2021屆河北衡水高中英語新高考閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)專題(06)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題型考點(diǎn)分析總結(jié)(上)

1、韓哥智慧之窗-精品文檔2021屆河北衡水高中英語新高考閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)專題（06） 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題型考點(diǎn)分析總結(jié)（上）高考考綱對閱讀理解的能力要求是：要求考生能讀懂書、 報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等， 并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息?？忌鷳?yīng)能：（1）理解主旨要義；（2）理解文中具體信息；考綱對閱讀理解的能力要求的第一點(diǎn)是理解主旨要義。 第二點(diǎn)就是理解文中具體信息。理解文中具體信息是閱讀理解的 基礎(chǔ)，是考生透徹理解文章主旨耍義的條件。具體信息是圍繞文 章主題展開的，是對文章主題的進(jìn)一步解釋說明，以便讓讀者更 好地了解作者的寫作目的、意圖等。對應(yīng)的題型就是事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題 型。主要考查考生對文

2、章（或某一段落）中某一些特定細(xì)節(jié)或文 章的重要事實(shí)的理解能力。該題型是閱讀理解部分的主要題型, 幾乎占了閱讀理解的二分之一。充分理解文章具體信息，不僅有 助于事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題型的答題，而且有助于其他題型的答題。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題型特點(diǎn)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題型主要考查考生對文章（或某一段落）中某 一些特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的重要事實(shí)的理解能力。通常會(huì)針對以下內(nèi) 容來出題。1 .列舉主要考查考生對文章里列出的具體內(nèi)容是否都完全清楚，通 常都是三點(diǎn)或四點(diǎn)，主要針對兩種題型：Which題型（要求考 生從選項(xiàng)中選出根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容正確的選項(xiàng)）和except題型（要 求考生排除三個(gè)正確的選項(xiàng)，選擇根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)，通 常稱為"

3、三缺一）。要求考生正確理解原文內(nèi)容，并進(jìn)行細(xì)致對比。2 .轉(zhuǎn)折與對比轉(zhuǎn)折處常常是作者想要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，是語義的重點(diǎn)，一般通 過轉(zhuǎn)折詞 but, however, yet, actually / infact / as a matter of fact 等或?qū)Ρ仍~ unlike, not so / as .as, compared to 等弓I 導(dǎo)。要求考生培養(yǎng)良好的邏輯思維能力，理解作者的真實(shí)意圖。3 .因果文章中的因果關(guān)系，可以用because,si nee, now that, for, as, therefore, so, consequently, as a result/ conseq

4、uence, as a result / consequence of, on account of, thanks to, due to,owing t。等連詞、介詞或短語，也可以是cause, result in, contribute to, lead to, originate from 等動(dòng)詞（短語）或 base,basic, result, consequence 等名詞。要求考生能理解文章上下文的前因后果，是高考必考題。4 .舉例由 like, as, such as,for example, for instance 等弓| 導(dǎo)的舉 例說明。要求考生找到它要說明的內(nèi)容，不能張冠

5、李戴。5 .數(shù)字與時(shí)間文章上下文中出現(xiàn)不同的數(shù)字或時(shí)間。要求考生把出現(xiàn)的這些數(shù)字或時(shí)間之間的邏輯關(guān)系理解清 楚，并進(jìn)行簡單的計(jì)算。6 .最高級、絕對性與唯一性文章中若出現(xiàn)most+ adj. / adv.或者adj./ adv. + est等最 高級或 first, must, all, only, anyone,always, never, none 等 絕對性詞，或only, unique, simplyjust等表示唯一性詞往往是 出題點(diǎn)，但答案可能不是這些詞。要求考生對作者表達(dá)事物的層次進(jìn)行細(xì)致理解，不能有偏差。7 .專有名詞文章中的專有名詞包括人名、地名或其他專有名詞。要求考生能夠迅

