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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題技巧講解一、新課導(dǎo)入1.閱讀理解題選材,一般遵循三個(gè)原則: 文章一般為3篇(含信息匹配題),閱讀量在1100單詞左右; 題材廣泛,包括科普、社會(huì)、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等多方面內(nèi)容; 體裁多樣,包括記敘文、描寫(xiě)文、說(shuō)明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文等。2.高考閱讀理解常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題形式有:詞義猜測(cè)題、細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推斷題、作者態(tài)度題和主旨大意題。3.閱讀理解技巧:抓(問(wèn)題關(guān)鍵),定(文段),比(較選項(xiàng)答案)二、新課講解-做題技巧1、詞義猜測(cè)技巧。此類(lèi)考題目要求考生能根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。一般提問(wèn)方式如下:1) The word “ABC” in th

2、e passage probably means _.2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph?4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _5) The word it(them) in the first paragraph refers to _這種題型

3、要求對(duì)文章中的劃線(xiàn)生詞進(jìn)行詞義猜測(cè)。這類(lèi)題型不僅要求具備一定構(gòu)詞法,而且也要求對(duì)上下文具有比較全面的理解。做詞意猜測(cè)時(shí),應(yīng)注意劃線(xiàn)生詞后面的定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句通常用來(lái)解釋生詞的詞意。另外,還要應(yīng)注意生詞后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),如逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)、引號(hào)、括號(hào)都可用于提示詞意。有時(shí),詞意隱藏在全文或某一段中,這就需要把握文段的意境來(lái)加以透知該詞的含義。在高考閱讀題中,考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個(gè):一是被已認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導(dǎo);二是被完全不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的意思所阻礙,從而出現(xiàn)理解偏差或理解困難,影響閱讀的速度。其實(shí)解決這兩個(gè)困難的一個(gè)重要法寶是考生在心目中樹(shù)立起上下文觀(guān)念,要學(xué)會(huì)順藤

4、摸瓜,通過(guò)構(gòu)詞,語(yǔ)法,定義,同位,對(duì)比,因果,常識(shí),上下文等線(xiàn)索確定詞義。在閱讀解題時(shí)要注意從以下七個(gè)方面著手:1)根據(jù)定義或解釋、說(shuō)明猜測(cè)生詞的詞義在be,be called,call等判斷詞出現(xiàn)的判斷句中,或定語(yǔ)從句及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),可以根據(jù)已知部分,猜測(cè)生詞的含義。例如: The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通過(guò)理解定語(yǔ)從句的意思,能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。2)根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)生詞的詞義在but,however,yet,otherwise,though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中,其前后

5、的詞有明顯對(duì)比關(guān)系,根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容,通過(guò)這種對(duì)比關(guān)系,就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如: Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相對(duì)的便是“骯臟的”了,因此可猜出句中g(shù)rubby的意思是“骯臟的”。3)通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義because, since與as是連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞,so是連接表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞,so.that與such.that中的that是連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的。當(dāng)這些信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句子中,通過(guò)因果關(guān)系,依據(jù)已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。

6、例如:She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根據(jù)because從句所講的意思,我們就可推測(cè)trim就是“修剪”之意。4)根據(jù)生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力,自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識(shí)。再聯(lián)系上下文能讀懂的部分,可以正確猜出詞義。例如:Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根據(jù)句子意思及生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),wither表示“枯萎”。5)根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義同等關(guān)系,指的是一個(gè)詞,一組詞或短語(yǔ)在句中作同一成分,

7、而且它們的詞義都屬于同一范疇。明顯的標(biāo)志是,這樣的詞組或短語(yǔ)中間常常用并列連詞and或or來(lái)連接。例如: At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關(guān)系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時(shí)期”。6)根據(jù)列舉的事例猜測(cè)詞義You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English”. “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”, or “English Lear

8、ning”. 從后面列舉的例子中,可以猜出periodical是“期刊,雜志”的意思。7)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義根據(jù)學(xué)過(guò)的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí),知道詞根和前綴或后綴的意義,就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。2、細(xì)節(jié)題型的答題技巧。此類(lèi)考題主要針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié),一般提問(wèn)方式如下:1) Which of the following is right? 2) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?3) Which of the following statements is correct acc

