新視野大學(xué)英語第三版第四冊(cè)課文及翻譯(共23頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上12456Love and logic: The story of fallacy愛情與邏輯：謬誤的故事I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact tha

2、t he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.在我和室友羅伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次約會(huì)。那一年校園里每個(gè)人都有件皮夾克，而羅伯是校足球隊(duì)員中唯一一個(gè)沒有皮夾克的，他一想到這個(gè)就受不了，于是他和我達(dá)成了一項(xiàng)協(xié)議，用他的女友換取我的夾克。他可不那么聰明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair s

3、trange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有，也沒有把頭發(fā)染成奇怪的顏色或是化很濃的妝。她擁有合

4、適的家庭背景，足以勝任一名堅(jiān)忍而睿智的律師的女友。如果我能夠讓我所申請(qǐng)的頂尖律師事務(wù)所看到我身邊伴隨著一位光彩照人、談吐優(yōu)雅的另一半，我就很有可能在競(jìng)聘中以微弱優(yōu)勢(shì)獲勝。"Radiant" she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her "well-spoken".“光彩照人”，她已經(jīng)是了。而我也能施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”，讓她變得“談吐優(yōu)雅”。After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated

5、under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. "What are we going to t

6、alk about?" she asked.在一起外出度過了美好的一天之后，我驅(qū)車來到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡樹下。我的想法有些怪異。而這個(gè)地方能夠俯瞰燈火燦爛的城區(qū)，我覺得它會(huì)使人的心情變輕松。我們呆在車子里，我調(diào)低了音響并把腳從剎車上挪開。“我們要談些什么？”她問道。"Logic."“邏輯學(xué)。”"Cool," she said over her gum.“好酷啊，”她一邊嚼著口香糖一邊說。 "The doctrine of logic,” I said, "is a staple of clear think

7、ing. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter."“邏輯學(xué)的原理，”我說道，“即清晰思考的主要原則。邏輯上出現(xiàn)的問題會(huì)歪曲事實(shí)，其中有些還很普遍。我們先來看看一種叫做絕對(duì)判斷的邏輯謬誤。”"Great,” she agreed.“好啊，”她表示同意。"Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization.

8、 For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise."“絕對(duì)判斷是指在證據(jù)不足的情況下所作出的推斷。比方說：運(yùn)動(dòng)是有益的，所以每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該運(yùn)動(dòng)。She nodded in agreement.她點(diǎn)頭表示贊同。I could see she was stumped. "Polly," I explained, "it's too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme

9、obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people."我看得出她沒弄明白?！安ɡ颍蔽医忉屨f，“這個(gè)推斷太過簡(jiǎn)單化了。如果你有心臟病或者超級(jí)肥胖癥什么的，運(yùn)動(dòng)就變得有害而不是有益。所以你應(yīng)該說，運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說是有益的?！?quot;Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French. Rob can&#

10、39;t speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French."“接下來是草率結(jié)論。這似乎不言自明，對(duì)吧？仔細(xì)聽好了：你不會(huì)說法語，羅伯也不會(huì)說法語，那么這所學(xué)校里好像是沒有人會(huì)說法語。”"Really?" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?"“是嗎？”波莉吃驚地說?！皼]有人嗎？”"This is also a fallacy," I said. "The generalization is reached too h

11、astily. Too few instances support such a conclusion."“這也是一種邏輯謬誤，”我說，“這一結(jié)論太草率了，因?yàn)槟軌蛑С诌@一結(jié)論的例證太少了?！盨he seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for another conversation.她似乎學(xué)得很開心，而我也可以放心地說我的計(jì)劃正在穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)中。我把她送回家，并且定下了下一次約會(huì)交談的日子。Seated under the

12、oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam."第二天晚上，坐在那棵橡樹下，我說：“今天晚上我們要談的第一個(gè)邏輯謬誤叫文不對(duì)題。”She nodded with delight.她高興地點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭。"Listen closely," I said. "A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he ha

13、s six children to feed."“聽好了，”我說，“有個(gè)人去申請(qǐng)工作，當(dāng)老板問他有什么應(yīng)聘資格時(shí)，他說他有六個(gè)孩子要撫養(yǎng)?！?quot;Oh, this is awful, awful," she whispered in a choked voice.“哇，這太可怕了，太可怕了，”她哽咽著輕聲說到。"Yes, its awful," I agreed, "but it's no argument. The man never answered the boss's question. Instead he ap

