專升本英語語法與詞匯52頁

1、專升本英語語法與詞匯第一章時態(tài)  英語中謂語動詞的時態(tài)(Tense)是一種動詞的形式，不同的時態(tài)用以表示在不同的時間完成的動作或保持的狀態(tài)。英語動詞共有十六種時態(tài)，這里將重點(diǎn)講解其中較常用的十種時態(tài)。現(xiàn)以動詞do為例，將英語十六種時態(tài)列表如下：  一般時態(tài)進(jìn)行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)現(xiàn)在dodoesamisaredoinghavehasdonehavehasbeen doing過去didwasweredoinghad donehad been doing將來shallwilldoshallwillbe doingshallwillhave doneshallwillhave

2、 been doing過去將來woulddowouldbe doingwouldhave donewouldhave been doing 一、一般現(xiàn)在時( The Present Indefinite Tense)1. 用于表示客觀事實(shí), 現(xiàn)在反復(fù)發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動作以及存在的特征、狀態(tài)等,常與often, always, sometimes, usually, once a week, every day, seldom等時間狀語連用?！纠洹縏he earth revolves around the sun.The students get up at six thirty ev

3、ery morning.2. 表示按計(jì)劃或安排好的將來的動作,常使用arrive, be, go, start, stay等動詞。【例句】There is a dancing party tonight.The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon.3. 用在以as soon as, when, after, while, as, until, till, whenever, the monment, the minute, immediately, directly等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中或以if, unless, as/so lon

4、g as, in case, provided that等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時?！纠洹縄ll ring you as soon as he comes back. If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming.The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed.l 注：if條件句中，有will出現(xiàn)時，will是情態(tài)動詞，意義為“愿意”，“肯”。 二、一般過去時( The Past Indefinite Tense)一般過去時用于表示過去某時刻或某一時期內(nèi)的動作

5、或狀態(tài), 也可表示過去習(xí)慣性的動作。常與表明過去時間的狀語連用,如yesterday, then, just now, last month, two days ago, in 1990, 或由when或while等引導(dǎo)的表明過去時間的狀語從句?！纠洹縒e met him last week.Where did you live when you were young?He used to do fourteen hours a day.l 提示：一般過去時不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作對現(xiàn)在的影響，只說明過去。 三、一般將來時(The Future Indefinite Tense)一般將來時用來表

6、示將來某個時間會發(fā)生的動作或情況，也可表示將來反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或習(xí)慣性的動作。【例句】We shall (will) go to Nanjing tomorrow morning.He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.The students will have five English classes per week this term.l 提示：表示將來時態(tài)的其他形式與用法：1“be going to +動詞原形”表示（能看出跡象）很快就要發(fā)生的事情或打算要做的事。It is going to rain.2“b

7、e to +動詞原形”表示安排好的動作或安排別人去做的事。They are to meet in front of the hall.You are not to bring any materials to the exam room.3“be about to +動詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的或正要做的事。The conference is about to begin.4“be +現(xiàn)在分詞”有時可表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的一個動作，但僅適用于少數(shù)的一些動詞（如arrive, come, go, leave, start等）而且常跟表示較近將來的時間狀語連用。My friend is arriving

8、 here the day after tomorrow.l 提示：在美國英語中第一、二、三人稱都用“will+動詞原形” 四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時（The Present Continuous Tense）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。但表示后一種情況時，動作此刻不一定正在進(jìn)行?！纠洹縒e are making an experiment now.Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing.另外，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時也可用來給習(xí)慣動作加上贊賞或討厭等感情色彩?！纠洹縃e is always cooking some delicious food for h

9、er family.He is always finding fault with his employees.l 提示：并非所有動詞都有進(jìn)行時，有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞通常無進(jìn)行時，除非這類動詞的詞義發(fā)生變化。這類動詞有: be, love, like, hate, believe, think（認(rèn)為）, feel, seem等?！纠洹緿o you see anyone over there?Are you seeing someone off? （see off 意為“為送行”） 五、過去進(jìn)行時(The Past Continuous Tense)過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一時刻正在

