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1、學術(shù)英語學術(shù)英語 社科社科Academic English for Social Sciences1docin/sundae_meng2docin/sundae_mengUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Lead-in Text A Text B Listening Speaking WritingUnit Contents3 Lead-in Reading critically: questions for discussionUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic

2、 Activities4Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionReading critically:Every text is written on a purpose, some are supposed to make you believe. It is important to learn to read critically to get the point. One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions:

3、l Do you agree with the author? Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl What is the author assuming I will agree with?l What is the author trying to prove?5Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionl Does the author adequately defend their l argument? l What kind of proof d

4、o they use?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Is there something they leave out that you would put in? l Does putting it in hurt their argument? 6Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionDiscuss the following questions:l How do you make the decision that you l take th

5、is course?l What do you consider when you make this decision?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities7 Text A Key terms Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost lang

6、uageUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities8Text AKey termsl rational people: 理性人l Those people who systematically and l purposefully do the best they can to achieve l their objectives, given the available l opportunities.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl margi

7、nal change: 邊際變化邊際變化l small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionl marginal benefit: 邊際效益l the additional benefit from an increase in an activity9Text AKey termsUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal cost: 邊際成本l the additional cost from an increase in an activityl ma

8、rginal decision-making: 邊際決策l the additional cost from an increase in an activityl incentive: 鼓勵l something that induces a person to act10How People Make DecisionsEconomists explanation about decision making: There are rules behind peoples decision-making behaviors.Text ACritical reading and thinkin

9、gUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities11l Rational people think at the margin.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExample 1: standby ticketsWhat a rational airline can do?Situation: Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S. costs

10、the airline $100,000.Cost of each seat: $500 (Thats to say, never sell a ticket for less than $500.)Suppose: A plane is about to take off with 10 empty seats. A standby passenger will pay $300 for a seat.Question: should the airline sell the ticket?12Answer: Yes.Reason: If the plane has empty seat,

11、the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny. Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, coco, etc.Conclusion: As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost, selling the ticket is profitable.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Mak

12、ing Behaviors in Economic Activities13Example 2: water vs. diamondWhy is water so cheap, while diamonds are so expensive?waterdiamondNecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra cup is small because water is plentiful.Unnecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra diamond is larg

13、e because diamonds are rare.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesText ACritical reading and thinking14Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesConclusion: Rational people think at the margin. (They make decisions by comparing costs a

14、nd benefits.) Are you a rational person?15Example 1: the price of an appleHow people respond to incentives?When the price rises: It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less; It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behavio

15、rs in Economic Activitiesl Rational people respond to incentives.16 Example 2: a tax on gasoline How people respond to incentives? Encourage people to drive small, more fuel-efficient cars; carpool take public transportation; live closer to where they work; drive hybrid cars; drive electric cars.Tex

16、t ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities17 Example 3: a seat belt law American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation (Peltzmans analysis):Seat belts reduce the likelihood

17、of injury or death make accidents less costly drive faster and less carefully a large number of accidentsText ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities18Result: These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents. Conclusion 1: The net res

18、ult is little change in the number of driver deaths and an increase in the number of pedestrian deaths.Conclusion 2: When analyzing any policy, consider both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects.If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior.Text ACrit

19、ical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities19 Rational people know that when they make a decision, it is often not a yes-or-no choice, but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economi

20、c Activitiesl Rational people know that decisions in life l are rarely black and white but usually l involve shades of gray. (Para. 2) 20 The most important theory in economic study concerns itself with incentives. Other theories are not as important. “The rest is commentary” is a phrase used in Ame

21、rican English to mean “the rest is trivial or less important”. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl “People respond to incentives. The rest is l commentary.” (Para. 6) 21 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk n

22、ot supported by evidence. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl At first, this discussion of incentives and l seat belts might seem like idle speculation.l (Para. 12)22Specialized vocabularyl rational peoplel marginal decision-makingl marginal changel marg

23、inal benefitl marginal costl net resultText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities23CollocationsText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl achieve the high level of satisfactionl maximize

24、profitsl achieve objectivesl be black and whitel roll roundl blow offl fly standbyl puzzling economic phenomenal take an actionl allocate scarce resourcesl end up with l unintended consequencesl idle speculation24Formal and informal Englishl See Page 9, and do Task 3.Text AEnglish language for acade

25、mic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities25Signpost languagel Show connections between sentences and l paragraphs. l See Page 9, and do Task 2 Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities26Signpost languageText AEnglish l

26、anguage for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Signal important parts of academic writing, such l as structure, writers position, arguments, l conclusionReporting someones view: Some people/researcher(s) maintain(s) / argue(s) / assert(s) / claim(s) / point(s) o

27、ut27Signpost languageDisagreeing with someones view: I disagree with that The view is open to doubt / not necessarily true / highly debatable One of the main argument against is thatText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities28Signpost languageP

28、ointing out a gap in research: However little information These studies have emphasized, as opposed to Although considerable research has focused on, less attention has been given toText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities29Signpost languageA

29、greeing with someones view: I agree with when he writes that X is certainly correct in saying that Another point in favour of is A further argument supporting isNB: In the following units of study, more examples will be given. Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behavio

30、rs in Economic Activities30Task 1 The tree diagram below illustrates the main points of the text. Fill in the blanks according to the text.Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesDecision-making behaviors in economic activitiesThinking at the margincomparing mar