14、pealed to the boss's sympathy - Ad Misericordiam."“對(duì)，是挺可怕的，”我表示贊同地說，“但這不是理由。這個(gè)人根本沒有回答老板的問題，而只是在博取老板的同情，這就是文不對(duì)題?！盨he blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears."她眨著眼睛，仍在竭力地忍住眼淚。Next," I said carefully, "we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allow

15、ed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.“接下來”，我小心地說，“我們來討論錯(cuò)誤類比。舉個(gè)例子：學(xué)生考試時(shí)應(yīng)該允許看課本，因?yàn)橥饪漆t(yī)生在做手術(shù)時(shí)可以看 X 光片?！?quot;I like that idea," she said.“我喜歡這個(gè)主意，”她說。"Polly," I groaned, "don't derail the discussion. The inference i

16、s wrong. Doctors aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between them."“波莉，”我抱怨道，“別打岔，這一推論是錯(cuò)誤的。醫(yī)生們不是在參加考試以檢查他們學(xué)到了多少，而學(xué)生卻是。他們的情況完全不同，你不能將他們作類比?！?quot;I still think its a good idea,"

17、said Polly.“我仍然認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)好主意，”波莉說。With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.經(jīng)過五個(gè)夜晚的辛勤努力，我竟然真的將波莉打造成了一個(gè)邏輯行家，她總算能夠分析思考了。現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該是時(shí)候讓我們的關(guān)系從學(xué)術(shù)向浪漫發(fā)展了。"P

18、olly," I said when next we sat under our oak, "tonight we won't discuss fallacies."“波莉，”當(dāng)我們又一次坐在那棵橡樹下的時(shí)候我對(duì)她說，“今晚我們不討論邏輯謬誤了。”"Oh?" she said, a little disappointed.“哦？”她回答說，有一點(diǎn)失望。Favoring her with a grin, I said, "We have now spent five evenings together. We get along

19、 pretty well. We make a pretty good couple."我贊許地對(duì)她笑了笑，說：“我們?cè)谝黄鹨呀?jīng)度過了五個(gè)晚上，相互之間挺合得來，我們是蠻相配的一對(duì)?！?quot;Hasty Generalization," said Polly brightly. "Or as a normal person might say, that's a little premature, don't you think?"“草率結(jié)論，”波莉伶俐地說，“或者是按一般人的說法，這個(gè)結(jié)論有些不成熟，你不這樣認(rèn)為嗎？”'I

20、laughed with amusement. She'd learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. "Sweetheart," I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, "five dates is plenty. After all, you don't have to eat a whole cake to know it's good."我被逗得笑了起來，她功課還真學(xué)得不錯(cuò)，大大超過了我的預(yù)期?！坝H

21、愛的，”我開口說，同時(shí)寬容地拍了拍她的手，“五次約會(huì)已經(jīng)夠多了，畢竟你不需要吃掉整個(gè)蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。”"False Analogy," said Polly promptly."Your premise is that dating is like eating. But you're not a cake. You're a boy."“錯(cuò)誤類比，”波莉立即回應(yīng)。“你的前提是約會(huì)就如同吃東西?？赡悴皇堑案猓闶莻€(gè)男孩?！盜 laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread

22、 that she'd learned her lessons too well.A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.我又笑了笑，不過不覺得那么有趣了，同時(shí)還不能表露出我害怕她學(xué)得太好了。再錯(cuò)幾步我可就無法挽回了。我決定改變策略，轉(zhuǎn)而嘗試奉承她的辦法。"Polly, I love you. Please say you'll go out with me. I'm nothing without you.&qu

23、ot;“波莉，我愛你。請(qǐng)答應(yīng)做我的女朋友，沒有你我什么也不是?！?quot;Ad Misericordiam," she said.“文不對(duì)題，”她說。"You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it," I said, my hopes starting to crumble."But don't take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school don&

24、#39;t have anything to do with real life."“你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時(shí)一一辨別它們了，”我說，心里的希望已經(jīng)開始動(dòng)搖?！安贿^不要對(duì)它們太死板，我是說這都是些學(xué)術(shù)的東西。你知道，學(xué)校里學(xué)的東西和實(shí)際生活根本沒有什么聯(lián)系?！?quot;Dicto Simpliciter," she said. "Besides, you really should practice what you preach."“絕對(duì)判斷，”她說道，“而且，你自己教的東西應(yīng)該自己身體力行。”I leaped to my feet, my tem

