大學(xué)英語寫作教程1 第八單元

1、Unit EightJoining Sentences Together(II)Unit ObjectivesSubordination OutlinePart I Warm-up activitiesMary likes that shop very much.Mary goes to that shop almost every week. Mary likes that shop very much, she goes to that shop almost every week. Mary likes that shop very much, she goes to that shop

2、 almost every week. Mary goes to that shop almost every week she likes that shop very much.andsobecauseTony is very gifted in music.Tony chose to major in accounting. Tony is very gifted in music, he chose to major in accounting. Tony is very gifted in music, he chose to major in accounting. Tony, i

3、s very gifted in music, chose to major in accounting. Tony, chose to major in accounting, is very gifted in music.butAlthoughwhowhoShe was his wife.She stayed at a hotel. she was his wife, she stayed at a hotel. she was his wife, she stayed at a hotel. she was his wife, she stayed at a hotel. she wa

4、s his wife, she stayed at a hotel. she was his wife, she stayed at a hotel. she was his wife, she stayed at a hotel. she was his wife, she stayed at a hotel.AlthoughBecauseBeforeUntilAfterWhileWheneverSimilarity and difference between coordination and subordination:Similarity: Both of them can be us

5、ed to combine two clauses into one sentence.Difference: The two clauses in coordinate sentences can be used independently because either of their meanings is complete. However, in subordination, only one clause keeps a complete meaning and can be used independently.Classroom activities p.1151)That k

6、ingdom was small but rich, and everybody there lived happily.In that kingdom, which was small but rich, everybody lived happily.That kingdom, in which everybody lived happily, was small but rich.2) Red roses are used to symbolize love, and many people buy them on Lovers day. As red roses are used to

7、 symbolize love, many people buy them on Lovers day. 3) Manchester United has played very well since last November, so / and many young people admire its members. Many young people admire the members of Manchester United because it has played very well since last November.4) Till now only a small nu

8、mber of Americans have realized the American dream, but most people still hold the belief to be true. Although till now only a small number of Americans have realized the American dream, most people still hold the belief to be true.5) He was very experienced in selling optional products, but / yet h

9、e was turned down by that spectacles company. Though he was very experienced in selling optional products, but / yet he was turned down by that spectacles company.Types of subordination 1) Nominal subordinationnoun clauses 2) Adjective subordinationattributive clauses 3) Adverbial subordinationAdver

10、bial clauses1) Nominal subordination noun clauses A noun clause can be functioned as a noun in the sentence. e.g.His suggestion sounds reasonable.What he has suggested sounds reasonable.We appreciate his suggestion. We appreciate what he has suggested. This is his suggestion. This is what he has sug

11、gested. He resented her suggestion, doing it again. He resented her suggestion that he do it again.SubjectObjectPredicativeAppositiveA noun clause can be a A. Subject clause B. Object clause C. Predicative clause D. Appositive clauseSubject clauseWhen a clause is used as the subject of the sentence,

12、 it is a subject clause. 1) introduced by THAT 2) introduced by WHAT 3) introduced by other WH-word1) introduced by THAT Join the following two sentences together. Liu Jin is the top leader in our college. It is known to all of us. That That Liu Jin is the top leader in our college is known to all o

13、f us. It is known to all of us that that Liu Jin is the top leader in our college. 2) introduced by WHAT Join the following two sentences together. He has said a lot in the meeting. All are sheer nonsense.All that he has said in the meeting are sheer nonsense.WhatWhat he has said in the meeting is s

14、heer nonsense.3) introduced by other WH-word Join the following two sentences together. When will she go home? It is not certain.WhenWhen she will go home is not certain.It is not certain whenwhen she will go home. Will she go back home? It is not decided.WhetherWhether she will go home or notor not

15、 is not decided.It is not decided whetherhether she will go home or notor not .Object clauseHe advised .We consider rightCan you tell us ?Are you aware ?I have never seen the house but I have an idea of .Im not sure .that she (should) be patientitthat she shouldbe patient.what has happenedhow much t

16、he fine for this iswhat it is likewhether youd like itPredicative clauseIt seems . What surprised me most was . Thats . What is troubling us is .Things are not .You look . that it is going to rainthat he spoke English so wellwhy housework is so heavywhere we can find itas they seem to beas if/as tho

