[英語考試]SAT語法強(qiáng)化沖刺第二版

1、. TELAT語法序言SAT語法之所以被劃分在Writing Skills當(dāng)中，是因?yàn)樗鼘?shí)際是考查考生對英語的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書面語（即Standard Written English）的掌握程度，并非瑣碎復(fù)雜的語法知識，SAT語法規(guī)則有時(shí)和我們通常所學(xué)的語法書上的知識點(diǎn)有所出入，規(guī)則也不盡相同。其考試題型和考試重點(diǎn)也與中國的語法題目大相徑庭 。 因此SAT的語法具有特殊性，它追求的是“好的語法”，是恰當(dāng)?shù)?，最符合英語國家文化傳統(tǒng)與語言習(xí)慣的用法。SAT的語法規(guī)則，也就是像OG當(dāng)中所闡述的那樣，是一種“the rules of good written English”，具有準(zhǔn)確

2、，清晰，簡潔的特點(diǎn)，杜絕口語化、模糊和冗余的表達(dá)。表現(xiàn)在做題方面，不僅僅會考到你是否能判斷這個(gè)句子正確與否，而且會考到這個(gè)句子是否有效和簡潔。這就大大提升了題目的難度。 對于廣大中國考生來說，SAT語法部分的難度主要在于：一、題型新穎。以上三種題型很難在國內(nèi)外其他考試中找到對應(yīng)。而參加SAT考試的絕大部分大陸考生都是高中學(xué)生，平時(shí)根本沒有接觸過類似題型。另外，中國學(xué)生易受固定思維影響，比如在做挑錯題時(shí)，許多人把題干讀了一遍又一遍，硬要在本來沒有錯誤的句子中挑出錯誤，殊不知在真題中E選項(xiàng)（即NoError選項(xiàng)）的比例占到了大約17%（約等于六分之一）。二、時(shí)間緊迫。以上三種題型共49道小題，在真

3、題中占到兩個(gè)Section（不包括加試Section），其中一個(gè)Section25分鐘35題，另一個(gè)Section10分鐘14題。對于絕大多數(shù)中國學(xué)生來說，語法部分的時(shí)間是非常緊迫的，尤其是25分鐘的 Section，很多人做不完題目。如果連題目都做不完，那么語法部分要答對44題以上、寫作部分總分突破700分基本無望。 但是，諸位考生也不要因此而灰心喪氣。首先，SAT語法部分的難度較之閱讀部分還是小了許多。其次，通過對真題的深入研究，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，語法部分考題的規(guī)律性極強(qiáng)、核心考點(diǎn)重復(fù)率高、正確率受到考生詞匯量影響不大，而且涉及的語法知識比中國高考所涉及的語法知識淺顯。因此，如果經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)、合理

4、的復(fù)習(xí)，語法部分完全有可能成為所有中國考生提升空間最大、除數(shù)學(xué)部分外得分最容易的題型。關(guān)于SAT語法的解題技巧：1抓住明顯錯誤進(jìn)行排除，首先大家需要尋找劃線部分是否有明顯的語法錯誤或邏輯錯誤，有的話馬上排除，再縱向?qū)ふ掖鸢?，把選項(xiàng)中沒有改正這些錯誤的都給排除掉。2利用?？伎键c(diǎn)作為切入點(diǎn)，有時(shí)如果把一些?？伎键c(diǎn)給記住的話，就可以大大提高解題的速度。3.利用對稱性解題,與漢語一樣，英語在行文上也講究對稱性，而這一點(diǎn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)和平行結(jié)構(gòu)中非常常見，即要求盡可能在語法功能上和形式結(jié)構(gòu)上表達(dá)一致。4對比選項(xiàng)，從選項(xiàng)中尋找答案,有時(shí)比較完選項(xiàng)后，很難從已給信息中找出答案，這時(shí)我們可以比較剩下的選項(xiàng)，由選項(xiàng)

5、中的不同來尋找答案。SAT語法沖刺總結(jié)材料 課程名稱：語法 法部分屬于SAT reasoning test中的寫作(writing)板塊，與essay writing分值一起組成寫作板塊的總分。整個(gè)語法部分包括三種題型： ISE(Identifying sentence errors，即挑錯題)18小題、IS(Improving sentences，即句子改進(jìn)題)25小題、IP(Improving paragraphs，即段落改進(jìn)題)6小題，所有題目均為五選一。 1、IE題側(cè)重于詞法的考察；IS題側(cè)重于句法的考察；IP題基于詞法和句法考察小篇章的閱讀理解。 2、三類考題的相互關(guān)系 （一）題量與