25、per flaring up. "Will you or will you not go out with me?"我一下跳了起來，怒火中燒，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”"No to your proposition," she replied.“我不愿意，”她答道。"Why?" I demanded.“為什么？”我追問道."I'm more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are back together.“我對(duì)另一位求愛者更感興趣羅伯和我重歸

26、于好了?！盬ith great effort, I said calmly, "How could you give me the axe over Rob?Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.Look at Rob,a muscular idiot,a guy wholl never where his next meal is coming from.Can you give me one good reason why you shou

27、ld be with him?”我極力地保持著平靜，說道：“你怎么會(huì)甩了我而選擇羅伯？看看我，一個(gè)聰明過人的學(xué)生，一個(gè)不同凡響的學(xué)者，一個(gè)前途無量的人。再看看羅伯，一個(gè)肌肉發(fā)達(dá)的蠢材，一個(gè)有了上頓沒下頓的家伙。你是否能給我一個(gè)充足的理由，為什么要選擇跟他？”Wow, what presumption! Ill put it in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand,”retorted Polly,her voice dripping with sarcasm.”Full disclosure -I like Rob in leath

28、er.I told him to say yes to you so he should have your jacket!” “喔，這是什么假設(shè)啊！為了讓像你這樣聰明的人能夠明白，我這么說吧，”波莉反駁道，聲音里充滿了諷刺，“事情的真相是我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣。是我讓他同意你們的協(xié)議的，這樣他就能擁有你的夾克！”Unit 2The confusing pursuit of beauty令人困惑的對(duì)美的追求If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.如果你是一位男士，肯定在某個(gè)時(shí)候會(huì)有女士問你她看起來怎么

29、樣。You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.對(duì)于如何應(yīng)對(duì)這個(gè)問題，你一定得小心。最好

30、的對(duì)策就是給一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)但又謹(jǐn)慎的回答，然后借口有急事馬上脫身。相信我，這是最簡(jiǎn)單的方法。對(duì)于她的這一問題，無論你事先練習(xí)多少次，都不會(huì)找到正確答案。The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they're irresistibly desirabl

31、e, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.其原因是，男性和女性對(duì)外表的看法截然不同。大多數(shù)男性對(duì)自己外表的評(píng)價(jià)在七年級(jí)時(shí)就形成了，而且終生不變。有些男性認(rèn)為自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即使隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，他們頭發(fā)掉光了，臉上布滿皺紋，他們?nèi)匀痪芙^改變這種看法。Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought p

32、asses through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn't bother them; average is fine. They don't affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is e

33、ssentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can.我相信，大多數(shù)男性都不會(huì)對(duì)自己的相貌感到過分自傲。如果他們偶爾想

34、到自己外表的話，他們?cè)敢庹J(rèn)為自己樣貌中等。長(zhǎng)相普通不會(huì)使他們有任何煩惱，因?yàn)槠胀ň鸵呀?jīng)是很好了。男性不是特別注重自己的外貌，也不會(huì)從美學(xué)的角度去審視自己。他們的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一樣。對(duì)于一位男性來說，如果能花四分鐘刮刮胡子，結(jié)束之后再把粘到頭發(fā)上的剃須膏擦凈，又沒有出血太厲害，他就覺得自己已經(jīng)盡心盡力了。Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: "Not good

35、enough." No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking I'm beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.女性可不是這樣看待自

36、己的。如果非要我猜測(cè)大多數(shù)女性對(duì)自己的相貌是如何評(píng)價(jià)的話，那肯定是：“還不夠好。”一位女士，無論她看起來多么吸引人，她對(duì)自己的看法總是由于受美容業(yè)的影響而蒙著一層陰影。要她認(rèn)為“我很漂亮”是一件難事。她把身體上的極小的不完美之處加以放大，并且幻想這些缺點(diǎn)十分明顯，以至于全世界的人都會(huì)注意到并且嘲笑她。Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isn't inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychol

37、ogical and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially

38、when you consider the size of the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their "action figures". Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking

39、, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, "Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?"為什么女性會(huì)把自己的外貌想得這么差呢？這種長(zhǎng)期的不安全感并不是與生倶來的，而

