句子成分（全）

1、語法復(fù)習(xí)語法復(fù)習(xí)- 句子成分句子成分一、句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定義：（一）句子成分的定義：v構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。句子成分句子成分意義意義充當(dāng)詞類充當(dāng)詞類例句例句主語主語表示句子說的是什么人或什么表示句子說的是什么人或什么事事名，代，數(shù)，不定名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動名詞，短語或式，動名詞，短語或句子句子We study in HuangQ

2、iao Middle School.謂語謂語說明主語做什么，是什么或怎說明主語做什么，是什么或怎么樣么樣動詞或動詞詞組動詞或動詞詞組She is dancing under the tree.賓語賓語表示動作行為的對象表示動作行為的對象同主語同主語Both of us like English.表語表語與聯(lián)系動詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂與聯(lián)系動詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征同主語同主語Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定語定語用來修飾名詞或代詞用來修飾名詞或代詞形，代，數(shù)，名形，代，數(shù)，名, 副，介

3、詞短語或句子副，介詞短語或句子We have eight lessons every day.狀語狀語修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞，表修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞，表示動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原示動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等副詞，介詞短語或句副詞，介詞短語或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語補(bǔ)足語邏輯上與賓語是主謂關(guān)系邏輯上與賓語是主謂關(guān)系形容詞，名詞，介詞形容詞，名詞，介詞短語等短語等She always keeps the house clean.主語謂語是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。

4、賓主來自名代數(shù)，動詞作謂不可無！主語謂語是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來自名代數(shù)，動詞作謂不可無?。ǘ┲髡Z：（二）主語：v主語主語 (Subject)v是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：語從句等表示。例如：1.During the 1

5、990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）7.When w

6、e are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主語從句）（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語（三）謂語 v謂語謂語 (Predicate) 說明主語所做的動作或具有的特說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：謂語的構(gòu)成如下：v1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如： He

7、practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.v2、復(fù)合謂語：、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如： We are students.注意：注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。（四）表語（四）表語 v表語表語(Predica

8、tive)用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動詞（如征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、詞、 副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：語及表語從句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）（名詞）2.Is it yours?（代詞）（代詞）3.The weather has turn

9、ed cold.（形容詞）（形容詞）4.The speech is exciting.（分詞）（分詞）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（動名詞）（動名詞）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）（副詞）10.The truth is that he has never be

10、en abroad.（表語從句）（表語從句）注意：系動詞（注意：系動詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語和用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動詞狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，一詞，例如：例如： He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動詞持續(xù)系動詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：He always kept silent at meetin

11、g. 3）表像系動詞表像系動詞用來表示用來表示“看起來像看起來像”這一概念，這一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系動詞感官系動詞主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動詞變化系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：He became mad after th

12、at. 6）終止系動詞終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作，主要有表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)表達(dá)證實(shí)證實(shí)，變成變成之意，之意，例如：例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. （五）賓語（五）賓語 v賓語（賓語（Object）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如： 1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2.The heavy rain prevented me fro

13、m coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名詞）（代詞、動名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動名詞短語）（賓語從句）v賓語種類賓語種類：v（1）雙

14、賓語（間接賓語）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift fo

15、r her mother.v（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：賓補(bǔ)），例如：vThey elected him their monitor.v下列動詞只能接不定式做賓語下列動詞只能接不定式做賓語 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：等，如： He refused to lend me his bik

16、e.v下列動詞只能接動名詞做賓語下列動詞只能接動名詞做賓語 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做賓語，下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如但意義不同，如stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語 v英語中有些及物

17、動詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語（外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語（Object Complement），才能使句子的意義完整。），才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如詞（如make等等)+賓語賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：語和從句充當(dāng)。例如： 1.His father named him Dongming.2.They painted their boat white.3.

18、Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語）（從句）（七）定語（七）定語 v修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語語(Attribute)。定語可由

19、以下等成分表示：。定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞（形容詞）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名詞）（名詞）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）（代詞）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classro

20、om.（不定式短語）（不定式短語）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞）（動名詞）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定語從句定語從句)（八）狀語（八）狀語 v修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子

21、成分，叫做狀語（Adverbial）?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆??？捎梢韵滦问奖硎?：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語）（不定式短語）4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.（分詞

22、短語）（名詞）（狀語從句）9種狀語種類如下： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（時(shí)間狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（地點(diǎn)狀語）（方式狀語）v She came in with a d

23、ictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語）（目的狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（讓步狀語）（比較狀語） （九）同位語（九）同位語（Appositive）對前面的名）對前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、

24、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.（十）插入語（十）插入語（Parenthesis）對一句話）對一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.練習(xí)練習(xí)（一）（一）.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：v1. The students got on the school bus.v2. He

25、 handed me the newspaper.v3. I shall answer your question after class.v4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!v5. They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbialv6. His job is to train swimmers.v7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing

26、.v8. There is going to be an American film tonight.v9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v10. His wish is to become a scientist.v11. He managed to finish the work in time.v12. Tom came to ask me for advice.v13. He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.Pr

27、edicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14. Do you have anything else to say?v15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.v16. Would you please tell me your address?v17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v19. He noticed a man enter the room

28、.v20. The apples tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative指出下列諸句中畫線部分是什么成分：1. On the left of my house is an old church.2. Why could the boiling point of water be lower at the top of a mountain?3. I am not going to work today.4. This thing is for peeling

29、 potatoes.5.What time will you arrive?6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free, he would make him very rich.7. What nationality are you?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative8. I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused by all this informatio

30、n.10. We had already reached 9000 feet by then.11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12. Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit.14. It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.AdverbialV.O.C.O.O.C.S.O.(二二)。劃分。劃分句子成分句子成分1.w

31、e are working .2.I can swim very well .3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blow .5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .9.I

32、have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed .10.He gave his son some advice on reading .11.Read me the first paragraph .12.Ive ordered some soup for you .13.He began leaning English ten years ago .14.My being late worried my teacher .15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us .16.April Day is the special day of the year when you