2018年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)每日一題(第20周)完形填空夾說明文(含解析)

1、完形填空夾說明文高考頻度： 難易程度：that operationsbecome more profitableunder the new organization,rather than less.（2016 上海卷）In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkersin theart of man ageme nt, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is theidea that people instinctively 51 workand wil

2、l do anything to avoid it. TheoryY is the view that every one has the pote ntial to find satisfacti on in work.In any case, despite so much evidenee to the 52 , many managers still agreeto Theory X. They believe, _53 , that their employees need constant supervisionif they are to work effectively, or

3、 that decisi ons must be imposed from 54without consultation. This, of course, makes forauthoritarian（專制的）managers.Differe nt cultures have differe nt ways of 55 people.Un like authoritaria nman ageme nt, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the con sultativeIn ature of decisi on-

4、mak ing all members of the departme nt or work group are askedto 56 to this process. This is man ageme nt by the collective opinion. Manywestern compa nies have tried toimitate such Asia n waysof doing thin gs, which arebased on gen eral 57 . Some experts say that wome n will become more effective.A

5、1man agers tha n men because they have the power to reach com mon goals in a way thattraditi onal 5man agerscannot.trend has bee n to en courage employees to use their own in itiative,to make decisions on their own without 59 managersfirst. Thisempowerme授權(quán)）has been part of the trend towards downsizi

6、ng: _60_ the number ofman agementlayers in compa ni es. After de-layeri ng in this way, a compa ny may be 61 withjust a top level of senior managers, front-linemanagers and employees with directcon tact with the public.Empowermenttakes the idea ofdelegation（委托）much furtherthan has62beenmean new form

7、s ofman ageme nt con trol to 63 thatthe overallbus inessplan is being followed,and2Ano ther trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people lin kedby e-mail and the Internetwork on projectsfrom their own houses. Projectmanagersevaluate the 65 ofthe team members interms of what they produce

8、 forprojects,rather tha n the amount of time they spe nd on them.51. A. desireB.seekC. loseD.dislike52. A. con traryB. expectati onC.degreeD. extreme53. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise54. A. outsideB. i nsideC. belowD. aboved J55. A. replaci ngB. assess ing、L yD. en couragi ngA56.

9、A. referB. con tributeC. objectD. apply(757. A. agreeme ntB. practiceAysC. electio nD.impressi on58. A. bossyB. experie needC. westernD. male、)B. trai ningC. warni ngD.firing60. A. doubli ngB. mai ntai ningC. reduci ngD.estimat ing61. A. ho noredB. leftC. crowdedD.compared62. A. econo micallyB. trad

10、itio nallyC. in adequatelyD.occasi on ally63. A. denyB. admitC. assumeD.en sure3D. on-the-sce ne65. A. opi nionB. riskC. performa neeD.attractive ness【文章大意】本文是說明文，介紹了現(xiàn)代社會中一種新型管理理論一一授權(quán)管理及其作用。51. D【解析】根擔(dān)后半句一will do anything to avoid itM可知人們本能上不喜歡工作#他們?yōu)樘颖芄ぷ骺?以做任何事情。故D項(xiàng)正確。2 A【解析】to the cwriray相反的；to the

11、 degree在某種程度上；to the extreme走向根端此處是說/無論如何盡菅很多證據(jù)與這個(gè)理論相反很多管理人仍然同意X理論。故A項(xiàng)正確53-B【解析】由后面的例子他們認(rèn)為如果要員攻率高，就需要給予他W環(huán)斷的監(jiān)督可知止拋是舉例說明。 故B項(xiàng)正確54. D【解析】扌瞬后句可知，此處是說，他們的決定是來自上而下的，沒有任f可商量的余地。故D項(xiàng)種above上面的”正確#55. C【解析】根據(jù)前段可知本文討論的是管理學(xué)的理論，此處是說，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故 C 項(xiàng)正確。56. B【解析】refer to 提到，談到；con tribute to 做貢獻(xiàn)，導(dǎo)致；object to

