國(guó)際法期末考試專用

1、1、 國(guó)際法Definition of International law：國(guó)際法是指國(guó)家在國(guó)際交往中形成的，用以調(diào)整國(guó)際關(guān)系，主要是國(guó)家間權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系的、有約束力的原則、規(guī)則和制度的總和。（Refer to a body of rules governing international relations.）International law is commonly used to describe the whole system of rules that regulate the relationship between/among states, international orga

2、nizations, and other international legal persons.2、 與國(guó)內(nèi)法相比，國(guó)際法的特征Features of international law compared with municipal law：A. Subjects Sovereign states, international organizations, and state-like entities are the principal subjects of international law, among which states are the key legal persons

3、of international law. 調(diào)整對(duì)象即主體：(國(guó)內(nèi)法)自然人、法人、合伙組織(國(guó)際法)國(guó)家、國(guó)際組織B. Law-making process Unlike the national law, international law is not made by one ruler, but by many equal rulers in the forms of treaty and custom. 法律制定程序：(國(guó)內(nèi)法)存在立法機(jī)構(gòu)。例如：議會(huì)。(國(guó)際法)無(wú)。通過(guò)磋商（國(guó)際條約）和國(guó)家習(xí)慣C. Law enforcementUnlike the municipal law e

4、nforcement regime, international law is not enforced by a centralized government. There is no international police. The international court can not exercise jurisdiction over states without their consent. International law is enforced by combined means of self-defense, collective defense, public opi

5、nion pressure, a limited organized force. 法律強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力：(國(guó)內(nèi)法)有系統(tǒng)、有組織。例如軍隊(duì)、警察和司法機(jī)關(guān)。(國(guó)際法)不存在軍隊(duì)和警察系統(tǒng)，但司法機(jī)關(guān)存在，但司法權(quán)的行使必須征得爭(zhēng)議國(guó)家的共同同意。3、 國(guó)際法之父 Father of International Law：荷蘭人格勞秀斯Hugo Grotius“God has given conscience a judicial power to be the sovereign guide of human actions."4、國(guó)際法與國(guó)內(nèi)法的關(guān)系Relationship betwee

6、n International law and Municipal Law：一元論Monism: One single legal system. It views the international law system and municipal law system as components(組成)of a single legal system. When the international law conflicts with municipal law, some monists claim that the international law shall prevail ove

7、r(勝過(guò))the municipal law, but other monists think that the municipal law shall have supremacy(霸權(quán)）over the international law. (一旦沖突，國(guó)內(nèi)法優(yōu)先或者國(guó)際法優(yōu)先)二元論Dualism: Two independent legal systems.Dualists believe that international law and municipal law are independent with each other. Municipal law is designed

8、 to deal with domestic（國(guó)內(nèi)的）issues and to keep domestic order, and on the contrary, international law is made to cope with（處理）international legal issues and to maintain international order. International law can not directly be applied in domestic society, conversely（相反的）domestic law can not impose i

9、tself on international legal system.(法律之間的適用不能轉(zhuǎn)化，只能在各自調(diào)整領(lǐng)域范圍內(nèi)發(fā)生作用)5、國(guó)家地位的傳統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Classic criteria for statehood：Permanent Population 永久的人口Defined Territory 確定的領(lǐng)土Government (with actual control over the territory) 政權(quán)組織（實(shí)際控制領(lǐng)土）Capacity to Enter into Relations with other States 參與國(guó)際事務(wù)的能力6、和平共處五項(xiàng)原則 Five Fu

10、ndamental Principles：1）Principle of mutual respect for sovereignty and integrity of territory 互相尊重主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整2）Principle of mutual non-aggression 互不侵略3）Principle of non-intervention in domestic affairs 不干涉他國(guó)內(nèi)政4）Principle of equality and mutual benefit 平等互利5）Principle of peaceful co-existence 和平共存7、國(guó)家類型

11、Types of States：Federal State 聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家 eg: CanadaCentral State 單一制國(guó)家 Permanently Neutral State 永久中立國(guó) eg: Switzerland瑞士、Austria奧地利Mini-State 小獨(dú)立國(guó) eg: Naura瑙魯Vatican City State 教皇國(guó) 8、政府間組織 Inter-Governmental Organizations：1）Created by agreement between states 2）International personality depends on consti

