高一英語上重要語法講解

1、定語從句1. 定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)及理解2. 定語從句的關(guān)系詞的使用3. 定語從句的簡化表達(dá)知識總結(jié)歸納（一）定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某個名詞或代詞的句子（做這個名詞或代詞的定語）叫定語從句，定語從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語從句的先行詞，它與定語從句之間要有一個詞連接，這個詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語，時間，地點(diǎn)，原因狀語。結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語從句。1. There she saw a wall of water

2、that was quickly advancing towards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine

3、 animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.（二）定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定

4、語從句：限定性定語從句：從句對先行詞進(jìn)行必要的描述或說明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句與先行詞緊密相連。非限定性定語從句：對先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dres

5、s were all cold and wet, started crying.4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.（三）關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞，這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后面常用which 或whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the compan

6、y.2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.知識重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)（一）當(dāng)先行詞有最高級，序數(shù)詞修飾，是不定代詞，或是all, no, only等形式時，關(guān)系代詞一般用that，而不能用which。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.2. There is one

7、thing that keeps worrying me.（二）當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間，地點(diǎn)，原因的詞時，關(guān)系詞用when, where, why 還有which, that1. Im very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.3. I think I can understand the reason why he didnt tell the truth to me.4. No one bel

8、ieves the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.（三）定語從句的簡化表達(dá)： 1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome

9、 to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.說明：以上的定語從句部分可以用更加簡單的非謂語形式表達(dá)出來：1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in ou

10、r class at 7:45.說明：修飾一個名詞除了后面用定語從句以外，還可以用非謂語動詞形式：doing短語，done短語，being done短語，to be done短語修飾。其結(jié)構(gòu)和意思如下：1. 被修飾名詞+doing短語： 正在做.的人/正在發(fā)生的事。2. 被修飾名詞+ done短語： 被.的人/事3. 被修飾名詞+being done短語：正在被.的人/事4. 被修飾名詞+ to be done短語：將要被.的人/事（1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ?（2）The “crazy” gesture, moving the in

11、dex finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.（3）Did you see that car being repaired ?（4）In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.（5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（6）Goods imported from abroad are not

12、always better than those made in China.（7）The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.總結(jié)：以上做定語的那些短語就是英語語法中所說的分詞，不定式的各種形式作定語。1. 這些短語作定語應(yīng)放在被修飾名詞的后面。如果單獨(dú)一個V-ing或V-ed形式作定語，則可以放在被修飾名詞前面。2. 分詞作定語時，其動作應(yīng)與全句動作同時發(fā)生。V-ing表示主動意義和正在做，V-ed表示被動意義。being done表示正在被做的3. 不定式作定語表

13、示將要發(fā)生的，to be done表示將要被做的【典型例題】例1 Friendship is needed by all, _ plays an important role in peoples lives.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. it分析：_ plays an important role in peoples lives為非限定性定語從句修飾先行詞Friendship用which連接定語從句。答案：A例2 Uncle Li _ I worked three years ago has retired now.A. whoB. whom C. with whomD.

14、 to whom分析：_ I worked three years ago作為定語從句修飾先行詞Uncle Li，從句完整的表達(dá)是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以關(guān)系詞前應(yīng)加上介詞with。答案：C例3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explainedD. why he explained分析：定語從句_ at the meeting fo

15、r his carelessness in his work修飾先行詞the reason指“他在會上就他工作中的粗心解釋的原因。先行詞在從句中做賓語。 答案：A例4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.A. who B. that C. whichD. whose分析：非限定性定語從句_ work is rather hard修飾先行詞teachers, 它與從句中的work是從屬關(guān)系，關(guān)系詞用whose 答案：D例5 The Olympic Games , _ in 776 BC, didnt

16、 included women players until 1912. A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing分析：公元前776年被首次舉行的奧運(yùn)會，直到1912年才容納女運(yùn)動員。_in 776 BC做定語修飾The Olympic Games，指過去的內(nèi)容，表示被動。用done做定語。 答案：C例6 The houses _ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.A. built B. to be bui

17、lt C. to buildD. being built分析：根據(jù)句意房子即將開工。_ for the teachers and the construction work修飾The houses應(yīng)為The houses The houses將要為教師和施工修建的房子。 答案：B例7 How many of us_, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. attendingC. to attendD. have attended分析：根據(jù)句意：比如說，我