31、ginal _ and marginal _ Responding to _Example 1standby tickets Critical reading and thinkingExample 2_ vs. _Example 1the price of an appleExample 2a tax on _Example 3_costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseat belts law31Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).T

32、ext ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingF_ 1 When rational people make decisions in life, they are very certain of the choice._ 2 At the time of examination, students have to decide how to use all their time studying._ 3 Marginal chan

33、ges are small gradual changes of the present plan of action._ 4 The example of the standby fly is told to show how cost can be ignored._ 5 Diamonds are more expensive than water because people are more attracted to them.FFFT32Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).T

34、ext ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingT_ 6 The quotation of one economist “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” is given to show the importance of incentives._ 7 The example of the apple shows how food prices vary

35、according to market needs._ 8 The gasoline tax has an effect on peoples choice of cars._ 9 When the seat belt is made compulsory, people drive more carefully._ 10 Policymakers need to take into consideration the less obvious indirect effects of a policy.FFFT33Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASugge

36、sted answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.Column A Column B1 marginala resource2 scarceb result3 maximizec change4 netd satisfaction5 level ofe p

37、eople6 rationalf profit34Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _marginal change邊際變化邊

38、際變化scarce resources稀缺資源稀缺資源maximize profits最大化利潤最大化利潤net result凈結(jié)果凈結(jié)果level of satisfaction滿意度滿意度rational people理性人理性人35Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Translate the following sentences into English, usin

39、g some of the phrases above.1 我們明年的目標是獲得利潤最大化。 _2 時間是一種稀缺資源，因此如果工人失業(yè)，他們的時間就浪 費了。 _ _We aim to maximize profits over the next year.Time is a scarce resource, so if workers are unemployed their time is wasted.36Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Eco

40、nomic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.3 理性人有非理性的想法嗎？理性人有非理性的想法嗎？ _4 滿意度調(diào)查結(jié)果表明游客對某些服務不滿意。滿意度調(diào)查結(jié)果表明游客對某些服務不滿意。 _ _Do rational people have irrational thoughts?Research into satisfaction level has found that tourists are not

41、 satisfied with some of the services.37Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Match the signpost language from Text A with the purpose each of them serves. Signpost languagePurposes 1 as we will seea explanation2 at

42、 the same timeb time sequence3 by contrastc giving examples4 for exampled comparison and contrast5 in other wordse coherence6 in this case1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _ebdcae38Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Complet

43、e the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.1 He is not well-known for his respect for factual accuracy, _, he was lying.2 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, _, using recycled paper.3 We dont like the situation. But _, we have to deal with this problem

44、.in other wordsfor exampleat the same time39Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.4 Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, _, ha

45、s declined.5 _, in this chapter there is no general formula for the solution to this question.6 The whole team dont want to lose him. _, he needs to realize that company regulations must be obeyed.by contrastAs we will seeIn this case40Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Maki

46、ng Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.1 As you study economics, you will come across firms that decide how many workers to hire and how much of their product to manufacture and sell to ma

47、ximize profits. Key: _2 The reason is that a persons willingness to pay for any good is based on the marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good would produce. Key: _encounteryield41Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage buildi

48、ng-up1 Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.3 An incentive is something that persuades a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. Key: _4 Many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and, therefore, chang

49、e their behavior. Key: _5 For example, consider public policy about auto safety. Key: _inducesalterregarding42Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more

50、 formal ones from Text A.6 The decline in safe driving has a clear, bad impact on pedestrians. Key: _7 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like an idle guess. Key: _8 When a person wears a seat belt, the likelihood of surviving an auto accident rises. Key: _adversespecu

51、lationprobability43Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Complete the sentences with some of the answers you have got in the above exercise.1 Stress can have a(n) _ effect on peoples health.2 This doesnt _ the fact th

52、at what you did was wrong.3 He warned us that we might _ a lot of opposition at the very beginning.4 Some believe that surgery could _ a heart attack.5 He has very little to say _ the new EU regulations.6 Knowing about the past doesnt necessarily _ solutions to current problems.adversealterencounter

53、induceregardingyield44 Text B Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities45New Airport Landing Fees Delayedl See Page 14, and do Task 1 and Task 2 Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic

54、Activities A new federal policy: allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods Reason for formulating this policy: encourage airlines to arrange flights more evenly throughout the day, thus reducing flight delays46Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Econom

55、ic ActivitiesCostsBenefitsAirportsAirlines47Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesYour reflections on this policy:It will work: It wont work:48l , which last month called the proposal l “congestion pricing disguised as an airport fee”. l (Para. 13)Text BDifficu

56、lt sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities , which claimed that the proposal was actually charging fee for congestion rather than for the airport. 49l “Because the central policy issue at stake here l influencing airline market decisions throughl airport pricing is inherentl

57、y complex and l historically has been controversial, we believe thatl it merits additional time to fully develop commentsl reflecting the views of industry stakeholders,” l (Para. 14) Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities “The central policy issue which is

58、how to influence airline market decisions through airport pricing has always been complex and controversial. Hence it is necessary to allow more time for the parties involved in the industry to phrase their opinions that most clearly express their views.”50Collocations reduce / address congestion ch

59、arge higher landing fees peak periods reduce delays take effect implement measuresText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities51Collocations traffic volume on-time arrival rate be supportive of accommodate requests clear up ambiguity go into effe

60、ctText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities52 Listening Prediction strategies Listening tasksUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities53Prediction strategiesl Predictionl Instead of relying on the actual words orl sounds, you use