 系固定動(dòng)詞 詞組。 )2 、 前置介詞的選擇應(yīng)于主句中先行詞與介詞的固定搭配相關(guān)。例如:17) I
17、 don t like the way in which you speak to her.(1993 年上海高考 題,in way系固定的搭配。)五) as/which 指代主句整體,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別1、位置的區(qū)別:as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的位置比較靈活,既可以前插到主句之前,也可放在主句之后,甚至可以插入主句之中;而 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位置死板,只能跟在主句之后。試對(duì)比:As we all know,Taiwan ispart of china.19 ) Taiwan ,as we all know,is part of china 。20 ) Taiwan
18、is part of China,as we all know.21 ) Taiwan is part of china, which is taught at schools.2 、詞義及與主句的聯(lián)系上的區(qū)別:as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句與主句之間關(guān)系密切, as 本身意含“正如 ”或 “就像 ”之意。 而 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句與主句之間在邏輯意義上近似于并列關(guān)系, which 本身表示“這 ”或 “這一點(diǎn) ”的意思。此外,as 習(xí)慣上常于表示感知的動(dòng)詞或形容詞( describe , do , tell ,expect , point out , see, know , kno
19、wn ; well-known , seen , understood )等連用。例如:22)To shut your eyes to facts , as many of you do , is foolish.23 ) Light travels faster thansound, which was taught by our physics teacher.24 ) Light travels faster thansound, as the teacher oncepointed out.3 、當(dāng)指物的先行詞前已經(jīng)被thesame , such 等表示同類的限定詞所修飾時(shí),定語從句常
20、用as 引導(dǎo)。例如:25 ) I won t want such/the samecoat as you you ve g。 ot特別提醒:非限制性定語從句具有以下三大特點(diǎn):1)不能用that 引導(dǎo)從句;2 、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞不能省略;3 ) 只能用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)非限 制性定語從句。六)定語從句的主謂一致性原則和時(shí)態(tài)一致性原則1、關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語時(shí),從句的謂語應(yīng)于先行詞保持人稱與數(shù)的一致。例如:26 ) Kate is one of the girls who are able to sing and dance well.27 ) Kate is the only on
21、e of the girls who is able to sing and dance excellently.2 、 定語從句中從句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)保持一致,或都以現(xiàn)在為基點(diǎn),或都以過去為基點(diǎn)。但是,大家要視具體的語境而定,主句與從句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)基點(diǎn)有時(shí)也可以不同。例如:Where is the girl who offeredme a lot of help just now, sir ? 七)保持主句完整性并避免從句成分重疊性的原則1、 定語從句中不管出現(xiàn)任何情況,都必須保持主句句子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。即主句必須具備主語和謂語,而且不可缺一。否則,整個(gè)主從復(fù)合句也就無法成立。試比較:
22、29 ) Is this factorywevisited last year?30 ) Is this the factory wevisited last year?a.which b.what c.where d.theone分析: 1)第一題的主句缺少表語,只有d 項(xiàng)才能保證主句的完整性,而其他選項(xiàng)均為干擾項(xiàng)。2 )第二題的正確選項(xiàng)為a 項(xiàng) , 因?yàn)橄刃性~在從句中作賓語。2 、 在定語從句中關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞已經(jīng)代替先行詞在從句中獨(dú)立地或與相應(yīng)的介詞充當(dāng)一定的成分。因此,定語從句中就不能出現(xiàn)與關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞相重疊的成分。例如:31) 改錯(cuò): Excuse me, is this t
23、he train that we should take it, madame?分析:該題中that已經(jīng)代替先行詞 train在定語從句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞take 的賓語,故與其重疊的成分須去除。八)專項(xiàng)立刻檢測配套練習(xí)附:參考答 案請(qǐng)同學(xué)們自覺完成以下精選的定語 定語從句的運(yùn)用能力,請(qǐng)同學(xué)們自覺完 成以下精選的定語從句配套練習(xí):1.1 've read all the books you offered me.a.which b.them c.whatd.that2 .There isn't much I can do foryou.a.what b.which c.that d
24、.how3 .She keeps a record of everything she had seenthere.a.where b.that c.which d.what4 .Please tell us about the people and the places are different from ours.a.that b.who c.which d.whom5 .Mr smith said that wenzhou was the first cityhe hadvisited in china.a.that b.where c.whichd.what6 .The TV pla
25、y I watched last night is the best one I have watched this month.a.which b.what c.whose d.that7 .Last sunday they reached qingdao, a conference was to be held.a.which b.thatc.when d.where.Is this the museumvisited the other day?youd.thea.that b.where c.in which one1.1 began to work in beijing in the year new china was founded
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