12、tution3）International organization must have powers which are necessarily required by its functions9、聯(lián)合國(guó)The United Nations： 1）宗旨Purposes of UNa. To maintain international peace & security b. To develop friendly relations among nations based on principle of equal rights and self-determination of

13、peoplesc. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character and in promoting respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms d. To be the centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends2）

14、結(jié)構(gòu)六個(gè)重要機(jī)構(gòu) Structure of UN-Six principal organs§ General Assembly聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)- designed to be forum for discussion with narrow scope of power§ Security Council安全理事會(huì) - the enforcement organ, little discussion, great power§ Secretariat秘書(shū)處- administrative, ceremonial, figurehead, depository of tr

15、eaties§ Trusteeship Council托管理事會(huì)- oversaw trust territories, but suspended operation 1 Nov. 1994§ Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)經(jīng)濟(jì)及社會(huì)理事會(huì)- forum for economic and social issues§ International Court of Justice (ICJ)國(guó)際法院- dispute resolution (contentious cases) - guidance on internat

16、ional legal issue (advisory opinion)PS：Membership of Security Council 安全理事會(huì)的成員i. 15 members 15個(gè)成員國(guó)ii. 5 permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, UK, and US 五個(gè)常任理事國(guó)：中國(guó)、法國(guó)、蘇聯(lián)、英國(guó)、美國(guó)Security Council Voting Procedure 安理會(huì)投票程序i. On procedure requires 9 affirmative votes對(duì)于程序事項(xiàng)之決議，應(yīng)以九理事國(guó)之可決票表決之i

17、i. On all other matters: 9 affirmative votes including permanent members 對(duì)于其他一切事項(xiàng)之決議，應(yīng)以九理事國(guó)之可決票包括全體常任理事國(guó)之同意票表決之a(chǎn) permanent member can abstain and wouldnt be considered as a vote against 一個(gè)常任理事國(guó)可以棄權(quán)并且不會(huì)被視作反對(duì)票a permanent member vote against would veto the resolution 任一常任理事國(guó)的反對(duì)票都可以否決決議10、國(guó)籍 Nationality

18、 of an individual：定義：An individuals nationality is a bond between an individual and a state that establishes their reciprocal rights and duties. 個(gè)人的國(guó)籍是一種規(guī)定了個(gè)人和國(guó)家相互之間權(quán)利與義務(wù)的契約。 Three ways to acquire nationality: 1. Parentage (blood rule) 血統(tǒng)主義 2. Place of birth (soil rule) 出生地主義 3. Change of nationalit

19、y 國(guó)籍變更Special issue of dual or multiple nationality and statelessness. Reduce/eliminate dual or multiple nationality and statelessness: 雙重國(guó)籍、多重國(guó)籍、無(wú)國(guó)籍的特殊問(wèn)題。減少或消除雙重國(guó)籍、多重國(guó)籍、無(wú)國(guó)籍： 1.Through municipal legislation 通過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)立法 2. By bilateral treaty 通過(guò)雙邊條約 3. By multilateral arrangement 通過(guò)多邊協(xié)商11、國(guó)際法的淵源 Sources o

20、f International Law：§ Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of JusticeCourt shall applyThree ernational conventions 國(guó)際公約ernational custom 國(guó)際習(xí)慣c.general principles of law 一般法律原則12、條約 Treaties：Nature of Treaties 條約的本質(zhì)1. Essential features 必要特征a. intention of parties to

21、 create binding obligations 各方意圖創(chuàng)立有約束性的契約b. agreement to be governed by international law 協(xié)議以國(guó)際法為準(zhǔn)2. Distinction is sometimes drawn between law-making treaties and treaty-contracts 區(qū)別有時(shí)存在于造法性條約和契約性條約之間a. Law-making treaties codify, define or interpret international law 造法性契約編纂、定義、解釋國(guó)際法b. Treaty-cont

22、racts do not create general rules of international law, only create obligations between parties 契約性條約并不創(chuàng)制國(guó)際法的基本規(guī)則，只是制定各方之間的契約3. Binding force of treaties: Pacta sunt servanda 條約的約束力：條約必須遵守原則4. Generally based on reciprocal obligation; but unilateral declaration of intent may create international obl