18、們當(dāng)中參加一個對我們毫不重要的會議的人會有多少人對這個討論感興趣呢？_, say, a meeting that is not important to us修飾How many of us做定語。與全句動作同步. 答案：B例8 She has three children, _ is working in Australia.A. whoB. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them分析：非限定性定語從句_ is working in Australia修飾先行詞three children，根據(jù)從句中的is判斷，是說：三個孩子中的一個在澳大利亞工

19、作。 答案：B【模擬試題】1. Susan is the very girl _ the good deed.A. whom I think didB. whom I think she didC. who I think didD. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket.A. by whichB. on whichC. with whichD. for which3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come ou

20、t next month.A. whereB. whichC. to whichD. on which4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.A. whenB. in that C. whichD. in which5. 1. Dont you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance.A. being discussedB. discussedC. to be discussedD. to discuss6. The food

21、 _ at the moment is for the dinner party.A. cookedB. to be cooked C. is being cookedD. being cooked7. Do you know the teacher _ under the big tree ?A. readB. readsC. readingD. being read【試題答案】1. C Susan 正是我認(rèn)為作了好事的那位女孩。先行詞the very girl在從句中做think的賓語，同時又是后面賓語從句did the good deed.的主語，所以關(guān)系詞不能用whom2. C 定語從

22、句_ he could buy a train ticket.修飾先行詞money：用這筆錢買火車票。關(guān)系詞前面需要加介詞：with3. C定語從句_ he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的時間都投入在這本書上了。devote.to sth.關(guān)系詞前加介詞：to4. A 定語從句_ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修飾先行詞the day ：先行詞the day在從句中做時間狀語：在這一天我得到了扮演一個角色的機(jī)會。5. C 短語_ tomorrow做定語修飾the question，根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容：明天即將被討論的

23、問題。應(yīng)當(dāng)用不定式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)做定語。6. D 短語_ at the moment做the food的定語,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定語表示：正在被的。7. C 現(xiàn)在分詞短語reading under the big tree做定語修飾the teacher 表示：正在大樹下看書的那位老師。情態(tài)動詞1. 情態(tài)動詞的推測表達(dá)2. 情態(tài)動詞表達(dá)虛擬語氣3. 某些情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法知識重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)總結(jié)知識重點(diǎn)：情態(tài)動詞在表達(dá)推測意義的句子中的運(yùn)用：（一）用情態(tài)動詞表達(dá)事實(shí)的推測。can，could，might，may，must可以用來表達(dá)對事實(shí)的推測。根據(jù)說話人對事實(shí)的把握性大小，m

24、ust表示“肯定”，may / might / can / could表示“可能”， must只用于肯定句中，may / might的否定式may not / might not表示 “可能不”, 而can / could可以用于疑問句，表示“可能，可能嗎?”，其否定式cant / couldnt 表示“不可能”。用情態(tài)動詞可以對現(xiàn)在或過去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測。對不同的時間內(nèi)容推測有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。（二）對現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測：主要結(jié)構(gòu)：must / may / might +動詞原形 be+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語 be + doing例句：1. You must be Jeanne. Im Mathil

25、de Loisel. We used to know each other very well. 2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.3. The teacher must be joking.4. Freda isnt in class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong.6. She might be very clever, but she hasnt got much common sense.7. He may be arriving thi

26、s evening.8. He may be traveling around the world.9. The keys cant be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?（三）對過去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測：結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動詞+have done / been+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語例句：1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldnt have seen Anna yesterday.

27、Shes gone abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept again.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情態(tài)動詞表達(dá)虛擬語氣：表達(dá)“本來”，“不然早就”。這是情態(tài)動詞的一種虛擬語氣用法。表示說話人所講的與所發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反。表達(dá)了說話人的埋怨，后悔的語氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)是在一些情態(tài)動詞后面加 have done 結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)要表達(dá)的意思，有如下結(jié)構(gòu)：should have done / ought to have done：本應(yīng)該shouldnt

28、have done / oughtnt to have done：本不該could have done：本來可以neednt have done：本來沒必要would like to have done：本來很想would rather not have done: 本來不愿意could / might / have done: 不然早就例句：1. You shouldnt have laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier.3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last w

29、eek.4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.6. They would like to have seen that film last film.7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescu

30、e in time.知識難點(diǎn)：某些情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法：need 和dare 的兩種形式的用法need 和dare可以用做實(shí)義動詞，后面接不定式（to do）結(jié)構(gòu)，在疑問句和否定句中，加助動詞do/does/did/或dont/doesnt/didnt。作為情態(tài)動詞使用時，主要用于疑問句和否定句中。情態(tài)動詞neednt（沒有必要，不必）相當(dāng)于dont have to例句：1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you neednt

