英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)基本概念匯總

1、WORD式-專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)資料分享英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)重要術(shù)語(yǔ)One:1. Native words 本族詞 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借詞 Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚語(yǔ) Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, inve

2、nted for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能詞 Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 實(shí)義詞 Conten

3、t words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自 由形式 Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.Two:1. Morphemes 語(yǔ)素 Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzabl

4、e into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 語(yǔ)素變體Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme asconditioned by position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由語(yǔ)素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme粘著語(yǔ)素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a completeutteran

5、ce and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 詞根 Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 詞綴 Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inf

6、lectional affix 屈折詞綴 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生詞綴Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9.

7、Prefixes 前綴 Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后綴 Suffixes are affixes added after words.Three1. Word-formation rules構(gòu)詞規(guī)貝 UWord-formation rules define the scope and methodswhereby speakers of a language may create new words.2. Stem 詞干 Stem is the part of the word-form which remains

8、 when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3. Base 詞基 Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法 Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法 Derivation or affixation is a word-formation

9、process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 轉(zhuǎn)化法 Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation前綴法Prefixation is the

10、 addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation后綴法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.Four:1. Initialism 首字母連寫詞 Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter byletter.2. Acr

11、onyms 首字母拼音詞Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the nameof an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllablesfrom a word (usually a noun), wh

12、ich is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼綴法 Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation逆成法Back-formation is a ty

13、pe of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重疊法 Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by therepetition of one word or of two almost identic

14、al words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典詞構(gòu)成法Neoclassical formation is the process bywhich new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.Five:1. Conventionality 約定俗成 It is the characte

15、ristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理?yè)?jù) Motivation refers to the direct connection

16、 between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 擬聲，Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 語(yǔ)素結(jié)構(gòu)理?yè)?jù) A word is morphologically motivated if adirect connection can be observed between the mo

17、rphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 語(yǔ)義理?yè)?jù) Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 語(yǔ)法意義Grammatical meaning consists of word-class andinflectional paradigm.7. I

18、nflectional paradigm詞形變化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called itsinflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectiveshave degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning夕卜延意義The denotative meaning of a word is its definition givenin a dictionary.9. Connotati

19、ve meaning 內(nèi)涵意義 Connotativemeaning refers to the emotionalassociation which a word or a phrase suggests in one's mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社會(huì)意義Socialmeaning is that which a piece oflanguage conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning情感意義Affective meaning is

20、 concerned with the expression offeelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 語(yǔ)義成 分分析 The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such an analysis is called componential ana

21、lysis.Six:1. Polysemy 詞多義 Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 詞義輻射 Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.3. Concatenation語(yǔ)義的連

22、鎖、 聯(lián)結(jié) Concatenation is a semantic process in which themeaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.4. Homonymy同音異義、同形異義 Homonymy is the rel

23、ation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形異義詞Words identical in sound and spelling butdifferent in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音異義詞 Words identical in sound but different i

24、n spelling and meaning are called homophones. 7. Homographs 同形異義詞Words identical inspelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence音變的7 匚合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenonwhere two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on th

25、e same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 詞義分化 When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.Seven: 1. Synonyms 同義詞 A synonym may be defined as a word having

26、the same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use. 2. Complete synonyms 完全同義詞Twowords are totally synonymous only if they are fully

27、identicalin meaningand interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings. 3. Relative synonyms 相對(duì)同義詞 Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in levelof formali

28、ty, in collocation, and in distribution. 4. Antonymy 反義關(guān)系In its generalsense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness. 5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相對(duì)性反義詞Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semanticcontrast that they can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, i

29、n terms of degrees of thequality involved. 6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互補(bǔ)性 反義詞 Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition so that theassertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other. 7.Conversives/converses/relational opposites 換位性反義詞Con

30、versives represent sucha type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other. 8. Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Hyponymy isthe relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that theformer is included in the

31、latter. 9. Superordinates 上義，The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically. 10. Hyponyms 下義詞Thespecific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate. 11. Semantic field語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as asystem of

32、 interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.Eight: 1. Context 語(yǔ)境 Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in a

33、n act of communication. But, in broadersense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a wordoccurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. E

34、xtra-linguistic context 語(yǔ)言之夕卜的環(huán)境 Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural backgroundagainst which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context詞?匚語(yǔ)境 Lexical context refers to the lexical item

35、s combined with a given polysemous word.5. Grammatical context語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of thecontext determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word. 6. Verbal context言語(yǔ)語(yǔ)境 The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire

36、 book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7.Ambiguity 歧義 Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning. 8. Lexical ambiguity詞?匚歧義Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy. 9. Structural ambiguity 結(jié)構(gòu)歧義

37、Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.Nine: 1. Change of word meaning 語(yǔ)義變化 When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning.Broadly speaking, change of meaning refers to the al

38、teration of the meaning of existingwords as well as the addition of new meaning to establish words. 2. Restriction of meaning 語(yǔ)義專門化Restriction of meaning or specialization of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to onlyone of the object

39、s it had previously denoted. 3. Extension of meaning 詞義擴(kuò)展化 Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word' ssense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed. 4. Degeneration of meaning詞義降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration. One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions. 5. E