閱讀基礎(chǔ)考研英語講義

1、2016英語閱讀講義主講老師：李旭、唐遲歡迎使用注：該講義并非老師授課的逐字稿，為保證學(xué)習(xí)效率以及質(zhì)量，講義中并不提供試題，故還請同學(xué)們認(rèn)真聽課，并適當(dāng)做筆記。任何疑問，請同學(xué)登陸知識堂進(jìn)行提問。祝大家學(xué)習(xí)愉快！1一、 閱讀理解部分大綱解考生應(yīng)能讀懂不同題材和體裁的文字材料。題材包括經(jīng)濟(jì)，管理，文化，科普等。體裁包括說明文，議和記敘文等。對所讀材料，考生應(yīng)能： 1.理解主旨要義2. 理解文中的具體信息3. 理解語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系4. 根據(jù)上下文推理重要生詞或詞組的含義5. 進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推理6. 理解作者的意圖觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度英語（一）和英語（二）的大綱要求區(qū)別在于：1. 理解文中的概念

2、性含義2. 區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)二、的藝術(shù)品市場 對于消費(fèi)習(xí)慣的引導(dǎo)外部董事文章主要內(nèi)容及特點(diǎn)T2 夫妻交流2010T1 T3 T1 T3 T1T3T4美國陪審團(tuán)制度發(fā)展2011T2后的美國報業(yè)二戰(zhàn)后美國住房風(fēng)格的發(fā)展家庭作業(yè)是否應(yīng)該得到專利T4 歐盟困境商業(yè)對人們顏色觀念的影響經(jīng)濟(jì)對美國的影響問題2012T2T42013T1 技術(shù)進(jìn)步與勞動力關(guān)系T3 快速反應(yīng)行為T2 美國T4 歐洲職場中男女比例問題2014T1 書評探討金錢與幸福感之間的關(guān)系T2 從心理學(xué)角度探討自我感覺良好的現(xiàn)象T3人和工作機(jī)會的關(guān)系T4 英國經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房閱讀理解的文章大多選自外國比較新的書刊雜志，比如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人、等。對于大多數(shù)非

3、英語考生而言，在閱讀外國嚴(yán)肅時，他們的理解程度僅限于讀懂文章的大意，模糊了解所論述的話題，這也是英語的難度所在。三、 常見題型1.細(xì)節(jié)題 a）according 題型 b）because 題型2c）example 題型a）main idea 題型d）except 題型b）best title 題型b）指代題2. 主旨題3. 含義題4. 態(tài)度題a)詞匯題5.推斷題四、1. 閱讀時長2. 詞匯深度3. 長難句數(shù)量4. 命題方向閱讀與大cet-4 cet-6 的不同五、 考生面前的三座大山123詞句題解題思路&學(xué)習(xí)方法一、解題思路：，閱讀原文，讀一段解一題1.以自然段為2. 精確審題，標(biāo)記出提干考查

4、范圍，涉及對象3. 返回原文，再次精讀，比對選項得出4.如果遇到生詞或理解點(diǎn)，則通過連詞，特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)，上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系等躲開難5.實在無法確定選項時，可先不做任何選擇，等通讀文章后再做決定6.最后，利用正確的特征，錯誤的特征，及 A,B,C,D,X 原則拼人品例：2010Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorabl

5、e decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could befound in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most20thsignificant

6、 collections of criticism published in thecentury consistedin large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publicationin general-circulation dailies.3We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspap

7、er reviews published20thin England between the turn of thecentury and the eve of World War II,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far- off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of m

8、ajor papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a call

9、ing, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunatel

10、y, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critic

11、s, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criti

12、cism will enjoy a revival? Theprospect seems remote. Journalistites had changed long before his death,and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardianprose in which he specialized. Moreover,criticism has been in headlong retreat.the amateur tradition in music21. ABCDIt is

13、 indicated in Paragraphs 1 and arts criticism has disappeared fromEnglish-language newspapers used to2 that.big-city newspapers. carry more arts reviews.high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England