31、.3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?注意：句型I dare say+從句。 意思是：我肯定 = Im sure或There is no doubt that+從句。例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.will和would表示“意志”或“愿意”，would 則指過去愿意做例句：1. He said that he would help us.2. You may telephone if you will accept this job.would可以表達(dá)“過去習(xí)慣做

32、”類似于“used to do”例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river.表示請求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do? / Would you like to do?例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?shall1. 用于第一，三人稱，表示“請求”；“建議” 或“推薦”例句：1. Shall we start the meeting now?2. Shall I wat

33、ch TV now ?3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?2. 用于第二人稱，表示“命令，“要求”，“許諾”例句：1. You shall take whatever you like.2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again.在表示推測的否定句或疑問句中，常用can /cant /could / couldnt表示，意思是：“可能嗎?”；“不可能”。而不能使用mustnt或must等詞。【典型例題】1. Do you think he will

34、do me a favor ? As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _ be prepared to give you a hand, though.A. mightB. must C. canD. should分析：本題考查情態(tài)動詞推測性用法。 根據(jù)he is the last one to help others.（他是最不可能幫助別人的人），既然如此，那么“幫助你”的可能性也就最小了。答案為A2. Look, someone is coming. Guess who it _ be ? I t

35、hink it _ be Tom. I dont think it _ be _ .A. can ; must ; can ; heB. may ; can ; must ; himC. must ; can ; must ; hisD. might ; must ; can ; himself分析：根據(jù)備選答案。 can表示推測時用于疑問句或否定句中。本題首句就應(yīng)該是Guess who can it be? 第二句應(yīng)該是I think it must be Tom.（說話人十分肯定）。第三句表達(dá)了說話人對前一個人的否定。即：I dont think it can be him/he

36、.（不可能是他）。答案為A3. Do you know Ms. Wang likes walking after supper ? Sure. She _ around the campus now.A. must be walkingB. must walkC. may walkD. may be walking分析：關(guān)鍵詞Sure告訴我們說話人的口氣十分肯定。根據(jù)句子語境：她此刻肯定正在校園散步呢。must be doing表示肯定正在做。答案為A4. I stayed at a hotel in New York. Oh, did you ? You _ with B

37、arbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would sayD. must have stayed分析：首句說：我在紐約住在一家賓館里。在此a hotel是泛指。所以D選項(xiàng)不合題意。第二句在說：你本來可以和Barbara.住在一起的。Could have done表示：本來可以。答案為A5. Why didnt you tell me there was no meeting today ? I _ all the way here through the heavy snow.A. neednt have drivenB. cant have

38、drivenC. mustnt have drivenD. shouldnt have driven分析：根據(jù)句意：你為什么不告訴我今天沒有會？我本來沒必要冒著大雪開車跑這么多路。Neednt have done表示本來沒必要。答案為A6. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word.A. mustnt leaveB. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have leftD. neednt leave分析：根據(jù)句意：我真的很擔(dān)心你，你真不應(yīng)該一句話都不說就離開家。“離開家”已經(jīng)發(fā)生了。Should

39、have done正好表達(dá)了本句的意思。答案為B7. A：Are you coming to Jeffs party ? B：Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.A. mustB. would C. shouldD. might分析：根據(jù)B的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去聽音樂會。Might表示推測：可能。答案為D8. A：I promise that she _ get a nice present on her birthday. B：Will it be a big surprise to her ?A. should B. mustC.

40、wouldD. shall分析：A說：“我答應(yīng)她在生日聚會上她會得到一份生日禮物。shall表示許諾。答案為D【模擬試題】1. A：Is John coming by train ?B：He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.A. mustB. canC. needD. may2. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up.A. should have arrivedB. should arriveC. should have had arrivedD. sho

41、uld be arriving3. Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm and gone to sleep again.A. mightB. shouldC. can D. will4. You _ be tiredYouve only been working for an hour.A. must notB. wontC. cantD. may not5. I didnt go to work yesterday afternoon because my car broke down. You _ mine. I wasnt

42、 using it.A. might borrowB. could have borrowedC. can have borrowedD. ought to borrow6. A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband. It _ her husband. He has been dead for ages.A. mustnt be B. couldnt have beenC. may not have been D. mustnt have been【試題答案】1. 分析：根據(jù)B的回答“他應(yīng)該（坐火車來），但是也不一