17、ugh you didnt careAppositive clause名詞從句作同位語 , 所修飾的名詞短語的中心詞通常都是概括性的抽象名詞, 且很少為復(fù)數(shù), 通常帶冠詞。這類詞常見的有: fact, idea, opinion, belief, evidence, proof, reason, argument, thought, statement, theory, principle, law, truth, possibility, question, doubt, assumption, hypothesis, prediction, conclusion, report, stor

18、y, hope, advantage, disadvantage, requirement, suggestion, news, rumour, problem, order, information, knowledge 等。名詞從句作同位語一般由連詞 that, wh- 疑問詞或名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。 that 在引導(dǎo)名詞從句作同位語時(shí), 它在從句中只起連接作用, 不充當(dāng)句子成分, 也沒有任何詞義。e.g.The very fact that land-use issues were so visible throughout the west meant that people were w

19、orking hard to keep them before the public. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. 2.wh- 疑問詞引導(dǎo) 有少數(shù)名詞 , 如 question, problem, idea, doubt 等, 后面可以跟由 wh- 疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句作同位語。限制性同位語從句之前常有介詞 of 。例如 : My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered. 。 You can have

20、no idea of how anxious we have been. There is no doubt as to whether the document is genuine. 2) Adjective subordination attributive clauses / relative clausesRestrictive relative clauseNon-restrictive relative clauseRestrictive relative clauseAny boy who wants to can come tonight. A day was set whe

21、n he should be put on trial. Here is the man who they claimed was knocked down by a car. I have no money that I can spare. I know the girl whom he is talking to. Non-restrictive relative clauseMy cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week. He met Mary, who invited him to a party / and Mary

22、 invited him to a party. I passed him a glass of water, which he drank immediately / and he drank it immediately. The 8:15 train, which is usually very punctual, was late. / The 8:15 train was late, though it is usually very punctual. 3) Adverbial subordination Adverbial clausesAdverbial clause of t

23、imeAdverbial clause of placeAdverbial clause of mannerAdverbial clause of purposeAdverbial clause of reasonAdverbial clause of resultAdverbial clause of comparisonAdverbial clause of concessionAdverbial clause of timeAdverbial clauses of time are often introduced byafter, immediately, tilluntil, as,

24、 no soonerthan, when, as soon as, since, whenever, before, while, hardlywhen, the minute，the moment Ill stay till you get back Before he arrives Ill give the children their tea The momentAs soon as I have finished Ill give you a callTheyve moved house twice since they got marriedSince they got marri

25、ed，theyve moved house twice Adverbial clause of placeAdverbial clause of place are often introduced by“where, wherever “. e.g.You should put the book where it was. He lives where the climate is mild. Wherever they went, they were warmly welcomed. Wherever you go, I go too. Adverbial clause of purpos

26、eShips carry lifeboats so that the crew can escape if the ship sinks They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists could （=would be able to）understand them He wrote his diary in code so that his wife wouldnt be able to read it Adverbial clause of reason1) introduced by asbecau

27、sesince ：We camped there asbecausesince it was too dark to go on AsBecauseSince it was too dark to go on，we camped there 2 ) introduced by in view of the fact that, which can be replaced by assinceseeing that, not by because： AsSinceSeeing that you are here，you may as well give me a hand AsSinceSeei

28、ng that Tom knows French，hed better do the talking Adverbial clause of concessionIntroduced by：although，though，even though，even if，no matter，however, whatever, as。AlthoughThoughEven thoughEven if you dont like him you can still be polite However rich people are，they always seem anxious to make more

29、money Whatever you do，dont tell him that I told you this.Patient as he was，he had no intention of waiting for three hoursAdverbial clause of comparisonIts darker today than it was yesterday He doesnt pay as much tax as we doas us He spends more than he earns He didnt play as well as we expectedas we

30、ll as you（did） You work harder than he doesthan himthan I did at your ageBuying a new one is sometimes as cheap as repairing the old one OUTLININGOf course, there are many different ways to develop a theme. One excellent way is to outline the theme first.There are two main kinds of outlines: topic o

31、utlines and sentence outlines. In a topic outline each item is a key word, or perhaps several words, that will help you to recall an idea. In a sentence outline each item is a complete sentence stating an idea. Both kinds of outlines are useful.Samples of OutlinesDirections:High school students who,

32、 after graduation, would like to continue their education are frequently faced with many problems in financing college training. Please give out the problems and ways to solve the problems you may think of. And then, write two outlines, one is a sentence outline and the other is a topic outline for