6、難度 1、一套SAT考題當(dāng)中會有兩個(gè)SECTION的語法問題。其中一個(gè)SECTION由IS IE IP共同組成共35道，每題型題數(shù)分別為11、18、6。另一個(gè)SECTION則僅由IS題組成，共10道題。 2、IS題型 > IP題型 > IE題型 （二）評分方法 1、與寫作結(jié)合進(jìn)行評分 2、正確題數(shù)錯誤題數(shù)/4 實(shí)際正確題數(shù)然后將實(shí)際正確題數(shù)結(jié)合寫作分?jǐn)?shù)在OG中查出自己的對應(yīng)得分范圍 下面列出的是一個(gè)粗略統(tǒng)計(jì)的語法常考條目表, 按其考察頻率出現(xiàn)的高低排列：.動詞錯誤Verb errors代詞錯誤Pronoun errors 邏輯主語 Faulty Logicality平行結(jié)構(gòu)缺失La

7、ck of parallelism措詞錯誤Diction errors修飾語位置錯誤Misplaced modifiers形容詞/ 副詞Adjective/Adverb名詞使用錯誤Plural-singular errors句子或段落冗余Redundancy & wordiness即簡潔原則句子構(gòu)成錯誤Run-ons & Fragments總體來說：完成一個(gè)題目經(jīng)過：讀題 解答 檢查 過程 讀題：題干：讀含義（總體意思和劃線部分與整句的關(guān)系） 讀結(jié)構(gòu)（拋出非中心部分，找出SVO）注意動詞代詞 選項(xiàng)：找出一些常見的差異部分（比如動詞三單？逗號分號？代詞單復(fù)？時(shí)態(tài)差異？）。差異即考

8、點(diǎn)解答：運(yùn)用考點(diǎn)，直接秒殺最“正確”的選項(xiàng)。講究快。先看最有可能的選項(xiàng)。同時(shí)注意自殺詞的出現(xiàn)。檢查: 就看你所選的SVO和“，”和“；”是否有問題。大概4秒可以完成。(這一步是重中之重)以下內(nèi)容主要針對SAT?？嫉脑~法，句法，段法進(jìn)行歸納，但要綜合的去運(yùn)用，不要孤立去學(xué)習(xí)。一、 ?？颊Z法體系(挑錯題 Identifying Sentence Errors)對于這部分的考查，主要是詞的考查，換句話說，也就是在句子中的詞匯是否使用錯用，在做這一部分的試題的時(shí)候，首先第一次看過去（結(jié)構(gòu)清楚？含義清楚？），能夠秒殺的題目直接干掉，如果不能直接看出答案的，就從出考點(diǎn)作為切入點(diǎn)。也就是對劃線部分的詞進(jìn)行剖

9、析，在詞法上面使用是否錯誤。在SAT考試中，詞一般回犯以下幾種錯誤。按照歷屆考題來看，出現(xiàn)頻率從高到低依次是：動詞 代詞 形容詞和副詞 名詞 介詞 連詞(一) 動詞方面：(時(shí)態(tài)和主謂)1.時(shí)態(tài)(tense)?？伎键c(diǎn)：時(shí)態(tài)的混用，多為過去完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的混用，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的混用。 總則，不能無根據(jù)的認(rèn)為原句的時(shí)態(tài)有問題。既當(dāng)你認(rèn)為某一劃線部分中的時(shí)態(tài)有問題時(shí)，你需要再確認(rèn)有足夠的，要基于以下二點(diǎn)：a：有明顯的時(shí)間狀語 b：未劃線部分的暗示 一般時(shí)態(tài)（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)和一般將來時(shí)）（1） 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示“客觀存在”，“真理”等概念，也可以用于表明一種反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作和狀態(tài)，尤其在

10、表明統(tǒng)計(jì)資料和某種理論的結(jié)果時(shí)，一般都用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。（2） 一般過去時(shí)表明過去某一特定時(shí)間內(nèi)已發(fā)生或已完成的動作，它常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用（如：yesterday，last night，the year before last等）（3） 一般將來時(shí)表示動作在未來某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生。在由連詞if，unless，before，when，as soon as等引起的狀語從句中，主句用將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，常與將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，如 over next fifty years，by the end of 2008。進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動作；而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與將來進(jìn)行時(shí)都要求與過去或?qū)頃r(shí)