10、發(fā)生的動作，或過去某階段內(nèi)正在發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。通常帶有一個表示過去時間的狀語或狀語從句或能通過上下文判斷的過去時間?！纠洹縒e were having a preparatory meeting at two-thirty yesterday afternoon.She was writing a composition when you came in.Bill was coughing all night long. 六、將來進(jìn)行時(The Future Continuous Tense)將來進(jìn)行時表示將來某時可能正在發(fā)生或持續(xù)的動作。【例句】Ill be reading

11、 this time tomorrow.Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station. 七、現(xiàn)在完成時(The Present Perfect Tense)現(xiàn)在完成時表示目前已完成或剛剛完成的動作，也可以表示從過去某一時刻發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在仍延續(xù)著的動作或情況。經(jīng)常與for+一段時間或與since（+時間一點(diǎn)）引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用，也可與一些表示不確定過去時間的副詞連用，如already, before, ever, never, just, once, recently, yet, up t

12、o now, so far, thus far, up till/to now, in the last/past few years等。【例句】We have been to Shanghai once.They have already finished the task.He has studied English for more than 10 years.He has studied English since 1991/ since he was twelve.So far everything has been successful. 八、過去完成時(The Past

13、 Perfect Tense)過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。在時間上,它屬于“過去的過去”。在句中常有明顯的參照動作或有表示“到過去某時為止”的時間狀語，如by, before等介詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的短語或狀語從句?！纠洹緽y the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.The plane had taken off before we got to the airport.They found that a stream had formed in the field.l 提示：在由af

14、ter, as soon as, before等連詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，由于連詞本身已明確動作發(fā)生的次序，所以，這個從句也可以用一般過去時表示，不一定用過去完成時。【例句】Students went out after the bell rang.I informed him of the progress of the work as soon as I arrived here.l 提示：在It is/ was the first/second/last time that 句型中，that后的從句謂語用現(xiàn)在/過去完成時?！纠洹縄s it the first time youve v

15、isited the city?That was the second time that Id visited England that year. 九、將來完成時(The Future Perfect Tense)將來完成時表示將來某時前將已經(jīng)完成的動作，也可以用來表示推測?！纠洹緽y this time next year they will have built a hotel here.Hurry up! Or the train will have left before we get to the station. 十、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(The Present

16、 Perfect Continuous Tense) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示從過去某時開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。此動作或情況可能已停止，也可能繼續(xù)下去。但強(qiáng)調(diào)到說話時為止一直在進(jìn)行的動作?！纠洹縏hey have been working for IBM for 15 years.I have been waiting for an hour but she still hasnt come.有些動詞如play, stay, study, teach, wait等，在表示一直繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作時，可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，或用現(xiàn)在完成時。Bill has played (has been playi

17、ng) basketball since he was sixteen years old.l 提示：現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別是：前者強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響。后者強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的延續(xù)性?！纠洹縄 have thought it over. 我已經(jīng)考慮過這件事了。I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考慮這件事。 十一、考點(diǎn)考試中出現(xiàn)最多的時態(tài)是將來完成時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，時間或條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。針對這類題目，考生首先要抓住的就是時間狀語，判斷是現(xiàn)在時間、將來時間還是過去時間？是短暫時間還是延續(xù)時

18、間？其次要考慮主從句動作的先后問題。空格中應(yīng)填入的動詞是發(fā)生在題干動詞之前還是之后，抑或同時發(fā)生，據(jù)此判斷正確的時態(tài)。l 時態(tài)一致問題時態(tài)一致主要指主從復(fù)合句中，從句動詞必須與主句謂語動詞保持時態(tài)一致；當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)時，從句的動詞時態(tài)不受影響；當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是過去時態(tài)時，從句動詞則要變成相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。時態(tài)一致主要存在于賓語從句和間接引語中，如：【例句】Will you tell me who set the record?I hadnt expected that you would come so early.She said that she hadnt recogniz

19、ed me.但是，當(dāng)賓語從句和間接引語中謂語動作表示一個不變的事實(shí)或至今仍然如此的狀況時，則可以不作任何時態(tài)調(diào)整，如：Copernicus put forward that the sun, instead of the earth, is the center of the universe.1.   第二章語態(tài) 語態(tài)(Voice)是說明句子中的主語與謂語之間關(guān)系的動詞形式。英語語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)(Active Voice)和被動語態(tài)(Passive Voice)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的承受者。 一、被動語態(tài)的形式：由

