2020高考英語(yǔ)新創(chuàng)新一輪復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法第一部分第四講詞性轉(zhuǎn)換(構(gòu)詞法)學(xué)案北師大版

1、第四講詞性轉(zhuǎn)換（構(gòu)詞法）英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有三種：合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。合成是指將兩個(gè)意思不同的單詞結(jié)合成一個(gè)新詞；轉(zhuǎn)化是指一個(gè)單詞的詞形不變而由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞性；派生是指通過(guò)給一個(gè)單詞加前綴或后綴變成另一個(gè)詞。 前綴一般改變?cè)~義而不改變?cè)~性， 后綴一般改變?cè)~性而 不改變?cè)~義。將構(gòu)詞法置于此處講解，一是對(duì)前面基礎(chǔ)詞法的匯總，二是為攻克后面的重難 動(dòng)詞做鋪墊。笳考什么學(xué)什么一 明瑞方電一備考闡時(shí)高就前H魚(yú)二動(dòng)詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞全析考法單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò)1. (2018 全國(guó)卷 n )This switch has decreased (pollute) in the country'

2、;s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.解析：pollution decrease “降低，減少”，為及物動(dòng)詞，后接名詞作賓語(yǔ)，故填名詞 pollution 。2. (2018 6 月浙江高考)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the homeand the rise in (weigh) problems.解析：weight根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此

3、處表示體重方面的問(wèn)題，故此處填名詞作定語(yǔ)。3. (2017 全國(guó)卷出 )She is determined to carry on with her(educate).解析：education前面有形容詞性物主代詞her,此處應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)詞educate的名詞形式education作賓語(yǔ)。4. (2016 全國(guó)卷 I )Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top (att

4、ract) .解析：attraction此處作表語(yǔ)且前面由its top 修飾，應(yīng)該用 attract的名詞形式attraction ,意為“吸引人之物，誘惑物” 。5. (2016 全國(guó)卷出)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B . C., influenced the(develop) of chopsticks.解析：development根據(jù)空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此處需填develop的名詞形式 development 。

5、6 . （2016 全國(guó)卷 I ）My uncle tells me that the key to his success ishonest.解析：honest honesty根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)該使用名詞形式。謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則1 .動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞correct f correction改正celebrate fcelebration慶祝；慶祝會(huì)attract f attraction吸引conclude fconclusion結(jié)論；結(jié)束-ion / -tiondiscuss fdiscussion討論；辯論/decide fdecision決定-sion/-atiadmit f a

6、dmission接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)oninvite f invitation邀請(qǐng)explain fexplanation解釋graduate fgraduation畢業(yè)expect fexpectation期望drive fdriver司機(jī)；駕駛員gather fgatherer收集者；米集者-er/-orteach f teacher老師announce f announcer廣播員conduct fconductor指揮；售票員punish fpunishment懲罰achieve fachievement功績(jī)；成就argue f argument辯論；論據(jù)-menttreat 一 treat

7、ment對(duì)待；治療equip f equipment裝備；設(shè)備govern f government政府a(chǎn)ppear f appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌guide f guidance指引；指導(dǎo)-ance/perform fperformance表演；節(jié)目-enceexist fexistence存在；生存prefer 一 preference偏愛(ài)refer -> reference參有；查閱=hear -hearing聽(tīng)力；聽(tīng)覺(jué)-ingbegin -> beginning開(kāi)始fail 一failure失??；倒閉press -> pressure壓力-ure/-turedep

8、artf departure離開(kāi)；出發(fā)mix 一 mixture混合；混合物recoverf recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈-ydiscover fdiscovery發(fā)現(xiàn)choosefchoice選擇其他vary fvariety多樣化；種類(lèi)tend ftendency趨向；趨勢(shì)2 .形容詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-ageshort - shortage不足；短缺efficient f efficiency效率;功效fluentf fluency流利；流暢-cy準(zhǔn)確性accurate faccuracyprivatefprivacy隱私；私密free 一freedom自由；自主-domwise 一wi

