英語翻譯概論

1、 翻譯概論Warming-up exercises: Translate the followings1 You are what you think2 Your abilities count, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.3 Its a pattern of thinking learned at your mothers knee.I翻譯的定義1.Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language b

2、y equivalent textual material in another language. 即 “將一種語言的篇章材料替換為與之對等的另一種語言的篇章材料”。翻譯是運(yùn)用一種語言把用另一種語言文字所表達(dá)的思想內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來的語言活動。它是一門科學(xué)，具有描述性；同時它也是一門藝術(shù)，因為它具有創(chuàng)造性。II翻譯原則或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：嚴(yán)復(fù)理論1信(truthfulness/faithfulness)：忠實原文（對原文的思想不歪曲也不要任意增減；對原文的風(fēng)格不隨意改動，即粗糙的不譯成高雅，口語體不譯成書面體）2達(dá)(expressiveness)：語言通順暢達(dá)（譯文應(yīng)該按照譯語的語法和習(xí)慣來遣

3、詞造句；譯文避免生搬硬套，應(yīng)該通順流暢）Eg . John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 約翰值得信賴。他忠誠而正直(守規(guī)矩)。3雅(elegance)：文字古雅 / 切（closeness）總之，做英譯漢時，按中國人的說話思維方式，把內(nèi)容用通俗的漢語順暢地表達(dá)出來；反之亦然。1. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will ha

4、ve to have much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 2. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as everybody else.1. 因此，如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們（上大學(xué)）的機(jī)會，就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳細(xì)的信息，

5、作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個顯得越來越重要了。2. 盡管警察已接到命令，要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況，但人們不敢出門，因為警察和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。III翻譯的過程1理解階段: 是表達(dá)的先決條件1) 了解語言現(xiàn)象: Peter is now with his parents in Beijing; it has already three years since he was a pop singer.不唱流行歌已有三年了2)理解邏輯關(guān)系 You are late for the last time.你被解雇了或者不可能再遲到了.3)理解原文所涉及的事物 The elevator boys ooz

6、e（流出，滲透出） the spit and polish of West Point cadets and in polite English remind you that you must not smoke inside their lift.開電梯的人像西點(diǎn)軍校的學(xué)生一樣衣著整潔，勁頭十足。2表達(dá)階段：把自己對原文的理解用本族語重新表達(dá)出來。1) 充分表達(dá) Reports of new successes keep pouring in. 捷報頻傳/ He sold hard-to -get items.他經(jīng)銷緊俏商品。2） 直譯和意譯：能直譯時不要意譯; 需要直譯和意譯結(jié)合時，在直

7、譯的基礎(chǔ)上意譯。a. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy , three boys no boy.意譯b. Strike the iron while it is hot.直譯c. John was upsetting the other children, so I showed him the door.直譯+意譯約翰一直在擾亂別的孩子，我就把他攆了出去。形式對等翻譯與動態(tài)對等翻譯：前者著眼于原文，后者用最貼切而又最自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息 The streets were completely deserted and everything st

8、ood in crumbling（坍塌） ruins.街道上空無一人（闃無人跡）,到處都是斷垣殘壁. 3)校對階段（proofread）：是理解與表達(dá)的進(jìn)一步深化。IV 翻譯技巧: 1) 分清主次 2) 遣詞用字 3) 詞字的增添 4) 詞字的省略 5) 詞類及句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換 6) 結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整 7) 語態(tài)變化 8) 正反交替 9) 長句切分V翻譯的方法或策略: 直譯和意譯什么是直譯和意譯1）直譯(literal translation)（偏重于原文字句）與意譯(free translation)（根據(jù)原文的大意）；前者強(qiáng)調(diào)語言的共性，后者來自語言的差異所謂直譯，就是在譯文語言條件許可的時候，在

9、譯文中既能保持原文的思想內(nèi)容，又盡可能保持與原文語言形式相對應(yīng)的形式。這并不是對原文逐字對譯的死譯，而是指在忠實原文思想內(nèi)容的同時，保持原文的語言特色，即忠實地傳達(dá)深層結(jié)構(gòu)的同時，又能再現(xiàn)表層結(jié)構(gòu)的風(fēng)格。例如: be armed to teeth, chain reaction, crocodile tears , win-win 這些直譯出來漢語對應(yīng)原文的字面意思,保留了原文的生動形象. 漢語中一些特有事物也可以按字面意思譯成英語. 例如: 三教九流 (the three religions and the nine schools of thought), 四書五經(jīng)(the Four Bo

10、oks and the Five Classics ) 一國兩制(one country, two systems)意譯，如果用原文語言形式相對應(yīng)的譯文語言形式不能忠實地傳達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容的時候，就要保持原文的思想內(nèi)容，而不完全保持與原文語言想對應(yīng)的語言形式。這不是指偏離原作的含義，甚至完全脫離原作思想內(nèi)容的亂譯。忠實傳遞深層結(jié)構(gòu)的同時，不完全再現(xiàn)原文表層結(jié)構(gòu)的風(fēng)格。例如: Dont cross the bridge till you get to it ?船到橋頭自然直。Do you see any green in my eye ? 你覺得我幼稚可欺嗎？(你以為我是好欺侮的嗎？)望子成龍

11、(long to see ones son succeed in life)破釜沉舟(burn ones boats)直譯和意譯的相對性由于英，漢兩種語言在表達(dá)方式，用法習(xí)慣等方面存在較大的差異，對于同一語句，譯者會面臨直譯和意譯的選擇。直譯時盡量保持原作的語言形式，包括措辭，句子結(jié)構(gòu)，比喻手段等，同時要求語言流暢，意思明確；意譯則從意義出發(fā)，不注重原作語言形式和細(xì)節(jié)，只求將原文大意表達(dá)出來，譯文能自然流暢，通順達(dá)意即可。例如: Kill two birds with one stone 直譯: 一石二鳥. 意譯: 一箭雙雕或一舉兩得可見, 直譯和意譯是一個相對的概念譯例分析1. Little