23、igations under unusual circumstances 總體上基于互相之間的權(quán)利義務(wù)，但單方聲明的意圖會(huì)產(chǎn)生特殊情況下的國(guó)際契約條約的保留 Reservations：A. Definition of reservation 保留的定義B. Two separate questions arise: “permissibility” and “opposability”出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的問(wèn)題：允許、可反對(duì)C. Legal effect of reservations 保留的法律效果D. Bear in mind procedural requirements; most impor

24、tant is that reservations must be made in writing and communicated to the contracting states. 牢記程序要求，最重要的是保留必須通過(guò)書(shū)面形式確定，并且傳達(dá)給締約國(guó)的溝通。E. Also keep in mind distinction between reservations and “interpretative declarations” 同時(shí)牢記保留與“解釋性聲明”之間的區(qū)別條約的解釋 Interpretation of Treaties：1. Theoretical approaches to

25、interpretation: there are three major schools of thought a. “Objective” approach b. “Subjective” approach c. “Teleological” approach2.Major differences revolve around issue of what material is brought into interpretation process; second and third approaches involve looking to extrinsic evidence incl

26、uding past treaties, past practice, etc.Two requirements：1.Consistent & general practice among states (objective element)2.Acceptance as law by states: opinio juris (subjective element)13、國(guó)家承認(rèn)理論THEORIES OF RECOGNITION：Two theories of the effects of recognition1.Constitutive Theory 構(gòu)成說(shuō)2.Declarato

27、ry Theory 宣告說(shuō)3. More accurate view is that recognition has both constitutive and declaratory aspects.14、國(guó)家豁免 State immunity:Scope of Immunity 豁免范圍：1) government2) government organs 3) leader of government, ministers, officials and agents of the state in relation to their official acts4) public corpo

28、rations independently created but operating in effect as government organs5) state owned property 15、絕對(duì)豁免與有限豁免 Absolute Immunity vs Restrictive Immunity： 1. Absolute immunity: any and all acts of the sovereign enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of courts of another State. 絕對(duì)豁免：任何與主權(quán)相關(guān)的行為有免于他國(guó)法院法律管

29、轄的權(quán)利。2. Restrictive immunity: immunity should be enjoyed only for acts of a governmental nature not for commercial acts. 有限豁免：只享有針對(duì)政府性質(zhì)行為而非商業(yè)行為的豁免權(quán)。3. Latter doctrine found increasing acceptance around the world. 后一種學(xué)說(shuō)在世界各地越來(lái)越多地被接受。16、領(lǐng)土取得 JURISDICTION OVER LAND：§ 1.Occupation 先占§ 2.Cessio

30、n 割讓§ 3.Prescription 時(shí)效§ 4.Conquest 征服§ 5.Accretion 添附Jurisdiction Over Marine Zones 海洋區(qū)域管轄權(quán)17、領(lǐng)海 Territorial SeaTerritorial Sea (12 n. miles from baseline) 領(lǐng)海（從基線量起12海里）A. Distinction between territorial sea and internal waters. 領(lǐng)海和內(nèi)水的區(qū)別。B. Drawing baselines 繪制基線Contiguous Zone (12 n

31、. miles from territorial water)毗連區(qū)（從領(lǐng)海量起12海里）Ps: Normal Baseline正?；€ and Straight Baseline直線基線領(lǐng)海無(wú)害通過(guò)權(quán)（Right of innocent passage through the territorial sea）Foreign ship enjoyed by a country's territorial waters innocent passage, is recognized as international law rules, the territorial sea and t

32、he contiguous zone convention and the UN convention on the law recognized harmless by right of the practice and make it as a kind of system. United Nations convention on the law provisions, "in this convention, under the limit of all countries, no matter for the coastal state or landlocked, the

33、ir ships shall have the right to harmlessly through the territorial sea.外國(guó)船舶享有經(jīng)由一國(guó)領(lǐng)海的無(wú)害通過(guò)權(quán)，是國(guó)際法公認(rèn)的規(guī)則，領(lǐng)海與毗連區(qū)公約和聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約均承認(rèn)無(wú)害通過(guò)權(quán)這項(xiàng)慣例并把它確定為一種制度。聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約規(guī)定，“在本公約的限制下，所有的國(guó)家，不論為沿海國(guó)或內(nèi)陸國(guó)，其船舶均享有無(wú)害通過(guò)領(lǐng)海的權(quán)利。Innocent passage means that referring to without doing damage to the coastal states ,no cases of peace, s