9、sdom明智；智慧different fdifference差異-encesilentf silence沉默weakf weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn)-nesskind 一kindnessL修；好意careless fcarelessness粗心大意strong一 strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)-thwarmr warmth溫暖；熱情honestfhonesty誠(chéng)實(shí)-y / - ty/ -itdifficult一 difficulty困難ycruel - cruelty殘酷；殘暴safe 一safetydisable disability 無(wú)能；傷殘responsible f responsibili

10、ty責(zé)任由 名詞、動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞全析考法單句語(yǔ)法填空1. (2018 全國(guó)卷 I )Running is cheap, easy and it's always(energy).解析：energetic根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)該使用與其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容詞energetic 作表語(yǔ)。2. (2018 全國(guó)卷n )According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30percent of total(globe) fertilizer consumption.解析：global 此處和total 一起修飾名

11、詞短語(yǔ) fertilizer consumption ,意為“全 世界的化肥總消耗量”，故用其形容詞形式 global作定語(yǔ)。3. (2018 6 月浙江高考)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be(afford) but doing this most days adds up.解析：affordable根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知此處作表語(yǔ)，所以要用形容詞形式。4. (2014 全國(guó)卷 n )There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of the

12、m looked very anxious and(disappoint).解析：disappointed和前面的anxious并列，表示人的內(nèi)心活動(dòng)，應(yīng)使用-ed 形式的形容詞，此處表示“他們中有些人看起來(lái)既焦慮又失望”。謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則后綴例詞accept - acceptable可接受的comfort -comfortable舒適的-able fashion ffashionable時(shí)髦的suit 一suitable 合適的reason f reasonable有道理的music f musical音樂(lè)的-al origin foriginal 最初的person f personal個(gè)人的；

13、私人的centre -central中央的；中心的nature natural自然的；天生的doubt doubtful懷疑的forget forgetful健忘的-fulharm 一 harmful后害的hope-hopeful有布望的peace fpeaceful 和平的scare -scared感到恐懼的-edconfuse fconfused感至 U 困惑的underline -underlined下戈 U 線的surprise fsurprising令人驚異的-ingconvince f convincing 令人信服的satisfy fsatisfying令人滿忌的access 一

14、 accessible容易取得的-ible-ivehorror horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror - terrible可怕的act active積極的；活躍的effect effective功效的；生效的attract fattractive有吸引力的impress fimpressive給人深刻印象的continue fcontinuous不斷的； 持續(xù)的anxiety fanxious 憂慮的-ouscaution -cautious 小心的；謹(jǐn)慎的curiosity fcurious 好奇的humorfhumorous 幽默的tire tiresome令人厭倦的-some tr

15、ouble ftroublesome 麻煩的taste tasty美味的；可口的-yhealth healthy健康的wealth wealthy富裕的；豐富的-erneast 一eastern東方的；向東的-ishchild childish孩子氣的fool foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self fselfish自私的特別注意-ed形容詞多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到的” ，通常修飾人;-ing形容詞多表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，意為“令人的” ，通常修飾物或事。命古巨二形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞全析考法I .單句語(yǔ)法填空1. （2018 全國(guó)卷 n ）A taste for meat is （actua

16、l） behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.解析：actually此處用副詞作狀語(yǔ)修飾系動(dòng)詞is。2. （2018 11 月浙江高考）（recent）, caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.解析：Recently此處考查時(shí)間副詞作狀語(yǔ)，故填 Recently 。3. （2016 全國(guó)卷 I ）The title will be（officia

17、l） given to me at a ceremony in London.解析：officially此處表示（大使）這個(gè)頭銜將在倫敦的一個(gè)儀式上正式授予給我，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，應(yīng)該使用副詞officially 作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞given。4. （2016 全國(guó)卷 n ）Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks（regular）.解析：regularly此處需要用副詞彳飾動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)"take short breaks ”。5. （2015 廣東高考 ） （luc