33、an essay or theme.A SENTENCE OUTLINEI. Many high school students must face the problem of financing a college education.A. There is little free education at the college level.B. Tuition charges are likely to be high.C. Living away from home is expensive.II. There are ways of helping to finance ones

34、own education.A. Scholarships are available in certain cases.B. The college will lend money to worthy students.C. A student may work at a job while attending school. 1. He may hold a part-time job off campus. 2. He may assist a professor in one of several ways.a. He may assist in a laboratory.b. He

35、may work in the library.c. He may perform routine office duties. 3. Other school jobs are available.a. A student may help to prepare or serve meals.b. He may work in a college store.A TOPIC OUTLINEI. Problems of financing college educationA. Little free education at college levelB. TuitionC. Living

36、away from home II. Ways of financing ones educationA. ScholarshipsB. College loan fundsC. Work 1. Outside college 2. For professorsa. Assisting in laboratoryb. Working in libraryc. Performing office duties 3. Other school jobs a. Preparing and serving mealsb. Working in college storeGUIDES FOR OUTLI

37、NING1. Alternate numbers and letters for the points of your outline.a) Use Roman numerals to indicate main topics.b) Use capital letters for the subpoints under each main topics.c) Use Arabic numerals for the details under the capital letters.d) Use small letters for the details under the Arabic num

38、erals.2. Use a period after each division number or letter.3. Capitalize the first word of each point.4. Place no periods after the points in a topic outline.5. Use the same grammatical construction throughout an outline. Do not mix sentences and topics in the same outline.6. For any point, make at

39、least two subdivisions or none, since you cannot divide anything into fewer than two parts.7. Begin each new division number or letter directly under the first letter of the first word of the point to which it is a subpoint. You should be able to draw a straight line through the periods after all Ro

40、man numerals, another through those after the capital letters, and so on.NUMBERS, LETTERS AND INDENTION IN OUTLINE FORMI. A. B. 1. 2. a. b. (1)(2) (a) (b)II. A. B. 1. 2.In the example below, both main topics and sub-topics are incorrectly worded in mixed forms.PREPARING FOR A CAREER IN SCIENCEI. The

41、re are two kinds of science. A. Working in pure science B. Applied science II. Personality A. A good scholar1. General aptitude 2. Has special skills B. Curiosity C. Enthusiastic III. Academic training of the science student A. Courses high school B. College courses C. Extracurricular activities sen

42、tencegerund phrasenoun and modifiernounnoun and modifiersnoun and modifiersverb, noun, and modifiernounadjectivenoun and modifiersnoun with a prepositional phrase noun and modifiernoun and modifierPREPARING FOR A CAREER IN SCIENCEI. Basic types of science careersA. Pure scienceB. Applied scienceII.

43、Personal characteristics of the science studentA. Scholarship 1. General aptitude 2. Special skillsB. CuriosityC. EnthusiasmIII. Academic training of the science student A. High school courses B. College courses C. Extracurricular activitiesPart V Follow-up ExercisesP. 130 Ex 11) That you have to te

44、ach the same textbook year after year doesnt mean you have to teach it in the same way year after year.2) I doubt that this machine can greatly improve your listening ability within a week.3) Whether the chicken appeared before the egg or the other way round is a question that has puzzled people for

45、 a long time.4) They still cannot find out why the professor failed them in the exam.5) What has been troubling me is whether universities should simply serve as career training places.p. 131. Ex. 21)Unless you go with me, otherwise I will not go. 2)What Id like you explain is that you failed. 3)He

46、walks as if he were drunk.He walks as if he is drunk.4) Whether he succeeds or fail, he has to do his best.5) Take an umbrella with you in case it rained.I will not go unless you go with me.What Id like you explain is why you failed.He is not drunkHe may be drunkWhether he succeeds or fails, he has

47、to do his best.Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.p. 131 Ex. 31)Although very common about five years ago, beepers have almost disappeared now.2)If having tried harder, you might have persuaded your boss to postpone the deadlines for your project.3)When studying in the States, she used to ta

48、ke every chance to travel.4)If produced on the same assembly line, these products probably have the same quality.5)After working for four hours without stop, Tom appeared exhausted.p. 131. Ex. 4 The tired hikers slept for almost ten hours in the trail shelter. Then Rick woke up and hurried out of his cot when, l