14、before World War II were characterized by .ABCDfree themes. casual style. elaborate layout.radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.4BCD 24. ABCD 25. ABCDIt is contemptible for writers to be journalis

15、ts. Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?His His HisHismusic criticism may not appeal toreaders today.reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. style ca

16、ters largely to modern specialists.writings failto follow the amateur tradition. best title for the text?Good Old DaysWhat would be theNewspapers of theThe Lost Horizon in NewspapersMournful Decline of Journalism Prominent Critics in Memory二、學(xué)習(xí)方法：時長用 18- 20，在不借助任何工具書的情況下完成閱讀，找出自己失分的原因1. 按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2. 對比正確3

17、. 分析每道題的選項難點(diǎn)設(shè)置4. 摘抄原文中所有生詞和短語5. 背誦原文中所有生詞和短語（至少 3 句）6. 換位思考 基本做題思路2014(2)Text 1What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed houseaninFlorida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If

18、she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of

19、great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yetsatisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what wasonce exciting and newes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better tospend money on experiences, say MsDumn and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips,u

20、nique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases oftene morevaluable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feelingmore connected to others.5This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most happiness bang for your buck. I

21、t seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity

22、is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonalds restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.R

23、eaders of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and po

24、or people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believi

25、ng it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewardingpurchase?A A big houseC A stylish car The authors attitudeB A special tourD A rich mealtoward Americans watching TV is.22.A criticalB supportiveC sympatheticD ambiguousMacrib is mentioned in parag

26、raph 3 to show that.23.ABCDconsumers are sometimes irrational popularity usually comes after quality marketing tricks are after effectiverarity generally increases pleasure24.According tothe last paragraph,HappyMoney.left much room for readerscriticismABCDhas may hasmayprove to be a worthwhilepurcha

27、segap in the US of achievementpredicted a wideregive its readers a sense25.This text mainly discusses how to.A balance feeling good and spending money6BCDspend large sums of money won in lotteries obtain lasting satisfaction from money spente more reasonable in spending on luxuries長難句（1） But its int

28、eresting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress- free, happiness-enhancing parenthood arent in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a

29、little bit like Jennifer Aniston.（2） It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.（3） I wonder if, by way of similar extraordinary facts that I cannot predict,

30、 I may feel more at home in Europe than on my deeply loved stretches of land in the United States.（4） Just as attention to rules of written usage helps us to read intelligently, so an awareness of abuse of “you know” in public forums makes us better listeners.（5） “Now this ”is a phrase commonly used

31、 on television newscasts to indicate that what one has just heard or seen has no relevance to what one is about to hear or see or possibly to anything one is ever likely to hear or see.（6） The familiar and reassuring kinds of written documentation found in European societies of equivalent chronologi

32、cal periods do not exist, and the forms of tribal record preservation available -oral history, tales, mnemonic devices, and religious rituals-strike university-trained academics as inexact, unreliable, and suspect.（7） The belief that it is harmful to the Black community for authors to explore the hu

33、manity of our leaders can have troubling effects.（8） That nineteenth-century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in life was an irony duplicated in other matters.（9） For instance, the very women who had been drawn to him by the penetrating intui

34、tion of the female heart that he showed in his novels were appalled to discover how insensitive and awkward the real man could be.（10） Yet Van Meegeren was exposed not because he ceased to fool people, but because he was forced to prove himself a forger in order to clear himself ofthe more serious c

35、harge of having sold a national treasure illegally.72010 年(2010年Text 1)The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on adramatic note with a sale of 56Head Forever, at Sotheby s in pieces sold, fetching more thanworks by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My London on September 15th 200

36、8. All but two70m, a record for a sale by a singleartist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while afterrising bewilderingly si

37、nce 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, firmdoubles the figure five years earlier. Since then itdown to $ 50 billion. But the market generates interest farworth some $ 65 a researchmay have comebeyond its sizebecause it brings together great w

38、ealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirsts sale, spending of anysort became stayed away two-thirds,in the yeardeeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors from galleries and salerooms.