18、ky）, he also had a cow which produced milk every day.解析：Luckily此處為副詞用于句首修飾整個(gè)句子，表示狀態(tài)。n .單句改錯(cuò)1. （2018 全國(guó)卷 I ）I felt happily that their life had improved.解析：happily happy 動(dòng)詞felt在此處是系動(dòng)詞，意為“覺(jué)得，感覺(jué)”，其后應(yīng)該使 用形容詞happy作表語(yǔ)。2. （2017 全國(guó)卷 I ）It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in themiddle of the ro

19、ad.解析：suddenly sudden 此處需要用形容詞修飾后面的名詞 stop ,表示“突然的停 止”。3. . （2 016 全國(guó)卷 I ）Instead, he hopes that his business will growsteady.解析：steady steadily謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞grow是不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“增長(zhǎng)，增強(qiáng)”，此處應(yīng)該使用副詞steadily作狀語(yǔ)修飾grow。grow steadily 意為“穩(wěn)定地增長(zhǎng)”。4. （2016 全國(guó)卷出 ）At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so

20、I hoped I could be freely from them.解析：freely free此處需要用形容詞作表語(yǔ)。be free from them "擺脫他們”。5. （2015 全國(guó)卷n ）Dad and I were terrible worried.解析：terrible terribly此處應(yīng)用副詞 terribly 修飾形容詞 worried 。謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則1告別例詞直接加-ly以輔音字母+ y結(jié)尾的形容詞，變y為i再加clear - clearly清楚地great - greatly很，大大地happyfhappily局興地-ly詞尾為ble/le 的形容詞，去掉

21、 e,再加-y詞尾為ue的形容詞，去掉 e再加-lyheavy f heavily沉重地terrible terribly可怕地；極度地gentle - gently輕輕地true truly真實(shí)地詞尾為ll詞尾為-ic的形容詞，的形容詞,直接加-y加-allyfull fully 充分地；完全地dull dully遲鈍地basic basically主要地，基本上scientific fscientifically合乎科學(xué)地怎么考2怎么解一 掌握“一路”一解邈宥徑可尋語(yǔ)法填空解題“ 2策略”1 .利用句子成分確定詞性(1)如果要填的詞在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)要考慮名詞形式。(2)如果要填的詞

22、作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，要想到用形容詞；如果作狀語(yǔ)，要想到用副詞。2 .根據(jù)修飾詞或被修飾詞確定詞性(1)如果要填的詞被形容詞、定冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞修飾，此時(shí)要考慮用名詞形式。(2)如果要填的詞修飾名詞，要想到用形容詞；如果修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句 子，要想到用副詞。據(jù)第1條解題1. This gives the paintings deeper meaning (mean) and more elegance.2. Grassland is destroyed without mercy so that dust storms come into being affe

23、cting distant(distance) cities.3. The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal (person) stories cheerfully.4. After some time, when both of you have renewed your confidence (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.5. Therefore, let's take t

24、he responsibility (responsible) to build up a low-carbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us!據(jù)第2條解題6. However, behind his physical appearance (appear), Carry is a warm, fun-loving, intelligent person.7. Your ideas are very interesting, but we need practical (practice) suggestions to get us

25、out of trouble.8. During that time a number of productive (product) poets turned out as many as 50,000 classical poems.9. It was always a pleasure (pleasant) to visit these two sisters.10. They all come from the plant Camellia sinensis (茶樹(shù))，and are simply (simple) processed in different ways.短文改錯(cuò)解題“ 2視角”1 .看被修飾詞或平行成分(1)如果修飾名詞，要用形容詞；(2)如果修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞和分詞應(yīng)用副詞；(3)修飾人，表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到的" ，用-ed形容詞；修飾物或事， 表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，意為“令人的"，用-ing形容詞；(4)注意其平行成分的詞性。2.看句子成分(1)作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，要想到應(yīng)用形容詞。(2)作狀語(yǔ)要想到應(yīng)用副詞。據(jù)第1條解題certainly1. I worked as a reporter for our scho