雙-grammar-簡(jiǎn)述動(dòng)詞的時(shí)體態(tài)式-none

1、Verbal tense, aspect, Verbal tense, aspect, voice and moodvoice and mood動(dòng)詞的時(shí)、體、態(tài)、式動(dòng)詞的時(shí)、體、態(tài)、式What is tense?In grammar, an inflected form of a verb indicating the time of a narrated event in relation to the time at which the narrator is speaking. Encyclopedia Britannica語(yǔ)法中用以說(shuō)明一敘述事件發(fā)生事件與敘述者說(shuō)話時(shí)語(yǔ)法中用以說(shuō)明一敘

2、述事件發(fā)生事件與敘述者說(shuō)話時(shí)間的相對(duì)關(guān)系的詞性變化形式。間的相對(duì)關(guān)系的詞性變化形式。大不列顛百科大不列顛百科全書(shū)全書(shū) differences between tenses and timevTime is a concept universally existent and tense may be a grammatical device or vocabulary device specific to a language.e.g I enjoy English. (present) I enjoyed English. (past) I will enjoy English. (futu

3、re?) Im going to enjoy English (future?)vA particular tense form can express different temporal notions in different concepts. How many Tenses in English?vSimple Present The earth is round. Light travels faster than sound.vSimple Past WWWII ended in 1945. We entered college in 2004.vTenses are mutua

4、lly exclusive.ASPECTvIn Grammar, aspect is an analytical device used to reflect the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.(Quirk et.al)v語(yǔ)法中用以表示動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作與時(shí)間相關(guān)的分析手段。語(yǔ)法中用以表示動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作與時(shí)間相關(guān)的分析手段。vGrammar A category of the verb designating primarily the relation of the action

5、to the passage of time, especially in reference to completion, duration, or repetition. (AHD)v【語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)法】 （動(dòng)詞的）體：一種動(dòng)詞范疇，主要指動(dòng)作（動(dòng)詞的）體：一種動(dòng)詞范疇，主要指動(dòng)作與時(shí)間之間的關(guān)系，尤指完成、延續(xù)或重復(fù)等狀態(tài)與時(shí)間之間的關(guān)系，尤指完成、延續(xù)或重復(fù)等狀態(tài)v語(yǔ)言有兩種基本類型：分析語(yǔ)（語(yǔ)言有兩種基本類型：分析語(yǔ)（analytical language）和屈折語(yǔ)（和屈折語(yǔ)（inflectional language）Differences between tense and aspect

6、vTense is inflectional and aspect analytical. Tense refers to a systematic set of inflectional features that are loosely related to time, while aspect is usually expressed through the use of certain vocabulary devices.vTense usually points to temporal locations and aspect generally marks the state o

7、f an actionwhether it is completed or not.How many aspects?vProgressive aspect He is/was reading a book.vPerfective aspect They have/had finished that work.vAspects can be combined to form complex aspects:vWe have been studying English for 6 years.Different combinations of Tenses and AspectsvSimple

8、present: She plays the piano very well.vSimple past: She play the piano very well.vPresent progressive She is playing the piano now.vPast progressive she was playing the piano this time yesterday.vPresent perfective she has played the piano fro half an hour.vPast perfective By lunchtime, she had pla

9、yed the piano for an hour.vPresent perfective progressivevShe has been playing the piano for a long time.vPast perfective progressivevBy 10 oclock she had been playing the piano for two hours.Different combinations of Tense and aspectsWhat is voice?vGrammar A property of verbs or a set of verb infle

10、ctions indicating the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. (AHD)v【語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)法】 語(yǔ)態(tài)，語(yǔ)聲：動(dòng)詞或一系列動(dòng)詞屈折變化語(yǔ)態(tài)，語(yǔ)聲：動(dòng)詞或一系列動(dòng)詞屈折變化的形式，表示物體和動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作之間的關(guān)系的形式，表示物體和動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作之間的關(guān)系.vIn English, active voice is the norm and unmarked verb form, which means it needs no markers, while passive is expre

11、ssed by markers, or change of verbs. But not all passive voices are changed from active voice.Passive voice and active voicevMarked and unmarked The Dodgers beat the Yankees. The Yankees were beaten by the Dodgers.vActive sentences and passive sentencesvPassive voice in different aspects and tenses(

12、P177)vPassive voice in non-finite verb forms(p177)GET-passivevGET-passive (pseudo-auxiliary)vGET is pseudo-auxiliary is in that it cant be used as the operator, while BE- can. He was wounded in the accident. Was he wounded in the accident？He got wounded in the accident. Got he wounded in the acciden

13、t？*vGET-passive is usually used for action verbs and expressing unexpectedness.Pseudo-passivevYou look tired.vThey got completely amused.vI feel more and more annoyed at their being late for class.MoodvGrammar A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speakers attitude toward the factu

14、ality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. (AHD)v【語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)法】 語(yǔ)氣：用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話人對(duì)表達(dá)的行為或條語(yǔ)氣：用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話人對(duì)表達(dá)的行為或條件的真實(shí)性或可能性所持有態(tài)度的一系列動(dòng)詞形態(tài)或件的真實(shí)性或可能性所持有態(tài)度的一系列動(dòng)詞形態(tài)或變化形式。變化形式。Types of moodsvIndicative mood: factual statement or questionvImperative mood: commandvSubjunctive mood: hypothetical/non-factual meaning

15、vThere are many ways to express Subj-mood, but usually there are two which are important:vWere-subjunctivevBe-subjunctiveFinite and infinitevFinite verbvNon-finite verbvP171vFinite verb phrasevNon-finite verb phrasevP180Use of simple presentvTimeless present (timeless statement or eternal truth)vPre

16、sent existence or state:vHabitual present (regular recurrence/ dynamic verbs) (often/ sometimes/ occasionally etc)vCharacter/ ability present she loves music. He doesnt speak FrenchvMomentary and instantaneous present (1) declarations (2)commentaries (3)demonstrationUse of simple presentvSimple pres

17、ent referring to the future(esp in independent clause)vSimple present referring to the past (communication verbs such as hear, tell, says, ect) and historic presentUse of simple pastvPast eventvpast habitvPast statevSimple past for present: Attitudinal past I wondered if you could help me post the l

18、etter hypothetical past If I were you, I would choose to leave at once.vSimple past for future if it rained tomorrow, wed have to stay at home.Use of present progressivevTo denote an action in progress at the moment of speakingvAn action in progress at a period of time including the presentva tempor

19、ary event/habit my roommate likes to stay in bed in the morning, but hes getting up early these days because of the coming exam.vCharacteristic habitvHe is always criticizing others.vNote: progressive verbs& non-progressive verbsUse of present progressivevA future happening according to a definite plan or arrangementvTo denote other meanings(immediate past/ politer requests)Use of past progressivevDenote an action in progress at a definite point or period of past timevTo d