2018年高考英語閱讀理解-主旨大意學(xué)生版

1、2018屆高三英語 閱讀理解專題之 主旨大意文章主旨和段落大意題常見的設(shè)題方式題干中常含有main idea, mainly about, sum up, summarize等詞。此類題的設(shè)題形式有：1. The main idea of the passage is that _.2. What is the passage mainly about?3. Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage? 4. Which of the following can summarize the main idea of

2、 the passage?5. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?6. The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to _.7. The first paragraph is mainly about _.8. What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?9. What does the author mostly want to tell us in the

3、 last paragraph?【概括文章標(biāo)題常見的設(shè)題方式】題干中常有title, headline, be entitled等字眼。此類題的設(shè)題方式有：1. The best title for the passage might be _.2. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?3. Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?【主旨大意題解題策略】閱讀時(shí)，文章的開頭、結(jié)尾（或段落的段首、段尾）特

4、別重要，因?yàn)樗鼈兺恼碌闹行淖h題。有時(shí)候，文章（或段落）中沒有明確的主題句，則需要我們根據(jù)所提供的信息歸納出文章（或段落）的主旨大意。同時(shí)要注意提煉文章的關(guān)鍵詞。此外，標(biāo)題類題目還要追求語言的生動(dòng)和趣味性?！局髦即笠忸}應(yīng)考技巧】技巧1：速讀頭尾，明確主題 技巧2：定位中心句技巧3：無明顯主題句時(shí)找高頻詞 技巧4：同義概括，或取其一【技巧1：速讀頭尾，明確主題】大多數(shù)文章的主旨可能出現(xiàn)在開頭或結(jié)尾，于是頭尾顯得很重要。因此，做主旨大意題時(shí)，我們可以先瀏覽一下頭尾，試圖抓住大意。Passage 1Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news

5、is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored (監(jiān)控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts, scientists have f

6、ound that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The if it bleeds rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you c

7、are a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.” Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication-e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations-found that it tended to be more positive than negative (消極的), but that didnt necessarily mean people pre

8、ferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times website. He and a Penn coll

9、eague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others. Reade

10、rs also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused (激發(fā)) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely

11、it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.” 【語篇解讀】 本文為議論文。俗話說，好事不出門，壞事傳千里。但是研究者們通過跟蹤和監(jiān)控人們的電子郵件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)帖子及評論、面對面會(huì)話等發(fā)現(xiàn)，人與人之間更多分享的是那些給人們帶來積極情緒的好消息，而不是導(dǎo)致消極情緒的壞消息。What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B. Online News Att

12、racts More PeopleC. Reading Habits Change with the Times D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks【技巧2：定位中心句】主題句的位置往往由文章體裁所決定。議論文主要是論述作者的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，往往采用“總分總”的模式，第一段提出論點(diǎn)，然后是論據(jù)部分，最后一段得出結(jié)論（論點(diǎn)的重申），所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段。說明文則是說明一個(gè)事物的用途或制作過程，主題句一般在首段。而新聞報(bào)道卻是報(bào)道一個(gè)人物事跡或重大事件等，主題句常出現(xiàn)在首段首句。記敘文一般沒有明顯的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索來概括文章大

13、意，但是如果文章末段出現(xiàn)說理性的句子，則這個(gè)句子很可能是主題句。以下是尋找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門：1. 段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語（如however, but, in fact, actually等）時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。2. 開頭出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3. 作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4. 表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等詞。Passage 2 A warm drink of milk before bed has long be

14、en the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off if it is milked from a cow at night. Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiet

15、y.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collect

16、ed during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer. While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been sugges

17、ted to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content,which helps people to relax. Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best ch

18、oice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat, Sugar and HealthC. An Experiment on Mice D. Milk Drinking and Health【技巧3：無明顯主題句時(shí)找高頻詞】

19、任一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。Passage 3 Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself. Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, youve got to love you

20、rself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that were the apple of our parents eyes, and that our Grandmas think were great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes its a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that belie

21、ving in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself. Self-image is your own minds picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite diff

22、erent from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world. The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to