34、ecurity and good order, without prior notice or consent of the coastal state licensing and on and on through the territorial sea or for entering the inland waters or from the internal to the high seas sailing through the territorial sea. 無(wú)害通過(guò)是指在不損害沿岸國(guó)和平、安全與良好秩序的情況下，無(wú)須事先通知或征得沿海國(guó)許可而繼續(xù)不停地穿過(guò)領(lǐng)?；?yàn)轳側(cè)雰?nèi)水或自內(nèi)水

35、駛往公海而通過(guò)領(lǐng)海的航行。18、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)：A. Customary international law be codified by UNCLOS根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約編纂而成的習(xí)慣國(guó)際法B. Definition and breadth 定義和寬度 1. Specific legal regime beyond territorial sea 領(lǐng)海以外的具體法律制度 2. Overlaps with contiguous zone 與毗連區(qū)重疊 3. Not extending beyond 200 n.m. from baseli

36、ne 不超過(guò)從基線起200海里C. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of coastal state 權(quán)利、管轄權(quán)和沿海國(guó)家的職責(zé) 1. Limited sovereign rights, mainly over natural resources有限的主權(quán)權(quán)利，主要是關(guān)于自然資源 2. Regulatory powers of coastal state in EEZ 沿海國(guó)家在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的監(jiān)管權(quán)力 a. Artificial islands 人工島嶼 b. Conservation of living resources 生物資源的保護(hù) c. Utiliza

37、tion of living resources 生物資源的利用D. Rights and duties of other states 其它國(guó)家的權(quán)利與義務(wù)19、公海 High Seas：A. Definition: all parts of the sea not in EEZ, territorial sea or internal waters of a State 定義：除專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)、領(lǐng)海、內(nèi)水以外一個(gè)國(guó)家全部的水域。B. Legal regime of high seas 公海的法律制度 1. Freedom of navigation, over-flight, cable la

38、ying, artificial islands, fishing航行自由、飛越自由、電纜鋪設(shè)自由、建造人工島嶼的自由、捕魚(yú)自由 2. Reserved for peaceful purposes 只用于和平目的 3. Limited exceptions to freedom of navigation 航行自由的有限例外C. Flag-state jurisdiction 船旗國(guó)管轄權(quán)D. Right of hot pursuit 緊追權(quán)20、航空管轄Jurisdiction over Airspace：Civil Aviation Safety Regime 民用航空安全制度A. 196

39、3 Tokyo Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft 1963年關(guān)于在航空器上犯罪和其他某些行為的公約（東京公約）B. 1970 Hague Convention for Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft 1970年關(guān)于制止非法劫持航空器的公約（海牙公約）C. 1971 Montreal Sabotage Convention 1971年關(guān)于制止危害國(guó)際民用航空安全非法行為的公約（蒙特利爾公約）21、國(guó)家對(duì)人的管轄權(quán)STATE JU

40、RISDICTION OVER PERSONSJurisdiction Over Offence 罪行管轄權(quán)A. Scope of Jurisdiction Generally 管轄權(quán)的總體范圍B. Bases of Criminal Jurisdiction 刑事管轄權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)1）Territorial Principle 屬地原則2）Nationality Principle 屬人原則3）Passive Personality Principle 被動(dòng)人格原則4）Protective Principle 保護(hù)原則5）Universal Principle 普遍性原則6）By Agreemen

41、t 依照約定22、和平解決國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端機(jī)制INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT：Non-adjudicative Procedures and Adjudicative Procedure 非司法程序和司法程序1. Non-adjudicative Procedures 非司法程序a. Negotiation 談判b. Good offices 斡旋c. Mediation 調(diào)停d. Inquiry 調(diào)查e. Conciliation 和解2. Adjudicative Procedures 司法程序a. Arbitration 仲裁b. Judicial settle

42、ment 司法解決23、國(guó)際法院 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE：Judges of the Court 法院的法官A. Composition of the Court 法院的組成1）15 members: elected by GA and SC of UN 15位法官：由聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)和聯(lián)合國(guó)安全理事會(huì)選舉產(chǎn)生2）Judges qualification 法官的資格3）Body as a whole should represent main forms of civilization and legal systems. 法官作為整體應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠代表世界的主要文明