12、 反對；applyto 適用于。此處是說，亞洲人使用的是協(xié)商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求對管理的過程作出自己的貢獻(xiàn)。故 B 項(xiàng)正確。57. A【解析】 agreeme nt 同意； practice 練習(xí)，做法； elect ion 選舉；impressi on 印象。此處是說，亞洲人使用協(xié)商式的管理方法，這種方法是建立在共同協(xié)商的基礎(chǔ)上的，西方人也想模仿這樣的管理方法。故A 項(xiàng)正確。58. D 【解析】 根據(jù)前半句.wome n will become more effective man agers tha nmen.可知有些專家認(rèn)為女性比男性管理更高效，因?yàn)榕愿杏H和力，比男性管理人更

13、容易與別人達(dá)成一致的目標(biāo)。故D 項(xiàng)正確。59. A 【解析】 根據(jù)前句.encourage employees to use theirown initiative.64. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-day4（鼓勵(lì)員工使用自己的首創(chuàng)精神），也就是說在作出決定的時(shí)候不用先請示上級經(jīng)理。故 A 項(xiàng)正確。60. C【解析】根據(jù)the trend towards dow nsizi ng （縮小規(guī)模的趨勢）可知，也就是要減少管理層的數(shù)量，可以直接作出決定而不需要請示上級，故動(dòng)詞reduce 減少 符合語境。旳B【解折】be honored wtfti披擡予；b

14、e left witli留下、剩下；be aowded witti擠滿；be compared witti與.相比，通過這種方法，公司只剩下高層管理者和與公眾直接聯(lián)系的一線管理人，省略了很多中央環(huán) 節(jié)，提高了管理的成效。故B項(xiàng)正確。62. B【解析】ecanomkally經(jīng)濟(jì)地j traditkmlly傳統(tǒng)地，madEtjuately不充分地！occasionally偶爾地根據(jù)后句Emponnenl and delegatjon mean new icmis of nianageuieut control可知擡權(quán)管理是:一種新型 的管理方法，與傳統(tǒng)的管理模式不一樣故B項(xiàng)正確“63. D【解析】

15、deny 否認(rèn)；admit 承認(rèn)；assume 假定，設(shè)想；ensure 保證，確保。授權(quán)管理是一種新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理環(huán)節(jié)，保證了整個(gè)商業(yè)計(jì)劃被采用。根據(jù)句意可知 D 正確。64. A【解析】virtual虛擬的；in effective無效果的，低效率的；day-to-day 日常的；on-the-scene 現(xiàn)場的。根據(jù)后句 where teams of people linked by e-mail and theInternet work on projects from their own houses可知在這種新型的管理方法中，人們都是通過郵件和網(wǎng)絡(luò)聯(lián)系，說明這是一種新

16、型通過虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行管理的方法。故A 項(xiàng)正確。I65. C【解析】opinion 觀點(diǎn)；risk 冒險(xiǎn)；performanee 表現(xiàn)；attractiveness魅力。根據(jù)后半句in terms of what they produce for projects, rather tha n the amountof time they spe nd on them可知我們評價(jià)員工的表現(xiàn)是根據(jù)他們的產(chǎn)品，而不是他們的工作時(shí)間。故 C 項(xiàng)正確。【巧學(xué)妙記】說明文一般采用簡練的語言，按一定的方法介紹事物的類別、性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)、構(gòu)造、成因、關(guān)系或事物的運(yùn)動(dòng)變化、發(fā)展的過程及其規(guī)律。常見的說明文有自我介紹、人