11、間的某一點(diǎn)做比較，常用于一個(gè)動作發(fā)生時(shí)，另一動作正在進(jìn)行完成時(shí)態(tài)（引起充分注意）（1） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去某時(shí)開始的一個(gè)動作或狀態(tài)，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且有可能持續(xù)到將來，它常與狀語，just ，already，yet，ever，never，for two years，since 1973，in the last decade，in the past ten years，until recently等連用。也可以從含義上去把握。（2） 過去完成時(shí)一定要與一個(gè)確切的過去時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)并用，進(jìn)行比較可用來表示一個(gè)動作在過去另外一個(gè)動作之前已發(fā)生。再用by the time，by the end of

12、 1984這樣的時(shí)間狀語來判斷時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，句子可能用一般將來時(shí)也可能用過去完成時(shí)，這由by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)所決定，若此時(shí)間點(diǎn)發(fā)生在說話之前，用過去完時(shí)；若在說話之后，用將來時(shí)。（3） 過去將來完成時(shí)：需要參照點(diǎn)？（需要）結(jié)構(gòu)？Would have done阿杜補(bǔ)充：不規(guī)則變化詞組： 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：除了以上的那些分析之外，sat改錯中還經(jīng)?？嫉街鲝臅r(shí)態(tài)的不一致。準(zhǔn)確地說就是主句用過去時(shí)，而賓語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。這種情況的一般適用范圍是：當(dāng)賓語從句的內(nèi)容是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，真理時(shí)，無論主語用何種時(shí)態(tài)，從句均用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。時(shí)態(tài)的衍生品：虛擬語氣 虛擬語氣在SAT注意三句話：1，注意if 和as if 出現(xiàn)，思考是

13、否是虛擬語氣？2，如果是，注意虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)一致（過去，現(xiàn)在，將來），同時(shí)have和had同存共亡。3，學(xué)會識別虛擬語氣的省略倒裝（改頭換面，還原面目）假設(shè)類型假設(shè)條件從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反if+主語+ed/were主語+would+V原形與過去事實(shí)相反if+主語+had done主語+would have done與將來事實(shí)相反 were toif+主語+ ed should+V原形主語+would+V原形造句：如果我是你，我就會帶傘。如果你聽我的，你就不會犯錯了。如果下午就刷好這面墻，他們明天就會變干燥（假設(shè)今天下午不刷）在表虛擬語氣的if從句中，如果were，had，should這三個(gè)詞

14、作謂語時(shí)，可以省去if，把主謂語到裝過來表示虛擬語氣條件：即由“if+subject+were（should/had+verb）”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)椤皐ere+subject（should/had+subkject+verb）”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：were i in your office，i wouldnt do that（=if i were in your office-）had i known about it，i would have told you（=if i had known about it-）should anyone call，please take a message（=if anyon

15、e should call-）IS ISE專題練習(xí)1Rilke, the great German poet, could not continue his search for angelic spirits until he can rely on a strength greater than his own. (A) can rely on a strength greater than his own (B) could rely on a strength greater than his own (C) would be able to rely on a strength gr

16、eater than his own (D) can rely on a strength greater than his strength (E) could rely on a strength greater than his strength2. After marching for four hours in temperatures exceeding ninety degrees, the band members were as soaked as if marching through a rainstorm (A) if marching (B) having march

17、ed (C) if from marching (D) if they had marched(E) ff they would have marched3. At Versailles after the First World War, the Allies believed they had drafted a treaty that would have ensured permanent peace. (A) would have ensured permanent peace(B) would ensure permanent peace(C) had ensured perman

18、ent peace(D) will ensure permanent peace(E) ensures permanent peace4. Isolated by the sea, the aboriginal peoples of Australia had developed a unique culture long before the arrival of Europeans. (A) had developed a unique culture (B) had a unique culture and it developed (C) having developed a uniq

19、ue culture (D) have a unique culture, it developed (E) have a unique culture; development was5. In the belief that crossword puzzles stimulated her mind, Dolores will spend hours on them every week. (A) Dolores will spend hours on them every week (B) Dolores would spend hours on them every week (C)

20、hours of every week are spent on them by Dolores (D) they occupied hours of every week for Dolores (E) every week will find Dolores spending hours on them6. The delegates coming this far, thev did not want to return without accomplishing something. (A) The delegates coming this far, they (B) Coming

21、this far, the delegates felt they (C) Having come this far, the delegates (D) To come this far, the delegates (E) The delegates came this far, so that they7The issue the council debated, which was whether repeal of rent control Will improve housing or just increase profits for landlords. (A) debated