20、“be（助動詞）+過去分詞（及物動詞）”構(gòu)成。Be 隨著主語的人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的不同而變化。被動語態(tài)的各種時態(tài)形式見下表（以provide為例）： 一般時態(tài)進(jìn)行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)現(xiàn)在amisareprovidedamisarebeing providedhashavebeen provided過去waswereprovidedwaswerebeing providedhad been provided將來shallwillbe provided shallwillhave been provided過去將來wouldbe provided wouldhave been p

21、rovided l 提示: 被動語態(tài)沒有完成進(jìn)行和將來進(jìn)行時態(tài)。 二、被動語態(tài)的用法：1當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者不明確或無需指出時【例句】Printing was introduced into Europe from China.A lecture on English literature will be given tonight.2為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者【例句】Four people were killed and thirty injured in the bomb attack.Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.3為了修辭

22、的需要 【例句】 He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.l 提示:1除及物動詞外，一些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語動詞如call on, carry out, look after, deal with, take care of等也可使用被動態(tài)形式，短語動詞應(yīng)被視為不可分割的一部分，一般不拆開使用。This matter

23、will be dealt with as soon as possible.My younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma).2不及物動詞（或相當(dāng)于一個不及物動詞的短語動詞）和表示狀態(tài)的動詞（或短語動詞）無被動態(tài)形式，如：happen, rise, occur, take place, break out等;以及l(fā)ack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like等。The story happened in 1949.The committ

24、ee consists of ten members.3將主動態(tài)形式改為被動態(tài)形式時，如遇到帶有雙賓語的動詞如buy，give，send，show，teach，tell，write等，只能將其中之一變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個保持不變。當(dāng)直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，保持在原位的間接賓語前需加介詞to。主動句：We teach the students English in a new way. 被動句：The students are taught English in a new way.English is taught to the students in a new way. 三、考點(diǎn)在歷年考試

25、中，被動語態(tài)一般不作為單獨(dú)的測試項(xiàng)目出現(xiàn)，都是與時態(tài)，虛擬語氣，非謂語動詞等語法項(xiàng)目一起出現(xiàn)。另外還要注意下列幾種特殊的被動情況：1形式主動但意義被動的動詞一些動詞的某些用法采用主動形式表示被動意義。常見的這類動詞有sell, read, wash, wear, cut, spread, iron, open, peel等。【例句】His new book is selling badly.The shop doesnt open on Sundays.These oranges peel well.2主動不定式代替被動不定式1) 當(dāng)不定式作表語形容詞的補(bǔ)足成分時，主語又是不定式的邏輯賓語，不

26、定式要用主動形式表被動意義。不定式的這種用法經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在形容詞easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous等之后?！纠洹縈ary is easy to teach. His theory is difficult to understand.The river is dangerous to bathe in.2) to blame（為發(fā)生的某種壞事承擔(dān)責(zé)任）常以主動形式出現(xiàn)卻表示被動含義。【實(shí)例】Nobody was to blame for the accident. 對于這起事故，誰也不能責(zé)

27、怪。The mother didnt know who _ for the broken glass. A. blamed B. be blamed C. to blame D. would blame ( C )（2002.1）3以主動的動名詞形式表示被動含義。1) 這一用法主要出現(xiàn)在表示“需要” 的動詞need, want, require之后，多數(shù)情況下由事物充當(dāng)其主語，偶爾可以由人作主語，動名詞與句子主語之間有動賓關(guān)系，也可以用被動的不定式替代，而句子含義沒有差別?！緦?shí)例】The floor requires washing/ to be washed.The house wanted

28、 repairing, unless he decided to move to the country. The patient will need looking after. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut ( C ) (1997.6)2) 在形容詞worth（值得做某事，有做某事的價值）之后，并且worth 后的動詞與句子主語之間有動賓關(guān)系?！緦?shí)例】The book is worth reading. What a lovely p

29、arty! Its worth _ all my life. A. remembering B. to remember C. to be remembered D. being remembered ( A ) (2002.6) 名詞性從句 名詞性從句(the noun clause)是在句中主要起名詞作用的各類從句的統(tǒng)稱，主要包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)這些名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：從屬連詞that，if，whether；連接代詞who，whoever，whom，whomever，which，whichever，what，whatever，whose