39、 Sales of contemporary art fell by and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90%to November 2008. Within weeks the world s two biggest auctionhouses, Sotheby s and Christie s, had to pay out nearly $ 200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current

40、downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christies chief executive, says: Im pretty confi

41、dent were at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds

42、death, debt and divorce- still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sellis keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.821In the first paragraph，Damien21. 在第一段中，Damien Hirst 作品的出售被923Which of the following statements is NOT true?23. 下列哪項陳述是不正確的?A. Sales of contempor

43、ary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008A. 在 2007 和 2008 年之間，當(dāng)代藝術(shù)品的銷售大幅度下降。B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.B. 藝術(shù)品市場在發(fā)展勢頭上超過了許多其他產(chǎn)業(yè)。C. The an market generally went downward in various ways.C. 總體上講，藝術(shù)品市場在多個方面在走下坡路。D. Some art dealers were awaiting betterchances to come

44、.D. 有些藝術(shù)品商在等待好機(jī)會的到來。22. By saying“spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line1-2， Para.3)，the author suggests that22通過說“任何此類的投資都變得很不合時宜”(第三段的 12 行)，作者暗示.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsA. 收藏者不再積極參與藝術(shù)品市場拍賣B. people stopped every kind of spending and sta

45、yed away from galleriesB. 人們終止了所有投資，遠(yuǎn)離了畫廊C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentC. 藝術(shù)品收藏作為時尚在很大程度上失去了吸引力D. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buyingD 藝術(shù)品總體上講已經(jīng)過時，因此不值得Hirsts sale was referred to as“a last victory”because稱之為“最后的勝利”，是因為。

46、A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesA. 藝術(shù)品市場了一系列的勝利B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsB. 拍賣人最終以最高出價得到了那兩件作品C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesC. “在我心麗永恒”勝過了其他所有杰作D. it was successfully made just before the world financial cr

47、isisD. 它剛好是在世界金融爆發(fā)前成功完成(2010年Text 2)I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living rooma women s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him

48、 on the couch. Toward theend of the evening, I commented that women frequentlycomplain that their in agreement. Hein our family. Thehusbands dont gestured towardroom burst intotalk to them. This man quickly noddedhis wife and said, Shes the talkerlaughter; the man lookedpuzzled and hurt. Its true, h

49、e have nothing to say. If she didntthe whole evening in silence. explained. When I come home from work Ikeep the conversation going, wed spendThis episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this patte

50、rn is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewedbut only a few of the mengave lack of communication as the reason for t

51、heir divorces. Given thecurrent divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of casesin the UnitedIn my ownStates every yeara virtual epidemic of failed conversation. research, complaints from women about their husbands mostnot on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance

52、often for asharefocusedcareer topany a husband to his, or doing far more than theirof daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social1025. The most appropriate title for this text could be.25. 最適合本文的題目可能是。A. Fluctuation of Art PricesA. 藝術(shù)品的價格波動B. Up-to-date Art AuctionsB. 最新藝術(shù)品拍賣C. Art Mar

53、ket in DeclineC.中的藝術(shù)品市場D. Shifted Interest in ArtsD. 對藝術(shù)品的轉(zhuǎn)移24The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are.24. 最后一段提到的 3 因素是。A. auction housesfavoritesA. 拍賣行的最愛B. contemporary trendsB. 當(dāng)代潮流C. factors promoting artwork circulationC. 推動藝術(shù)品流通的因素D. styles representing ImpressionistsD. 體現(xiàn)印象派作品的風(fēng)格arra

54、ngements. Instead, they focused on communication: He doesnt listen to me. He doesnt talk to me. I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short, the image

55、 that best represents the current crisis is thestereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with anewspaper held up infrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.1129. Which of the following can best29下列哪個選項能最佳地概括本文的大意?28. All of the following are true EXCEPT.2

56、8. 以下各項的表述都是正確的，除了.A. men tend to talk more in public than womenA. 男人往往在公共場合比女人健談B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces arecaused by failed conversationB. 近來，將近 50的離婚是由交談失敗引起的C. women attach much importance to communication between couplesC. 女人很重視夫妻之間的D. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouseD. 女人在家里往往比自己的配偶健談27. Judging from the context, the