12、 fish does not eat big fish.2. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.3. Every life has its rose and thorn.4. During the old car race, the drivers spent more time under their cars than in them.5. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.(直譯: 他找到

13、工作的機(jī)會和當(dāng)選芝加哥市長的機(jī)會差不多大)(意譯: 他找到工作的機(jī)會簡直微乎其微)6. Go to law for a sheep, and you lose a cow。(直譯:為一只羊打官司, 你就會失去一頭牛。）（意譯：因小失大）7. Where there is a will， there is a way。8. as strong as a horse9. The best answer is to roll up your sleeves and do the job yourself.（求人不如求己）10. They have consistently found that wo

14、men favor signs of earning capacity over good looks. For sheer sex appeal, a doughly bald guy in a blue blazer and Rolex will outscore a stud in a Burger King uniform almost every time. Power, it seems, really is the ultimate aphrodisiac.直譯: 他們經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn),女人偏愛賺錢能力的跡象甚于好看的外貌. 就純粹的性吸引力而言, 一個穿藍(lán)色名牌服裝,戴勞力士手表, 身

15、體像發(fā)了酵面團(tuán)似的禿頂男人, 其得分幾乎次次都會超過一個身穿漢堡王工裝服的情種. 看來,經(jīng)濟(jì)實力才是真正最棒的催情藥.意譯: 所有的結(jié)果一致表明, 相對于長相好的男人而言, 女人更喜歡會賺錢的男人. 那些衣著華麗看上去有權(quán)勢但長相丑陋的男人往往比那些長相漂亮但沒有權(quán)勢的男人更能贏得女人的青睞. 看來正真吸引女性的是權(quán)利.以上例句不難發(fā)現(xiàn):,意譯不拘泥原句語言形式和字面意思, 而是對其含義加以概括與揭示,言簡意賅, 但多少給人一種得其意而失其味的感覺; 直譯跟原句用詞大體對應(yīng),基本上保留了原句的詼諧和幽默,含蓄風(fēng)趣的意味. 可見, 直譯和意譯各具特色,互見短長, 所以翻譯工作者酌情考慮.Eg H

16、uman beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.人類通過觀察和了解她們的環(huán)境, 進(jìn)而適應(yīng)環(huán)境或者控制和改造環(huán)境, 使之適應(yīng)自身需要的能力, 將自己與其他動物區(qū)

17、別開來,這樣就確保了她們的生存.Eg. But we remember with greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.然而我們更加痛苦地回想起, 在那種美達(dá)到極致的時候, 我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)它, 在有人對我們付出愛心的時候我們沒能以愛做出回應(yīng).在翻譯實踐中，還會遇到這樣的語句，其結(jié)構(gòu)非常簡單，用詞很常見，其含義并不隱晦，可是你想將其直譯出來卻不自然，非得意譯。Task 3 Exercise1 Mak

18、e it a habit to remember your best self, the one that you want to be。2 When things go wrong, the pessimist tends to blame himself. “I am no good at this,” he says, “I always fail.”3 Gardens are not made by singing “Oh, how beautiful and sitting in the shade。4 Being a teacher is being present at the

19、creation, when the clay begins to breathe.5 It seems as though there has been nothing quite as good sincebut thats only because you have grown out of childrens books.6 Everybody knows that John lost his shirt when the business he had invested is failed.7 The operation may not succeed; its a gamble w

20、hether he lives or dies.8 We mean finding a sense of peace and strength to deal with lifes disappointments and pain while always striving to discover vehicles to make more accessible, increase, and sustain the joys and delights of life.9 She would never believe anything in trousers.10 Youth is not a

21、 time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination; a vigor of the emotions; it is the deep spring of life。1. 應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成一個習(xí)慣：即記住自己最美好的時刻，也就是記住你想做的那種人。2. 當(dāng)（事情）出了問題時，悲觀者總是責(zé)怪自己，對自己說“我這方面不行，”“我總是失敗”。3. 花園

22、并不是悠閑地贊嘆一句“啊，多美呀”，坐在樹蔭下就能輕輕松松建好的。4. 當(dāng)一名教師就意味著目睹上帝造人的過程，目睹用泥土捏成的人體開始呼吸。5.從那時起似乎再也沒有能和它們媲美的書了-不過這也可能因為人們不讓你再讀兒童書籍了。6. 人人知道約翰的資產(chǎn)在他投資的事業(yè)失敗時，全都賠光了。7. 手術(shù)不一定成功，能否保住他的性命，只能一賭。8. 我們的意思是要尋找平和感和力量感去對付生活中的失意和痛苦，同時堅持不懈地努力去發(fā)現(xiàn)能增添更多生活樂趣和喜悅并加以維持的方法。9.他再也不相信任何男人了。10. 青春不只是一段年華，而是一種心境。它不是粉頰，紅唇，柔膝。是意氣恢弘，情感勃發(fā)，是人生暮年的一種心曠神怡。（青春不是年華，而是一種心態(tài)；青春的表現(xiàn)不在于滿面紅光，嘴唇紅潤，腿腳靈便，而在于意志的堅強(qiáng)，想象力的豐富，感情的充沛，青春是生命之深泉的清澈常新。）Exs: Translate1。人工智能 2。公務(wù)員 3。速食 4。視而不見 5。顛倒黑白 6.walk right into the traps 7.Many hands make light work. 8. More haste, less speed 9.Out of sight, out of mind. 10.Give a person a dose of his own medici