30、；連接副詞where，when，why，how。其中，從屬連詞只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句法成分，而連接代詞和連接副詞既起連接作用，又在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。【例句】That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. (that引導(dǎo)主語從句)The fact is that he didnt go to the dinner party. (that引導(dǎo)表語從句)I dont know if he will attend the meeting. (that引導(dǎo)賓語從句)Have you heard the

31、 news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你聽說瑪麗要和湯姆結(jié)婚的消息了嗎?(that引導(dǎo)同位語從句) 一、主語從句主語從句主要有三類：what等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句；由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句；由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句。1第一類主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞what，實(shí)際上已成為關(guān)系代詞(= the thing that)，它所引導(dǎo)的主語從句在結(jié)構(gòu)上相當(dāng)于名詞加定語從句。除what外，whatever也可引出主語從句，含有強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣，可作主語從句的主語或賓語?！纠洹縏hey lost their way in the forest, and what

32、 made matters worse was that night began to fall. 他們在森林里迷了路，更糟糕的是，夜幕開始降臨。(what在從句中作主語)Whatever we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teachers. 無論我們?nèi)〉檬裁闯煽兌細(xì)w功于老師的教導(dǎo)。(whatever在主語從句中作賓語=Anything that)【例題】Although _ happened in that developed country sounds like science fiction, it could

33、occur else where in the world. A. whichB. whatC. howD. it盡管那個發(fā)達(dá)國家發(fā)生的情況聽起來像科學(xué)幻想似的，但在世界其他地區(qū)也有可能發(fā)生。答案B，what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語，表示”所的東西(的情況)”。必須注意：what引導(dǎo)的從句是各類的重點(diǎn)，由于what引導(dǎo)的從句本身相當(dāng)于個名詞后加上一個定語從句，所以，在what引導(dǎo)的從句前，一般不可再加上名詞或代詞?！緦?shí)例】In some countries, _ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.

34、 A. whichB. thatC. whatD. one (1995.6)所謂”平等”在有些國家實(shí)際上并不意味著全體人民都享有平等的權(quán)利。答案C。 2由that引導(dǎo)的主語從句在多數(shù)情況下都放在句子后部，而用it作形式上的主語?？谡Z中that常省略。如果放在句首主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或?yàn)榱耸咕渥忧昂笃胶狻Ｗ⒁獯藭rthat不能省掉，前面也不能再加what。【例句】That he became a doctor may have been due to his fathers influence. 他成為醫(yī)生可能是由于他父親的影響。It is well known that water is i

35、ndispensable to life.Its a pity that you missed such a fine speech. 這樣好的演講你沒聽到真是可惜。【例題】How did it come about _ you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?A. which B. whatC. thatD. it你的作業(yè)里出現(xiàn)了這么多錯誤，到底是怎么回事？本句中it是形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的從句是真正的主語，所以答案為C?！緦?shí)例】 _ men have learned much from the behavior of animals is

36、hardly new. A. WhatB. ThoseC. ThatD. Whether (1993)人類從動物的行為中學(xué)到了很多東西，這并不是什么新論。答案為C。 3由連接代詞(疑問代詞who，whom，whose，which都可用作連接代詞)和連接副詞(如when，where，whether，how，why等)引出的主語從句放在句子后部時，前面用it作形式上的主語。從句放前或放后，意思基本上沒有多大差別。不過whether(or not)引導(dǎo)的從句放在句首或句子后部都可以，而if僅可引出賓語從句，不能放在句首，也不能加or not?！纠洹縒hether (or not) he

37、will go wont make too much difference. It wont make too much difference whether (or not) he will go. 他去不去都一樣。Who will preside at the meeting remains unknown. 誰宋主持會議還不知道。How she got wounded at work should be investigated. 她怎樣在工作時受傷有待調(diào)查。Why he did such a stupid thing is not known. 為什么他做出如此蠢事還不知道。Where

38、 we should stay is a problem. 我們應(yīng)該呆在哪里是一個問題。It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet. 我們什么時候舉行運(yùn)動會仍是個問題。Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.=It is uncertain whether/if he will attend the meeting. 他是否參加會議還不確定。4whoever也可引出主語從句，含有強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣，可作主語從句的主語或賓語?！纠洹縒hoever told you that w