6、速找到這些詞在文章上下文中的具體意義 和作用。8 .插入語幃哥智慈之窗-精品文檔韓哥智慧之窗-精品文檔文章中的插入語在句中有時(shí)是對一句話的一些附加解釋、說 明或總結(jié)；有時(shí)表達(dá)說話者的態(tài)度和看法；有時(shí)起強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用； 有時(shí)是為了引起對方的注意；還可以起轉(zhuǎn)移話題或說明事由的作 用；也可以承上啟下，使句子銜接得更緊密一些。要求考生理解文章上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，讀懂作者的真實(shí)意圖。9 .特殊符號文章中的破折號一一對上文解釋說明或補(bǔ)充；含義的遞進(jìn)； 含義的轉(zhuǎn)折或轉(zhuǎn)換；對上文的總結(jié)。括號 對上文起解釋或 補(bǔ)充說明的作用，但是削弱了強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。冒號用于對后面內(nèi)容的介紹或解釋。引號-表示引用他人的話或者表示特殊 含

7、義或強(qiáng)調(diào)。要求考生能夠知道作者使用這些符號的具體用意。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的命題對于事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的命題，出題人主要根據(jù)上面提到的出題點(diǎn), 列出下列題型。直接信息題（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提問。）、語義轉(zhuǎn)換題（需要 將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上 的差異，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論。）、邏輯排 序題、數(shù)字換算題、是非判斷題、圖表圖畫題等。1.直接信息題（全國卷II和HI要考）即題干定位法。在高考英語閱讀理解試題中，假如答題信息可以直接從文中 獲取，我們稱之為直接信息題。直接信息題常用特殊疑問 詞 whe

8、n、where> wh。、what、why 和 how 等來提問，有時(shí) 前面還加上According to the passage?？疾榭忌鷮τ谖恼轮?的具體內(nèi)容的理解能力。做題時(shí)，考生首先找到原文中與題干要 求相對應(yīng)的準(zhǔn)確信息，然后與選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析對比即可確定最 佳答案。題干定位法L認(rèn)我閱讀題干,根據(jù)關(guān)域詞明確答據(jù)方向.運(yùn)用略讀、跳讀、代片等技巧迅逑找到文中與題F對應(yīng)的信息”仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)，叮原文信息對應(yīng)賴定Hm耽項(xiàng)八.'Ml例如：1.Pacific Science Center GuideVisit Pacific Science Center' s StoreD

9、on't forget to stop by Pacific Science Center's Store while you are here to pick upa wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located（位 于）upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser DomeHungry?幃哥智越之窗精品文檔韓哥智慧之窗-精品文檔Our exhibits will feed your mind, but wh

10、at about your body? Our cafe offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The cafe is located up-stairs in Building I and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closesRental InformationLockers are available to store any belongings during yo

11、ur visit. The lockers are located in Building I near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.Q: Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center7 s Store?A. In Building 1.B. In Building

12、 3.C. At the Laser DomeD. At the Denny Way entrance.【解題思路】第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞本題題干的關(guān)鍵詞是：where; souvenir第二步根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句本題信息句是：Don't forget to stop by Pacific Science Center's Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located（位于）ups

13、tairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome答案：B【干擾項(xiàng)分析】A、C、D三項(xiàng)張冠李戴。位于一號樓的咖啡館和問詢處等 均不出售紀(jì)念品，排除A項(xiàng)；文章第一部分提到商店毗鄰Laser Dome,而不是說在Laser Dome可以買紀(jì)念品，排除C項(xiàng)；根 據(jù)文章第三部分中的"Pushchairs and wheel chairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance.”可知，在Denny Way的入口處可以租借嬰兒車和輪 椅而不能買紀(jì)念品，

14、排除D項(xiàng)。2.語義轉(zhuǎn)換（核心題型）在高考英語閱讀理解試題中，如果正確的選項(xiàng)是對文中信息進(jìn)行了同義的轉(zhuǎn)換，比如用近義詞替換原文詞語，我們稱之為語 意轉(zhuǎn)換題。語意轉(zhuǎn)換題考查考生對原文信息進(jìn)行加工處理，然后 再進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的推理的能力，是介于事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題和推理判斷題之 間的一種題型。做題時(shí)，考生需要準(zhǔn)確理解每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思，尋我與原文信息相關(guān)的近義詞、同義詞或反義詞，仔細(xì)比較選項(xiàng)和 原文信息，才能選出最佳答案。即斷章取義法。斷章取義法.閱讀用干，有針對性的代描全文.候定相關(guān)詞句等信息.準(zhǔn)確理解每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的含義，主投與原文信息和美的同義詞.近義詞和反義詞，仔細(xì)比較選項(xiàng)和原文信息，選擇正確或最佳答案例如：AYo