17、物介紹（傳記）、地方介紹、習(xí)俗介紹、節(jié)日介紹、方法（步驟）介紹，產(chǎn)品說明、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、科普小品、讀書報(bào)告、新聞報(bào)道等。說明文類完形填空通常有以下命題特點(diǎn)：1. 開頭點(diǎn)題5在說明文類完形填空題中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出說明的對象，這是掌握說明細(xì)節(jié)的前提。2. 結(jié)構(gòu)清晰說明文一般按一定的順序展開。理清文章的說明順序，對于正確把握文意和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系以及選擇正確答案具有重要意義。3.文體特點(diǎn)說明文往往采用比較正式的文體，表述準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，生詞術(shù)語較多，句子較長，結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。4.條理清楚說明文十分講究條理性，一般采取時(shí)間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序或認(rèn)知順序等來說明事物或事理。解答這類題目要遵循下列原

18、則：1.明白說明對象文章的首句一般就明確了說明對象。對文章要進(jìn)行粗讀或略讀，對文章的大意要先有一個(gè)大體的了解。2.弄清楚說明的順序，利用好標(biāo)志語把握了說明順序，就能準(zhǔn)確把握文章的脈絡(luò)，加強(qiáng)對整篇文章的理解。語篇與語篇之間往往有表明其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的詞語，這些詞語被稱為語篇標(biāo)志語。如表示結(jié)構(gòu)層次的語篇標(biāo)志語 firstly, seco ndly, thirdly, fin ally等；表示因果關(guān)系的 thus, therefore, so 等;表示改變話題的 by the way 等；表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的 besides, what s more 等；表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的 before, so far, yet,

19、 mean while, later等； 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, while, on the otherhand 等。做題時(shí)如果能充分利用這些語篇標(biāo)志語，就可以迅速理清文章的脈絡(luò)，弄清上下文 的關(guān)系。3.把握文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，理清事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)把握語篇特征對理解文意與答題極為有利。說明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表 達(dá)清楚的、邏輯比較嚴(yán)密的短文。在閱讀這類文章時(shí)，我們一定要仔細(xì)研讀文章的開頭和結(jié) 尾，從主題句著手，找出支持句，然后尋找文章的結(jié)論。這時(shí)，不要被表面的一些細(xì)節(jié)所迷 惑，我們在理解細(xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上，還要斟酌文字的內(nèi)涵意義，從而對文章進(jìn)行6深層次的理解。4.注重上下文語境應(yīng)逐句精讀短文，逐題分

20、析選項(xiàng)，對特定的語境做深入的理解，克服思維定勢，根據(jù)全 文大意和詞不離句、句不離文的原則逐項(xiàng)填空。7a gene editing method called Crispr.And whe n the GM mosquitoes matedtheir later gen eratio n in herited the _US scientistssay they have bred a geneticallymodified (GM) mosquito that canresist malaria( 瘧疾)in fecti on. If the lab tech nique1 in the fi

21、eld, it couldoffer a new way of stopp ing the bit ing in sects from2 malaria to huma ns, theysay. The scientistsput a new resistanee3 intothe mosquito s own DNA, usingtheyAbout 3.2b n peopleof malaria. Bed n ets can helpalmost half of the worldare atanyone who 9 the infection,but the disease10kills

22、around 580 000 peoplea year.Scie ntists have bee n search ing for new waysto11_malaria. The Un iversityof Califor nia team believe their GM mosquitoes could play a key role/resista nt offspri ng to replace malaria-carry ing mosquitoes. They took a type of12mosquito found in In dia on which toDr. Ant

23、hony James and his team showed that they could give thecode to make it a15 host for the malaria parasite. The DNA was in herited by1314 new DNAalmost 100% of the mosquito offspri ng and across three16Mosquito larvae(幼蟲)can17_new genes,such as resista neeto the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria

24、. The researcherssay the findingsoffer18 thatthemosquito198)resista nee,PNASjo urnalreports. In 5 , if these mosquitoes (bite people,6 on the parasite( 寄生蟲)that causes malaria.20 it would not be a sole solution to the malaria problem, it would be a usefuladditi onal weap on, they say.1.A.co untsB. m