39、as lying. 這件事不管是誰告訴你的都是騙人的。 二、賓語從句在句子中充當(dāng)賓語的從句叫作賓語從句。由what，when，where，how，which，why，who，whom，whether (if)及whatever，whoevef，whichever等引導(dǎo)。賓語從句可用作動詞的賓語，介詞的賓語，也可用在某些形容詞短語如be sure，be certain，be afraid，be confident，be anxiuos，be convinced，be glad，be worried，be sorry，be annoyed，be pleased，be satisfied，

40、be hurt，be content，be proud等的后面?！纠洹縃e asked me what I wanted. 他問我想要什么。I dont know where the sound came from. 我不知道聲音從哪兒傳來。I doubt whether/if they will be able to arrive here on time. 我不知道他們是否能按時到達(dá)這里。I dont care whether she will apologize to me or not. 我不介意她是否向我道歉。In primitive societies, people ate w

41、hatever they could find. 在原始社會，人們吃他們所能找到的所有食物。Im not quite confident whether I can pass the graduate admission test this year. 我沒有把握今年是否能通過研究生入學(xué)考試。She is confident that she will win她相信自己能獲勝。They are glad that youve succeeded in your plan他們很高興你的計(jì)劃獲得成功。We are not sure whether he will come我們不確信他能否來。【例題

42、】We cant understand _ he avoided speaking to us.A. whichB. thatC. whyD. after我們不明白他為什么不愿意和我們說話。這里，疑問詞why引導(dǎo)的從句作understand的賓語，答案C?！纠}】I am interested in _ you have told me.A. whichB. all thatC. all whatD. that我對你告訴我的一切都感興趣。all在此句中是代詞，意為“一切”、“全部”，作為主句謂語動詞短語am interested in的賓語，that引導(dǎo)的是限定性定語從句，修飾先行詞all。a

43、ll that意思等于what。C亦不正確，如前所述，由于what引導(dǎo)的從句本身相當(dāng)于一個名詞加上一個定語從句，所以，在what引導(dǎo)的從句前，一般不可再加上名詞或代詞。本題答案B。 l 說明：1在非正式文體中，that用于引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，引導(dǎo)詞that常常可以省略?！纠洹縃e said (that) he would never do such a thing. 他說他永遠(yuǎn)不會做那種事。2在think，believe，suppose，expect等動詞后面的賓語從句中，如果賓語從句的謂語動詞是否定形式，通常要把否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移到主句，而使從句謂語動詞變成肯定形式?！纠洹縄 don

44、t think your proposal is very feasible. 我認(rèn)為你的提議不太可行。3如果賓語從句后面有賓語補(bǔ)語，為保持句子平衡，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般要使用形式賓語it代替，而把真正的賓語從句放到賓語補(bǔ)語后面?！纠洹縃e made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 4That引導(dǎo)的從句一般不可直接用作介詞賓語，但可跟在帶有先行詞it作賓語的含有介詞的動詞短語之后?！纠洹縔ou can depend on it that we will keep this matter strictly confident

45、ial. 你盡可以放心，我們會對這件事情嚴(yán)格保密。5介詞后面一般不跟that引起的賓語從句，僅在in，except，but，besides等少數(shù)幾個介詞后可跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，已形成固定的搭配，inthat在于，but that要不是，except that除了besides that除了之外，還?！纠洹縒e will provide assistance to whoever needs it. 我們將給任何需要的人提供幫助。The old woman told her sufferings to whomever she met那位老年婦女向任何她遇到的人訴說她的遭遇。Dont b

46、esatisfied with what you have achieved. 不要滿足于你已取得的成就。The new literature course differs from the old course in that the students arent required to attend lectures. 新文學(xué)課與舊的不同之處在于學(xué)生不要求參力口聽課。This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long. 除了褲子太長外，這套西裝很合我身。I would have come to see you but t

47、hat I had something urgent to do then若不是當(dāng)時有些急事要辦的話，我本來會來看你的。三、表語從句表語從句常常放在主句系動詞后面，對主語的內(nèi)容起解釋、進(jìn)一步闡明的作用。可以接表語從句的系動詞有be，look，remain，seem等。常由that（通常不能?。?，whether，because，where，when，why，how，who及as ifasthough等引導(dǎo)表語從句?！纠洹縊ne advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out.太陽能優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一是它取之不盡。The question r