15、u probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?Jane Addams (I860-193 5)Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams he

16、lped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社區(qū))by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.幃哥智慈之窗-精品文檔韓哥智慈之窗精品文檔Rachel Carson(1907-1964)If it weren' t for Ra

17、chel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world7 s lakes and oceans.Sandra Day O' Connor(1930-present)When Sandra Day O' Connor fini

18、shed third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(參議員)and Jn 1981, the first woman to join the U. S. Supreme Court. O' Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 yea

19、rs on the top court.Rosa Parks(1913-2005)On December 1, 1955z in Montgomery, Alabama, Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights

20、movement. "The only tired I was, was tired of giving in/7 said Parks.22. What was the reason for O' Connor' s being rejected by the law firm?A. Her lack of proper training in law.B. Her little work experience in court.C. The discrimination against women.D. The poor financial conditions.

21、【解題思路】第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞本題題干的關(guān)鍵詞是： O'Connor; the law firm第二步根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句本題 的信息句是： When Sandra Day。 Connor finished in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952 she could not find workat a law firm because she was awoman.第三步對比信息句和選項(xiàng)，得出答案根據(jù)信息句可知，O'Connor找不到工作是因?yàn)樗且幻?生?？梢?，這是由于當(dāng)時(shí)對女性的偏見和歧視造成的。答案：C3.邏輯排序

22、題幃哥智越之窗精品文檔韓哥智慈之窗精品文檔在高考英語閱讀理解試題中，要求考生根據(jù)事件發(fā)生的先后 順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生的正確順序，我們稱 之為邏輯排序題。邏輯排序題考查考生對篇章是理解和文章的邏 輯關(guān)系。做題時(shí)，考生需要通讀全文，把全部有關(guān)信息找出，并 按時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或事件等的邏輯順序排列，重點(diǎn)是找出第一個(gè)和最 后一個(gè)，迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而快速選出最佳答案。即首尾定 位法。通讀至文，找出所有有關(guān)信息，找出第一個(gè)和最后一個(gè)一|縮小選擇范圍，通過排除法確定正確選項(xiàng).例如：CA schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him

23、 in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic （過敏的） reaction which stopped his heart.Izzy, nine, restarted father Colm's heart by stamping （踩）on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.Izzy's mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arr

24、ive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.However, she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough, so she stamped on her father's chest .Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions （按壓）until the ambulance arrived .Izzy, who has been given a bravery

25、 award by her school said: "Ijust kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his“She's a littl

26、e star," said Debbie,”i was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just can't believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an expert.

27、nTruck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergicreaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, 幃哥智越之窗精品文檔韓哥智慧之窗-精品文檔but was sent home only for itto happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped sudde

28、nly, and his heart stopped for a moment.He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.Q: What's the right order of the events?.Dizzy kicked Colm.©.Debbie called 999.Izzy learned CPR.Colm's heart stopped.A.B.C.D.【解題思路】第一步通讀文章，了解故事情節(jié)由上下文可知，Izzy先前了解了一些CPR的知識(shí)，后來她 父親因過敏反應(yīng)，心臟停止了工作，Izzy的母

29、親Debbie撥打了 999急救電話，然后Izzy采取了急救措施。第二步找出四個(gè)事件發(fā)生的先后順序事件一：Izzy learned CPR.事件二： Colm's heart stopped.事件三：Debbie called 999.事件四： Izzy kicked Colm.答案：C4.數(shù)字換算題在高考英語閱讀理解試題中，要求考生把文章上下文中出現(xiàn) 不同的數(shù)字或時(shí)間之間的邏輯關(guān)系理解清楚，并進(jìn)行簡單的計(jì)算, 我們稱之為數(shù)字換算題。數(shù)字換算題考查考生對文章的內(nèi)在的邏 輯關(guān)系的理解能力。做題時(shí)，考生需要根據(jù)題干的要求在文章中 找到對應(yīng)的信息，然后對相關(guān)的信息和數(shù)字進(jìn)行分析和計(jì)算，從 而