23、 stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Dont allow doubts to occur in it. It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you cant move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. W

24、ell, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think youre silly because you arent good at math, find a tutor. If you think youre weak because you cant run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think youre dull because you dont wear the latest trends, buy a fe

25、w new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesnt mean its true. The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to

26、 improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat(拍) yourself on the back, youll know youre well on your way. Good luck!What is the passage mainly about? _A. How to prepare for your success. B. How to face challenges in your life.C. How to build a positive selfima

27、ge. D. How to develop your good qualities.【技巧4：同義概括，或取其一】同（近）義轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)是所有閱讀考試的特點(diǎn)。例如，試題中是handle，原文中可能是cope with；試題中是woman，原文可能是female。充分把握這一規(guī)律，是答對閱讀理解題的關(guān)鍵之一。所以考生應(yīng)多積累同義詞匯、表達(dá)。因此，跟主題句意思相同的選項(xiàng)，往往就是正確答案。Passage 4Grown­ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as childre

28、n but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not though

29、t about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. . （下文略）What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.B. Children have a better me

30、mory than grown­ups.C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D. Stories for children are easy to remember.【主旨大意題正確選項(xiàng)的特征】1. 涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。2. 確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。3. 精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語言表意的程度及色彩?！局髦即笠忸}干擾選項(xiàng)的特征】1. 過于籠統(tǒng)。所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容。2. 以偏概全。所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別字詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)

31、充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。3. 偷換概念。所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯(cuò)答案。4. 無中生有。無關(guān)信息，生搬硬套，文章中未提到，或找不到依據(jù)的信息。雖然在文章中談到，但選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與文章內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。【Practice】Passage 5 My husband and I had been married nearly twenty-two years when I acquired Stevens Johnson syndrome,a disorder where my immune (免疫的) system responded to a virus by p

32、roducing painful blisters (水泡). Although my long-term evaluation was good, I, who had been so fiercely independent, rapidly became absolutely helpless. My husband, Scott, stepped up to the plate, taking care of kids and cooking dinners. He also became my personal caretaker, applying the medicine to

33、all of my blisters because my hands couldnt do the job. Needless to say, I had negative emotions, bouncing from embarrassment to shame caused by total reliance on someone other than myself. I recovered from my illness, but I couldnt seem to recover from the thought that I loved my husband less than

34、he loved me. This seeming distinction in our love continued to annoy me for the year following my illness. Then recently Scott and I went on a long bike ride. Hes an experienced cyclist; Im quite the green hand. At one point with a strong headwind and sharp pain building in my tired legs, I really t

35、hought I couldnt go any further. Seeing me struggle, Scott pulled in front of me and yelled over his shoulder, “Stay close behind me.” As I followed his steps, I discovered that my legs quit burning and I was able to catch my breath. My husband was pulling me alongagain. I pray my husband will alway

36、s be strong and healthy. But if he should ever become the struggling one, whether on a bike ride or with an illness, I trust Ill be ready to call out to him, “Stay close behind me my turn to pull you along.”What message does the author convey in the passage?A. Strong will.B. Selfless love. C. Relian

37、ce(依靠)on each other.D. Optimistic attitude to life.Passage 6 Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company. Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases. A position is now open

38、for a Research Operations Manager (ROM) to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield, due to open in the autumn of 2010. Reporting to the Director, you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction. Y

39、ou will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRLs Health and Safety, and to communicate (溝通) with support employees at ALRLs laboratories based at University College London. Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees, you w

40、ill manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories. Candidates (申請人) will have experience of both management and research support / technical services. Knowledge of research operations and excellen

41、t communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable. If you are interested in this position, please send your CV (簡歷) to Alex London Research Laboratory, University College London, Hatfield, London, W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL alex. co. uk. For more information, please

42、visit www. alex. co. uk. What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about? A. The technical skills of a would-be ROM. B. The practical experience of a would-be ROM. C. The personal information of a would-be ROM. D. The necessary requirements for a would-be ROM. Passage 7 Food serves as a form of com

43、munication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or cultures celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat and when and how we eat them are often unique to a particular