9、ording to the passage?4) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?5) Which of the following is not mentioned? 6) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?7) The author mentions all of the following except . . .8) The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _.9) What i

10、s the example of . . . as described in the passage?10) Choose the right order of this passage.11) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) .12) The reason for . . .is . . .13) From this passage we know that _.14) In the passage, the author states that _.細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般采用尋讀法,即先看試題,再讀文章。對(duì)

11、有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位,再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比,有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng),選出正確答案。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對(duì)性,提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率,節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。尋讀法還特別適用于對(duì)圖形表格類(lèi)題材的理解。做此類(lèi)型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)中有許多功能詞,如:表因果關(guān)系的because, since, as等;表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。Some animals are in danger because they are hunted. Alarmingly, the population of t

12、igers has already fallen by ninety-five percent. Other species are in danger because of a lack of food. For example, there are fewer than 1300 giant pandas left in the wild.28.According to the passage the worlds tiger population _.A.will rise by 5% next year B. is relatively stableC. is 95% smaller

13、than in the past D. has fallen to 95%3、推斷題型答題技巧。此類(lèi)考題一般針對(duì)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí),文章中雖然沒(méi)有明確的答案,但考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上可以進(jìn)行推理和判斷其答案。一般提問(wèn)方式如下:1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _.2) We can infer from the text that _. 3) It can be inferred from the text that _.4) From the letters weve learned that its very _ to

14、 know something about American social customs.5) From the story we can guess _. 6) It may be concluded from the passage that7) Which of the following statements does the passage support?8) The story implies that _.9) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.10) The author implied(

15、suggested)that推理是在既有信息的基礎(chǔ)上得出合乎文章內(nèi)容的內(nèi)涵意義,即某一問(wèn)題、某一觀(guān)點(diǎn)沒(méi)有直接表述,而寓意在文章的字里行間,要求通過(guò)文中信息分析推出某種符合作者思想、符合文章邏輯的內(nèi)涵意義。推斷則是指通過(guò)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行符合邏輯的綜合分析,推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷題推斷得正確與否,很大程度上取決于是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語(yǔ)氣及觀(guān)點(diǎn)。To argue that zoos imprison animals is to misunderstand what zoos are about. Without zoos many of the creatures we love

16、 and admire would no longer exist. Every single day,over one hundred animal species vanish. Scientists predict that as early as 2050 one quarter of the Earths species will become extinct.26.Whats the writers attitude towards zoos?A.He shows no opinion either for or against them.B.He thinks that they

17、 are unnecessary and cruel.C.He believes they play an important environmental role.D.He expresses a desire that more of them be built.4、作者態(tài)度題的技巧此類(lèi)題目的主要提問(wèn)方式是一般提問(wèn)方式如下:1) How did the writer feel ? 2) The author seems to think that _.3) The writer writes this text to _. 4) The writer believes that _.5)

18、The writer suggests that _. 6) The author wants to appeal to _ .7) The writer is trying to present a point of view in _. 8) The authors style is _ . 9) The authors tone would be best described as _ .10) What is the authors opinion of _?11) What is the authors main purpose in the passage?這一類(lèi)考題大都要求考生就

19、作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷,如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì),還是猶豫不定,對(duì)記述或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠,還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來(lái),而往往隱含在字里行間。因此,進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí),我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提,又要注意作者的措辭,尤其是形容詞一類(lèi)的修飾語(yǔ)。 確定作者態(tài)度,可以有兩種思路:1、問(wèn)全文主體事物的(包括主題),可以根據(jù)闡述主題或有關(guān)主體事物的相關(guān)句中的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞確定作者的態(tài)度;2、如果問(wèn)的是對(duì)某一具體事物的態(tài)度,則可以定位到具體相關(guān)句,然后確定答案。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中表示作者態(tài)度的詞匯贊同否定懷疑positive

