中考英語閱讀理解方法講解與試題匯編(共14頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 閱讀理解2013年中考怎么考 掌握本節(jié)課中閱讀理解各個(gè)題型的主要技巧與方法。命題人怎么想 閱讀理解的測試要求： 1.考查學(xué)生在閱讀理解中準(zhǔn)確捕獲信息的能力。通過閱讀短文，運(yùn)用自己所學(xué)的詞匯、語法等方面的語言的知識，根據(jù)自己的理解，掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意，能回答短文后面所給的問題。 2.要求學(xué)生既要理解具體事實(shí)，也要理解抽象的概念。 3.要求學(xué)生既要理解文章的表層意思，還要通過文章的表層去合理推斷，挖掘文章隱含、延伸意義，包括作者的態(tài)度、意圖等“弦外之音”。 4.要求學(xué)生既要理解某句、某段的意思，又要弄懂全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判斷。 5.要求學(xué)生既能根據(jù)所

2、提供的信息去理解，也能結(jié)合中學(xué)生自身所擁有的常識去推理、判斷。 猜詞題猜詞題的技巧：（1）巧抓關(guān)鍵詞語。閱讀理解中的猜詞題主要考查對文中的關(guān)鍵詞語的理解。在閱讀理解中，所考查的詞或短語的意思往往不要停留在字面的含義上，要根據(jù)語境來判斷。并且對it, that, they 等代詞所指代對象進(jìn)行判斷。（2）重視轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。在but, however, yet, otherwise, though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中，其前后的詞有明顯的對比關(guān)系。根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，通過這種對比關(guān)系，就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。（3）關(guān)注因果連詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞（組）because, as, since,

3、for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore等表示前因后果。（4）理解概念術(shù)語。作者為更好地表達(dá)思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念，難懂的術(shù)語或詞匯等做些解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對性，利用它們猜詞義比較容易。如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，定義或解釋形式多樣，常由is, that is (to say), in other words, call, mean, deal with, refer to等詞匯或者破折號等標(biāo)點(diǎn)來表示。 【例題一】Anyone who cares about what schools and college

4、s teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir（回憶錄）of Ralph W. Tyler who is one of the most famous men in American education. Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as

5、a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education. Graduate work at the University of Chicago found him connected with honorable educators Charles Judd and W. W. Charters, whose ideas of teaching and testing had an effect on his later work. In 1927, he became a teach

6、er of Ohio State University where he further developed a new method of testing.Tyler became well-known nationality in 1938, when he carried his work with the Eight-Year Study from Ohio State University to the University of Chicago at the invitation of Robert Hutchins.Tyler was the first director of

7、the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a position he held for fourteen years. There, he firmly believed that researchers should be free to seek an independent spirit in their work. Although Tyler officially retired in 1967, he never actually retired. He served on a lon

8、g list of educational organizations in the United States and abroad. Even in his 80s he traveled across the country to advise teachers and management people on how to set objectives(目標(biāo)) that develop the best teaching and learning within their schools. 51.Who are most probably interested in Ralph W.

9、Tylers memoir?A. Top managers.B. Factory workers.C. Serious educators.D. Science researcher.52.The underlined phrase “hooked on teaching” in Paragraph 2 probably means .A. interested in teachingB. tired of teachingC. satisfied with teachingD. unhappy about teaching53.Where did Tyler work as the lead

10、er of a research center for over 10 years?A. The University of Chicago.B. Stanford University.C. Ohio State University.D. Nebraska University.答案：CAB【例題二】 A research shows that expressions on our faces have a strong relationship with our genes(基因). According to the study, facial expressions of our fe

11、elings are innate and are not achieved in cultural learning. This is the first research to show that blind people have the same facial expressions as the sighted when showing certain feelingsthe same facial muscles(肌肉) start working. Whats more, the research gives the new method of how people contro

12、l their feelings in certain social situations. It states that people do not learn to manage their facial expressions by examining the expressions of others. In his study, David Matsumoto, San Francisco State University Psychology Professor, examined facial expressions of blind and sighted judo athle

13、tes(柔道運(yùn)動員) that took part in the Summer Olympics and Paralympics(殘奧會). He examined over 4,800 pictures of different athletes who came from 23 countries. Matsumoto found that both blind and sighted sportsmen had the same facial expressions, according to a specific social situation. “This suggests gen

14、es decide facial expressions of feelings,” he said. One of his findings was the “social smiles” of judo athletes who lost their match and got the second place. It is interesting to find that only mouth muscles are used in social smiles, while during real smiles, shown when a person is really happy,