48、emains whether we can win the majority of the people. 問題是我們是否能贏得大多數(shù)人的支持。 This is where you are mistaken. 這就是你的錯誤所在。This is why I got scolded. 這就是我受到訓(xùn)斥的原因It may be because he is too young to do it. 這可能是因?yàn)樗贻p而不會做的緣故。It seem that (as if) the night would never end. 夜晚似乎永遠(yuǎn)也不會結(jié)束。The reason why (that) he

49、has been such a success is that he never gives up. 他獲得如此成功的原因是由于他從不放棄。The reason he did not come to the meeting is that he was ill他沒有參加會議的原因是由于他病了。(常用Ther reason isthat，不用because) 四、同位語從句同位語從句大多由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)，表示與之同位的名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般多緊接在名詞之后，與之是等同關(guān)系的從句，偶爾，當(dāng)謂語太短時，為了保持句子平衡，也可將同位語從句置于謂語動詞之后。能夠跟同位語從句的名詞多為表示事

50、實(shí)、看法、思想、消息等的名詞。主要有fact，idea，news，belief，hope，conclusion，opinion，suggestion，proposal，proof，order，thought，doubt，rumor，problem，truth，answer，theory，theory，desirion，discovery，understanding，wish，possibility，promise，report，probability (可能性)，evidence (證據(jù))，certainty (必然)，likelihood (可能性)等?！纠洹縒e are familiar

51、 with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. Have you any proof that he is a thief?The problem that they cant get here early is hard to solve他們不能及早到達(dá)這里，這個問題很難解決。No one can deny the fact that he has made such progress沒有人能否認(rèn)他取得如此

52、進(jìn)步的事實(shí)。The order has come that the work be done at once工作應(yīng)立刻開始的命令已經(jīng)到了。（此例為保持句子平衡同位語從句后置的情況。）【實(shí)例】The mere fact _ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. why (1997. 6)多數(shù)人認(rèn)為挑起核戰(zhàn)爭是瘋狂之舉，單憑這個并不意味著核戰(zhàn)爭不可能發(fā)生。答案C【實(shí)例】Evidence came up _ spec

53、ific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. whose (1991.6)有證據(jù)表明，出生僅6個月的嬰兒就能辨別一定的語音。答案C l 說明：1同位語從句常也有連接副詞why，where，when，how等引導(dǎo)?！纠洹縏he question whether we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 家庭醫(yī)生回答了我們是否應(yīng)請個?？拼蠓虻膯栴}。2有

54、時同位語從句可以不緊跟在先行詞后，而被別的詞隔開?！纠洹縒ord had come from Tom that he could arrive on the Monday following. 湯姆說過他可能下星期一來。3在on condition (條件是)，with the exception (除以外)，in spite of the fact (不管)等成語后，也可用從句作同位語。【例句】Ill let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy。如果你們能保持房間整潔的話，我可以讓你們用。 五

55、、同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別從三個方面來看：1定語從句中that代替先行詞，它在從句中作某個成份，而在同位語從句中，that為連詞，在從句中不擔(dān)任成份。2定語從句是對先行詞加以修飾、限制，而同位語從句是說明名詞中心詞的具體內(nèi)容。3同位語從句的先行詞是一些有限的表示抽象意義的名詞，而定語從句的先行詞可以是無數(shù)的表示抽象或具體概念的名詞?！纠洹縏he news that he has succeeded inspired them all他成功的消息使他們深受鼓舞。(同位語從句)Whats the news that upset her so much? 是什么消息令

56、她如此沮喪?(定語從句)The proposal that we should import more eqmknent from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting我們應(yīng)從國外進(jìn)口更多的設(shè)備，這個建議將在會上討論。(同位語從句)The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting他所提出的建議將在會上討論。(定語從句) l 提示：1從屬連詞whether和if都作“是否”解，但if不可引導(dǎo)主語從句和表語從句。whether可與or(not)連用，而if不可以?！纠洹縄 dont know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 2that和what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別：that在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，而what在從句