20、adj.肯定的,積極的,確實(shí)的 favorable adj.贊成的,有利的approval n. 贊成,承認(rèn),正式批準(zhǔn) supportive adj.支持的,支援的 enthusiastic adj.熱心的,熱情的defensive 為而辯護(hù),防衛(wèi)的practical實(shí)際的logical 符合邏輯的reasonable 合理的rational 理性的negative adj.否定的,消極的,負(fù)的,陰性的 disapproval 不贊成 objection 異議,反對(duì)/ objective 反對(duì)的 opposition 反對(duì) critical 批評(píng)的 worried adj.悶悶不樂(lè)的,焦慮的i

21、mpractical不實(shí)際的illogical adj. 不合邏輯的irrelevant 不相關(guān)的radical adj.激進(jìn)的biased 有偏見(jiàn)的 prejudiced 有成見(jiàn)的;偏頗的conservative adj. 保守的suspicion n.猜疑,懷疑 suspicious adj.( of) 可疑的,懷疑的 doubtful adj.可疑的,不確的,疑心的 puzzling / puzzled adj.使迷惑的,使莫明其妙的 confused 困惑的客觀(guān) (即好的壞的都說(shuō),選的可能性極大)主觀(guān)積極消極的objective adj.客觀(guān)的 neutral adj.中立的 impa

22、rtial adj.公平的,不偏不倚的 impersonal adj. 不帶個(gè)人色彩的unbiased adj.沒(méi)有偏見(jiàn)的 unprejudiced adj.公平的,無(wú)偏見(jiàn)的factual adj.事實(shí)的,實(shí)際的,根據(jù)事實(shí)的subjective adj.主觀(guān)的,個(gè)人的 tolerance n.寬容,容忍,忍受 tolerant 寬容的/ intolerablesensitive 敏感銳的,易受傷害的 scared adj.恐懼的 scary 可怕的reserved adj.保留的 moderate adj.中等的,適度的,適中的v.緩和 mild adj.溫和的,溫柔的,淡味的,適度的 ama

23、zed adj.吃驚的,驚奇的 concerned adj.關(guān)心的,有關(guān)的 amused 可笑的humorous 幽默的fascinated 迷人的curious 好奇的unforgiving 不可饒恕的pitiful 可憐的,令人同情的stressful 有壓力的merciful 仁慈的innocent 無(wú)辜的,無(wú)罪的sociable 好交際的,友善的active 主動(dòng)的,積極的positive 積極的,肯定的,optimistic adj.樂(lè)觀(guān)的confident adj.自信的,確信的 interested adj.感興趣的,impressive adj.給人深刻印象的,感人的 resp

24、ective 尊敬的persuasive 令人信服的,有說(shuō)服力的convinced 信服的 / convincing 令人信服的passive 被動(dòng)的,消極的negative 消極的 pessimistic 悲觀(guān)的 depressed 消沉的,壓抑的,抑郁的frustrated 失意的,挫敗的disappointed 失望的/ disappointing令人失望的gloomy adj.黑暗的,陰沉的,陰郁的indifferent 漠不關(guān)心的 unconcerned 不關(guān)心的blue 憂(yōu)郁的5、抓主旨大意的技巧。這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體,并真正理解主題和中心;要求能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷

25、、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題,難度較大,屬于高層次題。一般主旨大意題可以分為兩類(lèi):1確定文章的標(biāo)題和主題(title or topic)標(biāo)題位于文章之首,用來(lái)高度概括文章內(nèi)容,點(diǎn)明文章主題。它可以是單詞,短語(yǔ),也可以是句子。要確定文章標(biāo)題,首先,要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上,考慮標(biāo)題是否與主題密切相關(guān);其次,看標(biāo)題是否能概括全文內(nèi)容。不能只概括短文中的某些事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié);然后,要注意標(biāo)題范圍不應(yīng)太大或太?。蛔詈?,標(biāo)題應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)練并能吸引讀者。即:1、獨(dú)特新穎 2、概括性強(qiáng) 3、短小精煉。常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)題型題干:1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_

26、.2)The text (passage) could be entitled _.3)What is the best title for the passage?4) Whats the topic of the article?如:In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a

27、 game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didnt have any real commercial(商業(yè)性的)success.Q: T