15、the eyes of a person twinkle and get smaller and the cheeks(臉頰) rise. “Losers pushed their lower lip up as if to control the feeling on their face and many produced social smiles,” said Matsumoto, “People blind from birth were unable to learn to manage their feelings with the help of examining other

16、s facial expressions.” He thought that there must be another system involved. “Its possible that in order to hide sad feelings, humans have developed a system that closes the mouth so that they are stopped from crying, biting or rudeness,” he said.57.The underlined word “innate” in the first paragra

17、ph means _.A. from birth B. from daily lifeC. from others D. from teaching58.According to the passage, real smiles are different from social smiles in _.A. opening the eyesB. using facial musclesC. closing the mouthD. watching others expressions59.How does the writer make us believe the new findings

18、?A. By telling us an interesting story.B. By interviewing some researchers.C. By showing the results of the research. D. By giving the answers to the questions.60. Which can be the best title for the passage? A. Smiles and OlympicsB. Blind and Sighted Athletes C. Social Smiles and Real SmilesD. Gene

19、s and facial Expressions答案：ABCD【例題三】 Younger adults who get either little sleep or a lot of it may see a greater increase in their waistlines(腰圍) over time, a study suggests. The study included 332 African-American and 775 Hispanic-American (拉丁裔美國人) men and women aged 18 to 81. The researchers measu

20、red their abdominal (腹部的) fat, at the start of the study and again five years later. Among the people younger than 40 in the research, the study found, those who said they slept for five hours or less each night gained more fat than those who averaged six or seven hours of sleep. Those who slept eig

21、ht hours or more in bed each night also showed a bigger fat gain - but it was not as much as that seen in "short sleepers." The findings, according to the lead researcher Dr. Kristen, support the belief that sleep habits affect weight, and health in general. "Sleep is an important par

22、t of your overall health - not just in whether you're tired during the day," she said. As for why sleep time might affect abdominal-fat gain, there are several facts:People who get too little sleep may be too tired during the day to exercise, while those who spend a lot of time in bed may s

23、pend less time being active, comparing to people who sleep fewer hours. Research also suggests that sleep loss changes people's appetite-regulating hormones（胃口調(diào)節(jié)荷爾蒙）- which could, in theory, make them overeat. Whats more, depression, which is a feeling of sadness that makes people think there is

24、 no hope for the future, could also be a reason. He also noted that it often affects people's sleep and has been linked to weight gain. 55._ will get less fat gain according to the passage.A. Younger adults who sleep for five hours or lessB. People who sleep more than 8 hours every dayC. Younger

25、 adults who are from Africa or AmericaD. People who sleep about six or seven hours a day56.The underlined word “that” refers to _.A. a fat gain B. sleep habitsC. too little sleep D. too much sleep57.What can we learn from the passage?A. The more we sleep, the more energetic we will be.B. The less we

26、 sleep every day, the less fat we will get.C. Those who are in sadness could easily get a bigger fat gain.D. The African and Hispanic adults easily get a greater weight gain.答案：DAC【例題四】Tucked away in our sub-consciousness is an idyllic vision. We see ourselves on a long trip that spans the continent

27、. We are traveling by train. Out the windows, we drink in the passing scene of cars on nearby highways, of children waving at a crossing, of cattle grazing on a distant hillside, of smoke pouring from a power plant, of row upon row of corn and wheat, of flatlands and valleys, of mountains and rollin

28、g hillsides, of city skylines and village halls.But uppermost in our minds is the final destination. On a certain day at a certain hour, we will pull into the station. Bands will be playing and flags waving. Once we get there, so many wonderful dreams will come true and the pieces of our lives will

29、fit together like a completed jigsaw puzzle. How restlessly we pace the aisles, damning the minutes for loitering waiting, waiting, waiting for the station."When we reach the station, that will be it!" we cry. "When I'm 18." "When I buy a new 450SL Mercedes Benz!"&q

30、uot;When I put the last kid through college.""When I have paid off the mortgage!" "When I get a promotion." "When I reach the age of retirement, I shall live happily ever after!"Sooner or later, we must realize there is no station, no one place to arrive at once an

31、d for all. The true joy of life is the trip. The station is only a dream. It constantly outdistances us.“Enjoy the moment ” is a good saying , especially when coupled with the Psalm 118:24: “This is the day which the Lord has made; we will rejoice and be glad in it.”It isn't the burdens of today

32、 that drive men mad. It is the regrets over yesterday and the fear of tomorrow. Regret and fear are twin thieves who rob us of today.So stop pacing the aisles and counting the miles. Instead, climb more mountains, eat more ice creams, go barefoot more often, swim more rivers, watch more sunsets, lau