22、, which was whether repeal of rent control will improve (B) debated was if they would repeal rent control would this improve (C) debated was that repeal of rent control would result in improved (D) debated was will repealing rent control mean improvement in (E) debated was whether repeal of rent con

23、trol would improve8. No sooner had Andrea del Sarto traveled to France to work for the French king but his wife persuaded him to return to Italy.The answer is E (A) but his wife persuaded him to return (B) but his wife had him persuaded into returning (C) than he was persuaded by his wife that he wi

24、ll return (D) but he was persuaded by his wife into returning (E) than his wife persuaded him to returnISE專題：1. Surely one of the most far-reaching changes in the nineteenth century will be the change from A Bworking at home to working in the factory. No error C D E2. Conflicts between land develope

25、rs and conserva- tionists have repeatedly arose, causing A BCongress to reconsider legislation that prohibits building within habitats of endangered species. C DNo error E3. Beatrix Potter completely transformed the traditional animal fable, and they had been A B Cused by other writers simply to ill

26、ustrate moral lessons. No error D E4. Because he is absent when his rivals voted against his proposal, Selby is worried about A B C Dmissing future meetings of the board of directors. No error E5. Fourteen years after the Galileo space probe was launched from the space shuttle Atlantis, the Amission

27、 was purposely ended when the Galileo disintegrates in the dense atmosphere of the B C D planet Jupiter No errorE6. The thoughtful student wonders what Patrick Henry meant when he talked about liberty A B because most of the members of the House of Burgesses then having been slaveholders.C D No erro

28、r E 7After Gertrude Ederle had swam the English Channel she was celebrated as the first woman A Bever to accomplish the feat. No error C D E 8， Because the flood has made the bridge inaccessible to automobiles and pedestrians alike,A Bwe had rented a small boat to reach the island. No error C D E 9.

29、 Professor Chen repeated her point that the hero, if' given the chance to relive the moment, A B Cwould choose to do it. No error D E 10. Unfortunately, the opening of the new library complex, previously scheduled for next A BSeptember, would be delayed for several months because of construction

30、 difficulties. No error C D E 11. The survey showed that most shoppers who drive prefer the mall more than downtown stores A B simply because finding parking is less difficult at the mail. No error C D E12. In the early days of the steam locomotive, compassionate engineers would sometimes A B have t

31、hrown coal overb oard in poor neighborhoods No error C D E 13. Undoubtedly, more voters in the urban areas will have voted for Julia Morton if she had taken A B Ca less conservative stand on zoning codes than she did. No error D E14.For the past hundred years or more, Yellowstone National Park was a

32、 kind of A Bsociological laboratory in which North Americans have been exploring the meaning of C Dthe national-park concept, No error. E 15.She claimed that the "representational" actor is having to imitate a character's behavior, Awhereas the "presentational" actor attempts

33、 to reveal human behaviorB Cthrough self-understanding. No errorD E16.Although born in the Midwest, Langston Hughes lived most of his adult life in Harlem, in New York City, where, like other writers in the 1930s, he had wrote some of his finest works. A B C DNo error. E17. In the past, the small na

34、tion had been committed to self-managed socialism, a system Aunder which the workers, rather than the state, owns most enterprises. No error B C D E18. Before he sprained his back, Morgan spends much of his leisure time engaged in A B Coutdoor sports, particularly hiking and canoeing. No error D E 1

35、9. Just when those who were watching from the sidelines feared the worst, the athletes A Bthemselves are the most confident. No error C D E 2.主謂一致(Subject verb agreement)。總體而言，主謂一致一直都是SAT考試的熱點(diǎn)，需要引起大家高度的重視，做這種題還是需要把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，找出SVO是關(guān)鍵。思考介詞短語能做主語？ Between the sales manager and I, along the road，among his

36、workers 等等。 （1）倒裝句：比如there be句型或地點(diǎn)狀語至于句首的倒裝情況，一定要找到真正的主語。通常一套writing里總會有一個(gè)倒裝句，并多為動詞部分出錯。a. 地點(diǎn)狀語+動詞+主語b. Only置于句首的倒裝C. There be 句型例：In the foothills of that large mountain range is (A) the sources of a river whose course (B) was not fully mapped (C) until (D) this century. No error (E). (P 776.19)例：A

37、ir pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years, but (B) only recently has (C) the harmful effects of noise pollution become (D) known. No error (E). (P167.6) （2）插入語（經(jīng)典句型：S1，S2，VO）以及名詞doing/done做后置定語。 我們需要做的是釜底抽薪，要勇敢的拋棄非中心部分，找到中心的主語。Flints found in (A) the region extending fro