43、定，他喜歡開自己的車。本題考查了情態(tài)動詞的推測用法。may表示不十分有把握的推測。答案為D2. 分析：根據(jù)句意：White先生本應(yīng)該在8:30到這里出席會議的，可他（在8:30）沒有到場。Should have done表示：本應(yīng)該。答案為A3. 分析：本句是說話人在解釋遲到的原因：我或許是關(guān)掉鬧鐘又睡了。might have done 表示對過去的推測：可能已經(jīng)答案為A4. 分析：根據(jù)后半句Youve only been working for an hour.（你才剛干了一個小時）說明You _ be tired（你不可能很累），cant 表示“不可能”答案為C5. 分析：聽到對方說“昨天

44、車壞了而沒去上班”，第二個人說“你本來可以借我的車去上班?！?本來可以/能：could have done.答案為B6. 分析：第二個人是說：那個人不可能是她丈夫，因?yàn)樗煞蛞呀?jīng)去世多年了。根據(jù)對話的語境，是在談?wù)撨^去的事，表示過去不可能：could not have done 答案為：B與it有關(guān)的主要句型it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型知識總結(jié)歸納：（一）it用做形式主語或形式賓語：根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，it用做形式主語或形式賓語，而真正的主語或賓語（to do 短語，doing短語，名詞性從句）則放在句尾。主要句型：Its +形容詞/名詞+連詞+名詞性從句to do sth.doing sth.find /

45、make / think / feel it +形容詞/名詞+連詞+名詞性從句to do sth.doing sth.例句：1. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English . 2. Its usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs . 3. Its a pity that I didnt think of it earlier.4. Its no use going there so early.5. Out te

46、acher thinks it no good learning without practice.6. Didnt I make it clear to you that I was not coming ?7. We found it strange that no one would take the money.（二）其他句型1. It takes+時間段+sb.+ to do sth.2. 表示“據(jù)說，據(jù)報(bào)道，/人們認(rèn)為/相信/建議等Its said that.Its reported that Its believed/thought/suggested that例句：1. It

47、generally takes time to reach this pointbeing on the same wavelength . 2. It is believed that the two children went off exploring（探險(xiǎn)）on their own and get stuck on the cliff . 3. Its suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem . 4. It was once predicted（預(yù)測）that British and American

48、 English would become separate languages finally . （三）it在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中：在英語中，為了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一個成分（謂語除外），達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)或使聽話人特別注意這一部分的目的。便形成了一種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。It is / was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。It is / was not until+時間+that+句子的其他部分。例句：1. I saw John on my way to school this morning.It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this m

49、orning. It was on my way to school that I saw John this morning.It was this morning that I saw John on my way to school.2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.4. It was the strange way things looked and sounded in my

50、 familiar room at night that frightened me so much . 5. It was the kindness and sympathy in their eyes that prevented me from doing so . 知識難點(diǎn)：（一）注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的變形，即以一般疑問句或特殊疑問句的形式出現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。1. What is it that Joe cant find in the bathroom ? 2. Where was it that you met the foreign guests from Australia? 3. I c

51、ant quite remember when it was that we married. 4. Was it because he was very ill that he asked for leave?（二）是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還是that主語從句或其他復(fù)合句 1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 2. It is these poisonous products that can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache a

52、nd aching muscles. 3. It was almost ten oclock when our soldiers came back from the front. 4. Was it in this place that the last king died ?（三）注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分帶有定語從句Was it at the air battle on June 8, 1944, which was led by Captain Johnson that Peter lost his life.【典型例題】一. 單項(xiàng)選擇：1. I dont think possible

53、to master a foreign language without much memory.A. thisB. thatC. itsD. it分析：本題考查it做形式賓語的句型?！拔艺J(rèn)為沒有大量的記憶掌握一門外語是不可能的?！惫蔬x擇D2. Does matter if he cant finish the job on time ?A. thisB. thatC. heD. it分析：本題考查it做形式主語的句型：如果他沒能按時完成工作的話，這很要緊嗎？故選擇D3. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but

54、didnt help.A. heB. which C. sheD. it分析：本題考查it的代詞用法。It指上一句的內(nèi)容：Tom的母親始終告訴他應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。 故選擇D4. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. ThereB. ThisC. ThatD. It分析：本題考查it做形式主語的句型：英語正在作為一種國際性語言被接受是一個事實(shí)。選擇D5. It was in the small house _ was built with stones by his father _he sp

55、ent his childhood.A. which ; that B. that ; whereC. which ; which D. that ; which分析：本題考查帶有定語從句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用法。句中：“_ was built with stones by his father的定語從句。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是in the small house _ was built with stones by his father。根據(jù)句意：他正是在他父親用石頭蓋的房子里度過了他的童年。故選擇A二. 單句改錯：1. That is said that this novel has been translated into several lang