33、gh more, cry less. Life must be lived as we go along. The station will come soon enough.38. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph Three refer to _ . A. The station B. The retirement C. The college D. The destination39. The underlined sentence “Life must be lived as we go along.” in paragra

34、ph Six means _ .A. We should give up working hard because of regretsB. We should regard our life as a trip without destination.C. We should travel as much as possible to enjoy ourselves.D. We should appreciate every second and enjoy the process40 The best title for the passage _ .A. Treasure the mom

35、ent B. Realize the destination C. Travel on the train D. Return to the start答案：DDA推理判斷題推理判斷題的三種形式：語意推理題、結(jié)論推理題和出處推理題。語意推理題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章、段落或句子的表層信息推斷出其深層次的含義，如推斷文章的或者段落的中心思想、句子的言外之意等；結(jié)論推理和出處推理要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章中所列舉的事實(shí)推斷出符合邏輯的結(jié)論或文章的出處。推理判斷題的解題的技巧：（1）留意作者的語氣和態(tài)度。作者的語氣和態(tài)度通常體現(xiàn)在短文所使用的句式和措辭上。要特別留意感情色彩比較濃重的形容詞和副詞。我們可以從措辭上推斷

36、出作者對所討論話題的語氣的態(tài)度是肯定或者否定、贊成或反對、褒揚(yáng)或是諷刺、喜好或是厭惡等。（2）根據(jù)提問的方式，確定是哪種推理判斷類型（語意推理題、結(jié)論推理題和出處推理題）。如果是語意推理題，我們要根據(jù)文章、段落或句子的表層信息推斷出其深層含義。結(jié)論推斷試題，要根據(jù)文章所列舉的事實(shí)做出符合邏輯的推斷。出處推理題，要結(jié)合短文的主題，再由主題推斷出它可能出現(xiàn)的地方。（出處推理題北京中考很少有涉及到）（3）注意文章的體裁和出處。初中閱讀理解主要有三種體裁：說明文、記敘文和夾敘夾議文。 說明文闡述事物的內(nèi)在的性質(zhì)、特征及與其他事物之間的聯(lián)系，一般采用定義、舉例、比較、數(shù)據(jù)等方式說明主題。記敘文的重點(diǎn)在時(shí)

37、間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事物、原因、結(jié)果等六要素上，以敘述和描述性的語言為主，常常使用比喻、比擬、夸張、幽默等修辭方法。夾敘夾議要求一面敘述某一件事，一面又對這件事進(jìn)行分析、評論。這種方法能具體地記敘事件，充分地抒發(fā)感情，而且能直接揭示所寫對象的意義。說明文、記敘文和夾敘夾議的出處很多，判斷時(shí)注意短文的主題，由主題再推斷它有可能出現(xiàn)的地方。語意推理題【例題一】Studies have shown it takes a doctor about 18 seconds to stop a patient after he begins talking.It was Sunday. I had one la

38、st patient to see. I came close to her room in a hurry and stood at the doorway. She was an older woman, sitting at the edge of the bed, trying to put socks on her swollen (腫大的) feet. I spoke quickly to the nurse, saw her chart saying she was in stable (穩(wěn)定的) condition. I was almost in the clear.She

39、asked if I could help put on her socks. Instead, I began a long speech that went something like this: “How are you feeling? Your blood sugar and blood pressure (血壓) were high but theyre better today. The nurse said you cant wait to see your son whos visiting you today. Its nice to have family visit

40、from far away. Im sure you really look forward to seeing him.”She stopped me with a serious voice. “Sit down, doctor. This is my story, not your story.”I was surprised and ashamed. I sat down. I helped her with the socks. She began to tell me that her only son lived around the corner from her, but s

41、he had not seen him in five years. She believed that the pressure of this caused greatly to her health problems. After hearing her story and putting on her socks, I asked if there was anything else I could do for her. She shook her head and smiled. All she wanted me to do was to listen.Listening to

42、someones story costs less than expensive diagnostic (診斷的) testing but is key to healing (痊愈).I often thought of what that woman taught me the importance of stopping, sitting down and truly listening. And, not long after, unexpectedly, I became the patient, with a diagnosis of sclerosis (硬化癥) at age

43、31. Now, 20 years later, I sit all the time in a wheelchair.For as long as I could, I continued to see patients from my chair, but I had to give up my job when my hands were influenced. I still teach medical students and other health care professionals, but now from the view of doctor and patient.I

44、tell them I believe in the power (力量) of listening. I tell them I know firsthand that huge healing takes place within me when someone stops, sits down and listens to my story.58.What does “I was_almost_in_the_clear” mean?A. I thought everything was clearly.B. I was about to finish my work.C. I almos