28、he text is mainly about_.A. Lexico B. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts.【解題思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此題的正確答案應(yīng)為D。2.主題句(topic sentence)及主旨大意(main idea)的概括一篇文章一般表達(dá)一個(gè)中心內(nèi)容或主題。這個(gè)中心內(nèi)容或主題通常用一個(gè)句子來(lái)概括。此句叫做主題句。一般來(lái)說(shuō),說(shuō)明文和議論文都有主題句,而且多位于文章的開(kāi)頭,有時(shí)也位于文章的中間或末尾。但有時(shí)不能在文中直接找到主題句,要求讀者把握每段的主題句,弄清段于段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。主題句必須能簡(jiǎn)潔明了

29、地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容,具有高度的綜合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是對(duì)主題句的進(jìn)一步解釋,說(shuō)明,論證或擴(kuò)展.常見(jiàn)的主題句和主旨型題干:1) What is the topic sentence of the passage?2)This article/text/passage mainly tells that _.3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?如:Joshua Bingham s

30、tudied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q

31、: What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.【解題思路】 此文沒(méi)有主題句。全篇共四句,只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)(detail)性的事實(shí)。因此就答案本身看,個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來(lái),進(jìn)行邏輯推理,才能構(gòu)成一個(gè)沒(méi)有言明的主題思想(u

32、nstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況,即作者想告訴我們的是:Joshua Bingham接受過(guò)良好的教育,所以答案是 。 總之,閱讀水平的提高不是一兩天的閱讀就可以見(jiàn)效的。想要提高閱讀能力,一是要培養(yǎng)良好的閱讀行為習(xí)慣;如:要用眼光看,不要用手指去點(diǎn);要默讀,不要小聲讀。二是要積累大量的詞匯,把閱讀中的高頻難詞熟記,每次閱讀后要整理好生詞,然后記住其意思。三是要廣泛地做課后閱讀,堅(jiān)持每天讀1-2篇文章。四是不要一遇到生詞就查字典,要先猜其意義,等做完題目后再查字典,以免影響閱讀速度。專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí) (A)On Thursday after

33、noon Mrs. Clarke, dressed for going out, took her handbag with her money and her key in it, pulled the door behind her to lock it and went to the over 60s Club. She always went there on Thursdays. It was a nice outing for an old woman who lived alone.At six oclock she came home, let herself in and a

34、t once smelt cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke in her house? How? How? Had someone got in? She checked the back door and the windows. All were locked or fastened, as usual. There was no sign of forced entry.Over a cup of tea she wondered whether someone might have a key that fitted her front door -“a

35、 master key” perhaps. So she stayed at home the following Thursday. Nothing happened. Was anyone watching her movements? On the Thursday after that she went out at her usual time, dressed as usual, but she didnt go to the club. Instead she took a short cut home again, letting herself in through her

36、garden and the back door. She settled down to wait. It was just after four oclock when the front door bell rang. Mrs. Clarke was making a cup of tea at the time. The bell rang again, and then she heard her letter-box being pushed open. With the kettle of boiling water in her hand, she moved quietly

37、towards the front door. A long piece of wire appeared through the letter-box, and then a hand. The wire turned and caught around the handle on the door-lock. Mrs. Clarke raised the kettle and poured the water over the hand. There was a shout outside, and the skin seemed to drop off the fingers like

38、a glove. The wire fell to the floor, the hand was pulled back, and Mrs. Clarke heard the sound of running feet.1. Mrs. Clarke looked forward to Thursday because _.A. she worked at a club on the day B. she had visitors on ThursdayC. she visited a club on Thursday D. a special visitor came on Thursday

39、 2. What does the expression “a master key” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?A. A key to all the doors. B. A key only to the womans door.C. A key only its master can use. D. A key not everyone can use.3. On the third Thursday Mrs. Clarke went out _.A. because she didnt want to miss the club againB.