25、attersC. appliesD.worksshould not be able to92.A.spreadingB. sendingC. makingDturning3.A.medicineB. methodC. geneDequipment4.A.greatB. sameC. powerfulDhealthy5.A.practiceB. particularC. generalD. theory6.A.carryB. takeC. passDdepend7.A.topB. riskC. mercyDrate8.A.stopB. improveC. denyDget9.A.matchesB

26、. catchesC. resistsDmisses10.A.fairlyB. quiteC. stillD. just11.A.getB. findC. shelterD. fight12.A.breedingB. feedingC. educatingD. assisting13.A.baseB. countC. experimentD. blame14.A.personB. fellowC. plantD.insect15.A.strongB. poorC. friendlyD. good16.A.methodsB. countriesC. varietiesD10generations

27、17.A.usefulB. doubtfulC. thoughtful D.11Although參涪答案dCj【文章大意】本文為說明文。美國科學(xué)家聲稱他們已經(jīng)培育出一種能抵抗感染的轉(zhuǎn)基因蚊子，如果這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室技術(shù)起作用的話，它可以提供新的方法阻止蚊子把瘧疾傳染給人類。1R【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。此處表示如果這項(xiàng)實(shí)殮室技術(shù)在更地起崔用的話它可以提供新的方法阻止 蚊子把瘧疾f專染給人類。coum”重要 Jmatted要緊 J 叩ply應(yīng)用”，噸卍產(chǎn)生作用B故選D2A【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。參考上題解析可知，此竝表示把瘧疾傳染給人類。故選Ao spread傳播，(使) 蔓延 Jgf發(fā)送h制造二turn”翻

28、轉(zhuǎn)寫3,C 解析】考查語境選詞 w 由苜句信息P5 scientists say they have bred a genetirally modifijed (GM) mocquito thstcan飾isimalariat瘧疾infection可知，他們的做法是使用一種叫作Crispc的基因編輯法丿把一種 新的具旬氐抗作用的基因植入蚊子自己的DNA故選COgen創(chuàng)基因 S【解析】考查形容詞辨析，由語境中的關(guān)鍵詞inherited可知應(yīng)用辭m粘此處表示轉(zhuǎn)基因蚊子交配后, 他們的后代繼承相同的基因J護(hù)甘偉大的I相同的，同一的 Jpowerful1*犬的h healttiyfit康的 Jj I5

29、. D【解析】考查語境選詞。由上文中的If the lab technique 1(works) in the field ，it could offer a new way of stopp ing the bit ing in sects from 2(spreadi ng)jrJFjLmalaria to humans 可知，這只是理論上的設(shè)想，故選D, in theory 在理論上”。in practice 實(shí)際上 ” ；in particular 特別，尤其 ” ；in general 總的說來”。6. C【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語辨析。由第一段第二句中的it could offer a

30、new way ofstopp ing the bit ing in sects from 2(spreadi ng)malaria to huma ns可知，科學(xué)家的主要目的是阻止蚊子傳播導(dǎo)致瘧疾的寄生蟲。故選C, pass on傳給”。7.B 【解析】考查語境選詞。由下文中的kills around 580 000people a year可知，此處表示大約 32 億人，約世界人口的一半有患瘧疾的危險(xiǎn)。 故選 B,at risk of有wonderful18.A.belief19.A.species surroundings20.A.BecauseB. opi nionC. hopeD. factB. membersC. drugsDB. OnceC. BeforeD12的危險(xiǎn)”。8.A 【解析】考查生活常識。根據(jù)常識可知蚊帳的用途是幫助阻止蚊子咬人。故選improve改善”，deny拒絕，get得到，獲得”，均不符合題意。9. B【解析】考查生活常識。根據(jù)語境可知，感染上瘧疾的人需要用藥。此處catch 表示得病，染疾”。match配對”，resist抵制”，miss錯(cuò)過”，均不符合題意。10. C【解析】考查副詞辨析。由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but 可知用 still仍然”。雖然蚊帳有助于阻止昆蟲叮咬，而且我們可以