30、確定最佳答案。即查讀分析法。r明確鎖定朦文相關(guān)信息，自讀分析法.對和大的倍息和數(shù)字進(jìn)行分析和理解，幃哥智越之窗精品文檔韓哥智慈之窗精品文檔deliver their supermarket bunches of flowers. But, according to a new study, we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the new s

31、tudy has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours, they would earn as much as£172z000 a year.The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours they are working, to determine the figure. This would make their yearly income £30, 000 more than the Prime Min

32、ister earns.By analysing the numbers, it found the average mother works 119 hours a week,40 of which would usually be paid at a standard rate 79 hours as overtime. After questioning 1,000 mothers with children underl8,it found that ,on most days, mums started their routine work at 7am and finished a

33、t around 11pm.To calculate just how much mothers would earn from that labour, it suggested some of the roles that mums could take on, including housekeeper, part-time lawyer, personal trainer and entertainer. Being apart-time lawyer, at £48.98 an hour, would prove to be the most profitable of t

34、he "mum jibs" zwith psychologist （心理學(xué)家）a close second.It also asked mothers about the challenges they face, with 80 percent making emotional （情感的）demand as the hardest thing about motherhood.Over a third of mums felt they needed more training and around half said they missed going out with

35、 friends.The study shows mothers matter all year long and not just on Mother7 s Day. The emotional, physical and mental energy mothers devote to their children can be never-ending, but children are also sources of great joy and happiness. Investing （投入）in time for parenting and raising relationships

36、 is money well spent.38. How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister?A. £30,000.B.£ 142,000.C.£ 172,000.D.£ 202,000.【解題思路】第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞本題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是：mother;the Prime Minister第二步根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句幃哥智越之窗精品文檔韓哥智慈之窗精品文檔本題的信息句是：1 Now, the new study has shown that if they

37、were paid for their parental labours, they would earn much as 172.000 a year.2 This would make their yearly income 30.000 more than the Prime Minister cams.答案：B Q72.00030.000 = 142.0005.是非判斷題此類試題多根據(jù)文章的一段或數(shù)段提問，考查考生在現(xiàn)實(shí)生 活中的閱讀技能，即快速、準(zhǔn)確尋找所需信息的能力。這種題目 因?yàn)楦采w面較廣，搜索定位時(shí)間較長，因而難度較大，容易給考 生帶來心理壓力。因此考生遇到此類題型時(shí)，首先要調(diào)

38、整心理狀 態(tài)，冷靜地返回到文章中去尋找答案。在解題時(shí)可采取以下步驟：1）讀懂題干和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容，提煉和記憶它們的主要意 思；帶著問題去閱讀文章，掃描和搜尋信息點(diǎn)，與題目不相關(guān) 的句子和語段很快掠過，相關(guān)信息語言區(qū)域則要放慢速度，細(xì)致 地對照原文和選項(xiàng)提供的信息； “對號入座”，找到解題范圍后，立刻排除明顯的干擾項(xiàng)， 然后“逐個(gè)突破”，對余下的選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行篩選，使選項(xiàng)的范圍越來 越小，最后確定最佳答案。即去偽存真法。根據(jù)關(guān)健詞,找到相關(guān)的信息句，對比選項(xiàng)和信息句，逐項(xiàng)擊破“去偽存或法t表達(dá)絕對化的選項(xiàng)一股不融正確選項(xiàng)|例如：DAwarm drink of milk before bed has l

39、ong been the best choice for those wanting a good night' s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people no doff if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that "night milk” contains more melatonin（褪 黑激素），which has been proven to help people feel sleepy an

40、d reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which contained lOtimes the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the

41、 milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has

42、been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.33. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?A.It7 s