43、形式和主要法系。B. The role of nationality 國(guó)籍的作用1）Only one judge of each nationality 每個(gè)國(guó)際只能有一名法官2）Party to a dispute may appoint a judge of its nationality if one is not already on the bench 爭(zhēng)端各方可以指定一名該國(guó)國(guó)籍的法官如果該法官并不在法官席上。C. Overall composition of the Court has changed over the years to reflect the developme

44、nt of regional representation within the U.N. system more generally. 法院的總體結(jié)果在過(guò)去數(shù)年發(fā)生了一定變化以反應(yīng)區(qū)域代表的發(fā)展在聯(lián)合國(guó)系統(tǒng)中更加普遍。Jurisdiction of the Court 法院的管轄權(quán)A. Unlimited as to subject matter 對(duì)內(nèi)容問(wèn)題無(wú)限制B. Jurisdiction over States based on voluntary acceptance, which generally takes place in one of three ways:對(duì)于國(guó)家的管轄權(quán)

45、是基于自愿接受的情況，一般以三種方式產(chǎn)生：1）By special agreement 通過(guò)特別協(xié)定2）By treaty provision 通過(guò)條約規(guī)定3）By way of "optional clause” 通過(guò)“任擇條款”的方式C. Court has final word on whether or not it has jurisdiction.法院對(duì)于是否具有管轄權(quán)具有最終意見(jiàn)。D. In certain rare instances, Court may be precluded from exercising jurisdiction over a dispute

46、 in which two parties have accepted its jurisdiction because of the effect of the judgment on third parties. 在某些罕見(jiàn)情況下，當(dāng)爭(zhēng)議各方已經(jīng)由于法院對(duì)于第三方裁決的效果而接受了其管轄權(quán)，法院可能被排阻止行使管轄權(quán)。24、使用武力的依據(jù) Justifications for the Use of Force：The Right of Self-Defence A. At customary international law: subject to requirements of nec

47、essity and proportionalityB. Right preserved in U.N. Charter Article 51C. Have developments in the last few years changed the parameters of the right of self-defense, particularly 9/11?25、三代人權(quán) The notion of “generations” of rights：1）Civil and political rights as “first generation rights” 公民政治權(quán)利2）Eco

48、nomic, social and cultural rights as “second generation rights” 經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利3）A “third generation” of rights, variously referred to as collective rights or solidarity rights（集體權(quán)利和連帶權(quán)利）, was the subject debate in the 1970s and 1980s.a. Right to environmentb. Right to peacec. Right to development26、三個(gè)關(guān)于

49、人權(quán)的公約：Human rights treaties generally establish committees to monitor treaty implementation, E.g.:a. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 消除種族歧視b. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 消除性別歧視c. Committee against Torture 消除逼供27、審判機(jī)構(gòu) Adjudicative Bodies： Adjudic

50、ative bodies set up pursuant to regional human rights instruments are the source of some of the most progressive and far-reaching human rights jurisprudence. 1）European Court of Human Rights 歐洲人權(quán)法院 2）Inter-American Court of Human Rights 美洲人權(quán)法院 3）African Court of Justice and Human Rights 非洲正義與人權(quán)法院28、

51、國(guó)際環(huán)境法的當(dāng)代發(fā)展 Selected Contemporary Developments：A. The Role of Non-State Actors 非政府組織的作用B. Sustainable Development: purporting to reconcile environment and development可持續(xù)發(fā)展C. Intergenerational Equity 代際公平D. The Environment, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 環(huán)境、人權(quán)和人道主義法律E. The Precautionary Principle 預(yù)

52、防原則F. Environmental Impact Assessment 環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)G. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities 共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任H. Polluter Pays Concept 誰(shuí)污染誰(shuí)治理29、國(guó)際刑事法院THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT：Structure of Rome Statute: Preamble followed by Parts 1-13 1.Establishment of the Court 2. Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Appli

53、cable Law 3. General Principles of Criminal Law 4. Composition and Administration of the Court 5. Investigation and Prosecution 6. The Trial 7. Penalties 8. Appeal and Revision 9. International Cooperation and Judicial Assistance 10. Enforcement 11. Assembly of States Parties 12. Financing 13. Final ClausesPS：What Is International Criminal LawA. Has been referred to as a product of “the convergence of two disciplines:1. the penal aspects of international law and 2. the international aspects of national criminal law.B. Fairly loose and broad t