38、m the Nile Valley to (B) the highlands of eastern Iraq attests to (C) the presence of people there as long ago as (D) one hundred thousand years. No error (E). (P166.3)練習(xí)：找出主謂賓1， Many nations, and the United Nations itself, have issued stamps that commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the signing

39、of the UN charter. 2，Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied for years, but only recently have harrnful effects of noise pollution become known3 ，The report Alexahder is discussing, a report prepared jointly by him and the committee,does not take into account the socioeconomic stat

40、us of those interviewed. 4. Pearl Buck, one of the most popular writers of her DAY, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938 for her novels about China5， the regulations aimed at reducing the airpullution require us to take bus instead of driving a car.補(bǔ)充材料：參考句子分析材料。（1） 集合名詞：family, group, stuff, t

41、eam, community，只要這些詞以單數(shù)結(jié)尾，后面的謂語動詞都用單數(shù)。people, cattle, police ：其后的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)文學(xué)性的總稱都是不可數(shù)名詞。E.g. literature; poetry; prose.以s結(jié)尾的詞：means, species, news例： Eating garlic has long been regarded as a means of warding off malaise,and scientific research has shown that it does have some therapeutic value.（4）of 結(jié)

42、構(gòu)的考查 大家需要注意的是：題目的開頭部分出現(xiàn)明顯的特征詞Of的時(shí)候，此時(shí)一定要考慮動詞的謂語使用是否錯誤（因?yàn)镺F結(jié)構(gòu)可以使主語和謂語的位置變得很遠(yuǎn)，有時(shí)我們潛意識認(rèn)為主謂是在一起的），但注意定語從句N1 of N2 verb（SAT考試中動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與N1有關(guān)，與N2無關(guān)）例：The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York. No

43、 error (E). (P161.1)例句：1. The problem of copyright violation is frequently compounded in certain countries where the sale and use of copyrighted materials are not tightly controlled.2. One of the most popular and attractive new cars was available for so little money that people thought something was

44、 wrong.補(bǔ)充：（5）其他注意的事項(xiàng)： 5.1 兩個(gè)原則的使用：就近原則和就遠(yuǎn)原則。就近原則：there be句型, not only., but also.; neither., nor.; either. or. 就遠(yuǎn)原則： along with ，as well as，accompanied by，besides，combined with，in addtion to，including，rathere than（而不是），no less than（與-一樣），together with（與在一起），with， 例如， Of the two options, neither the

45、system of appointing judges to the bench nor the process of electing judges are entirely satisfactory. No error5.2主謂一致還會出現(xiàn)在一些固定用法中，但一般比較簡單，比如a number of + noun (復(fù)) vs. the number of + noun (單), 面包黃油，刀叉，引進(jìn)新思想代替舊思想等(可以參考后面的賓語例如OG test10的14題)IS專題：1The grammatologist has argued that sustained observatio

46、n of a few animals provides better behavioral data than does intermittent observation of many animals.(同時(shí)也是表示比較的平行結(jié)構(gòu)) (A) provides better behavioral data than does intermittent observation of many animals (B) provides better behavioral data than many animals are observed intermittently (C) providing

47、 better behavioral data than does intermittent observation of many animals (D) do provide better behavioral data than intermittent observation of many animals do (E) in contrast to intermittent observation of many animals, provides better behavioral data2. The five autobiographical volumes by Maya A

48、ngelou begin with her childhood in Arkansas and culminate in her adult years m Egypt and Ghana (A) begin with her childhood in Arkansas and culminate (B) that begin with her childhood in Arkansas and culminate (C) have begun with her childhood in Arkansas and culminating (D) beginning with her child

49、hood in Arkansas and culminating (E) are begun with her childhood in Arkansas and culminated3. Evidence from surveys and interviews show friendships made in high school tend to last longer than those made in college. (A) show friendships made in high school tend to last (B) show high school friendsh

50、ips that tend to last (C) is showing high school friendships tending to last (D) shows that friendships made in high school tend to last (E) shows friendships in high school tends to last4. The main reasons students give for failing to participate m the political process is that they have demanding

51、assignments and work at part-time jobs. (A) is that they have demanding assignments and work at (B) are demanding assignments and they work at (C) are that they have demanding assignments and that they work at (D) is having demanding assignments and having to work at (E) are demanding assignments, i

52、n addition to working at5. The harmful effects of smoking on the vascular system is increasingly well documented, (A) is increasingly well documented (B) is more and more documented (C) are increasingly well documented (D) are increasing in better documentation(E) has increased in better documentation6. The heat