45、t made myself understood.D. I was very quickly out of her sight.59.From the 4th paragraph, we can infer the woman _ from the way she said.A. showed her anger and impatienceB. refused to listen to the doctorC. liked giving orders to peopleD. could not wait to break in60.What is the best title of the

46、passage?A. Listening a powerful medicineB. An unforgettable experienceC. A lesson given by a patientD. Care a key to treatment答案：BAA結(jié)論推斷題【例題二】When the Beijing Olympics begin this August, the world will be watching. The games have become a huge international event. People will come from around the wo

47、rld to watch 10,500 athletes from 205 countries compete to take home the gold. It takes years of work and billions of dollars to prepare for Olympics. But it hasnt always been that way. The ancient OlympicsThe first recorded Olympics, in 776 B.C., were an important religious festival. But they only

48、included athletes from about a dozen cities. Even after 200 years, the ancient games only included Greek men from about 100 cities around Mediterranean. Unlike today, the ancient games were always at Olympia, in Greece. Olympic sports have also changed a lot in the last few thousand years. The ancie

49、nt games began with just one 192-metre race. In later years, the games grew to include a total of six sports tested skilled soldiers needed. These included races where runners wore fighting equipment and the pankration - a violent sport with few rules. The modern gamesEven the modern Olympics were o

50、nce far smaller than they are today. The first of the modern games, in 1896, once had 241 athletes from 14 countries. Moreover, the early modern Olympics were not an independent event. Until 1908 the Olympics were part of the worlds fair! At the first modern Olympics, there were 43 events from ten s

51、ports. Many of the sports from the early modern games are no longer part of the Olympics. These include the sports of golf and tug of war. There has always been a lot of disagreement over changing Olympic sports. The number of Olympic sports has constantly increased throughout history. At the Beijin

52、g games, athletes will compete in 302 events from 28 sports. Despite all the changes over the years, some ancient sports are still part of the modern games. These include running, boxing and wresting. The Olympics continue to grow and change, and they encourage us all to work harder, go faster and b

53、e stronger. 52. What is the best title for the passage? A. The History of the Summer Olympics B. The Changes of the Olympics Sports C. The Growing Events of the Olympics D. The Increasing Sports of The Summer Olympics 53. The ancient Olympics were held _. A. as important religious festivals B. at Ol

54、ympia, in GreeceC. in 776 B.C. at Olympia, in Greece D. in about 100 cities around Mediterranean. 54. Which of the following is NOT true? A. 241 athletes from competed in 43 events in 1896. B. The first modern Olympics were held in 1896. C. 205 countries competed in 302 events at the 28th Olympics .

55、 D. 10,500 athletes will compete in 302 events at Beijing Olympics55. What can we infer from the passage? A. The Olympic Games have become a huge international event. B. The number of Olympic sports has increased throughout history.C. The Olympics encourage us to work harder, go faster and be strong

56、er.D. While the games have grown and changed, the Olympic spirit has stayed the same答案：ABCD 主旨大意題 主旨大意，就是文章的中心思想、主題思想、中心觀點(diǎn)，即作者在文章中要表達(dá)的基本觀點(diǎn)。了解文章的中心思想有助于對文章的細(xì)節(jié)和特定信息的理解。主旨大意題常常針對文章的細(xì)節(jié)和特定信息的理解。主旨大意題常常針對文章的主題，作者的意圖、文章或段落的中心思想進(jìn)行提問，這類題也叫做歸納概括題。主旨句技巧： 不同的體裁的文章，其表達(dá)中心思想方式也不盡相同。新聞報(bào)道類往往用一句來概括全篇的內(nèi)容，然后再進(jìn)行詳細(xì)敘述，因此，

57、新聞報(bào)道的首句通常就是其中心的內(nèi)容；說明文或議論文往往用主題句來體現(xiàn)文章或段落的中心，主題句有時(shí)出現(xiàn)在段首，有時(shí)出現(xiàn)在段尾，有時(shí)隱含于整個(gè)文章（段落）中間，當(dāng)然有時(shí)也可能沒有主題句，同學(xué)們需要注意上下文聯(lián)系，細(xì)心體會；敘事性的文章往往沒有主題句，需要弄清文章的線索脈絡(luò)，讀懂故事的結(jié)局，才能體會作者的用意，進(jìn)而概括出文章所表達(dá)的中心思想。全文中心大意【例題一】The “halo effect” is a classic finding social psychology. It is the idea that general evaluations(評價(jià)) about a person (e.

58、g. she is likeable) influence judgments about their specific traits(品質(zhì))(e.g. she is intelligent). Hollywood stars give the perfect example. Because they are often attractive and likeable, we naturally consider they are also intelligent, friendly and so on. That is, sometimes, not true.In the 1970s, well-know