40、 to see if the thief was wandering outsideC. to the club but then changed her mindD. in an attempt to trick the thief 4. The lock on the front door was one which _.A. needed a piece of wire to open it B. could be opened from inside without a keyC. couldnt be opened without a key D. used a handle ins

41、tead of a key答案:1-4 CADB(B)Dad, Im writing to you as I feel its been quite a while since we last spoke (two years to be exact, you hung up on me). So how is Germany? How old are your other children now? What have you been up to this year? I finished my A-levels this summer. But enough small talk. On

42、 our European road trip in the summer, the journey took us close to your house and I asked Mum and my stepdad if we could pay a visit so that I could see you. Outside your house, I couldnt bring myself to get out of the car and knock on the door. Ive tried so many different forms of communication em

43、ail, the phone and I also suggested Skype. Yet I still cant get through to you. My mum, stepdad and I sat around the table trying to work out why I had felt unable to knock on your door that day. At last it came to me. I think, perhaps subconsciously, I was saving myself the grief of your response.

44、Why cant your parental obligations stretch to all three of your children, not just your two recent ones? In our previous conversations, which ended suddenly, as your older son needed to be put to bed, Id ask you how he was doing at school, and youd talk about the weather. No one listening would be a

45、ble to tell there was any difference between our relationship and one you might have with a neighbor. Forget your excuses that the flight to visit me is expensive and that you need to look after your other children (I hope you can see the irony(諷刺) in that). While you watch their school plays, dont

46、you consider that I would have liked you to be there at mine? Perhaps the reason I didnt knock on your door was that I just dont care anymore. Im exhausted trying to make this work. Maybe a part of me wasnt actually bothered whether I saw you or not that day youve already lost so much meaning in my

47、life; you are someone who just sends me a birthday card. This isnt me being bitter, although I was initially. Its just a way of telling you how I really feel. Phoebe 1. How did Phoebe feel when she was sitting in the car outside her fathers house? A. Excited B. Puzzled C. Disappointed D. Embarrassed

48、2. Based on this letter, we can learn that Phoebes father _. A. lives in the same city with his daughter B. got divorced and left Phoebe and her mother C. has never had any communication with Phoebe D. takes good care of all his children 3. What does the irony refer to in Paragraph 5? A. He ended hi

49、s conversation with Phoebe just to put his son to bed. B. He lives in a big house but has no money to buy an air ticket.C. He talked with Phoebe, his daughter, as if with a neighbor. D. Phoebe is also his child but he excuses himself from caring about her. 4. Phoebe didnt knock on her fathers door t

50、hat day because _. A. she was afraid of his dads unexpected responses to her visit B. she didnt want to bother her fathers happy life with his current family C. she was tired of being the one who make efforts for their relationshipD. she suddenly realized that her father had no meaning in her life答案

51、: CBDC強(qiáng)化練習(xí) (A)Researchers have developed a method to activate electronic implants in the body and eliminate bacterial infections using a wireless signal. When triggered by remote technology, the device delivers heat to infected tissue. And it could lead to technologies that enable drugs andtreatment

52、 to be delivered to patients at the press of a button.The technology was developed by researchers at Tufts University in Massachusetts and the University of Illinois. Mice were given electronic implants that, when a signal was sent, heated up to treat tissue that was infected with staphylococcus, wh

53、ich can cause life-threatening infections of the blood. Tissues collected from the mice 24 hours after treatment showed no sign of the infection, while the device dissolved in 15 days, proving it can not only treat infections but also be disposed of easily.The research, which also eliminated E. coli

54、 bacteria, was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Each device, made of silk and magnesium (鎂元素),harmlessly dissolved in the animals after the tests. The heating device in the implants has a resistor and power-receiving coil made of magnesium, and the magnesium is wrapp

55、ed in packet of silk, keeping it safe and controlling its dissolution time. The ability of the device to dissolve is important, as it means such implants would not need to be removed. Implantable medical devices normally use non-degradable materials that have limited operational lifetimes and must e

56、ventually be removed or replaced. But these new wireless therapy devices can handle the surgical process, and can then dissolve in minutes or weeks, depending on the time needed.This is an important demonstration step forward for the development of on-demand medial devices that can be turned on remotely to perform a therapeutic function in a patient and then safely disappear after their use, requiring no retrieval,” said senior author Fiorenzo Omenetto, professor of biomedical engineering at Tufts School of Engineering. “These wireless strategies could help manage post-surgic

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