40、是由許多復(fù)雜的心理和社會(huì)因素的相互作用造成的，從小時(shí)候大人們給她們買洋娃娃時(shí)就開始了。女孩成長(zhǎng)過程中擺弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身材比例還原為真人大小的話，就會(huì)是 7 英尺高，61 英磅重，大腿纖細(xì)，上身豐滿。要達(dá)到這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是很荒唐的，尤其是當(dāng)我們想想那種洋娃娃的腰圍尺寸，就知道其相對(duì)尺寸對(duì)任何一個(gè)活人來說都是不可企及的。與女孩玩具的這種荒唐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比，小男孩們得到的“動(dòng)作玩偶”卻是完全不同的模樣。大多數(shù)男孩的玩具都樣貌古怪，例如那個(gè)叫作“蜜蜂俠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半像會(huì)飛的昆蟲。這個(gè)玩偶盡管樣子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定無法想象他會(huì)問別人說：“這個(gè)配飾的紫羅蘭色和這件外套配不配呢？”But

41、women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women t

42、hat they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to "stimulate and restore" their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply cl

43、ay masks and other "wrinkle-removing" products to their faces; she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer th

44、at, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.然而，女性在成長(zhǎng)過程中卻認(rèn)為自己應(yīng)該長(zhǎng)得像芭比娃娃或雜志的封面女郎那樣，這對(duì)大多數(shù)女性來說是不可能的。盡管如此，產(chǎn)值達(dá)幾十億美元的美容業(yè)，在超市化妝品銷售專區(qū)的配合下，總是在不停地攻擊著女性的自尊，使其相信自己只有購(gòu)買最新的保濕面霜、古銅散粉，以及各種美容器具，才能“激發(fā)和恢復(fù)”肌膚活力。我曾經(jīng)看過一期奧普拉脫口秀，在節(jié)目中，超級(jí)名模辛迪克勞馥和演播室里的觀眾

45、分享了自己的化妝秘訣。辛迪要求這些中年婦女在臉上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皺產(chǎn)品；她還強(qiáng)調(diào)一定要遵守這些方法，例如：往臉上涂抹這些產(chǎn)品時(shí)，要用指尖，這樣可以保護(hù)皮膚的彈性。所有這些婦女都非常忠實(shí)地按照辛迪說的做了。可是對(duì)任何一個(gè)理智的旁觀者來說，無論她們?nèi)绾握J(rèn)真地使用這些產(chǎn)品，她們都不可能擁有辛迪那樣的面容或膚色。I'm not saying that men are superior. I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to

46、 themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men don't face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem. They might say to Brad: "Oh yeah? Well, what do

47、you know about lawn care, pretty boy?"我并不是說男性優(yōu)于女性。我的意思是你不可能讓一群中年男子在布拉德皮特的指導(dǎo)下把化妝品敷到自己臉上，期望自己能看起來更像布拉德。與女性不同，男性的外貌美不是社會(huì)所關(guān)注的唯一焦點(diǎn)。人們會(huì)鼓勵(lì)男性借助其他特征來提升自尊。他們也許會(huì)對(duì)布拉德說：“是嗎？那么帥哥，你對(duì)草坪維護(hù)又知道多少？”O(jiān)f course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The truth is that

48、 most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, "She had gorgeous fingernails!" To most men, little things like fingernails are all homog

49、eneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails.當(dāng)然，女性會(huì)爭(zhēng)辯說她們對(duì)外表的熱衷追求是出于對(duì)來自男性的壓力的一種反應(yīng)。而事實(shí)是，大多數(shù)男性認(rèn)為美麗不僅僅來自于口紅和香水，而且他們也不會(huì)去注意這些額外的細(xì)節(jié)。四十多年來，我在聽男性談?wù)撆詴r(shí)，從來沒有一次聽到過哪位男性這樣說：“她的指甲真漂亮??！”對(duì)大多數(shù)男性來說，像指甲這樣小的東西看起來都一樣，無論一個(gè)女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美無瑕，還是光光的毫無修飾，男性都一概視而不見

50、。By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution

51、 from other women?女性參與這種極端的從眾行為，實(shí)際上是把自己置于其他女性的審視之下，因?yàn)橹挥心切┡圆庞匈Y格評(píng)價(jià)她們所付出的努力。但是，如此費(fèi)力地去取悅男性而他們卻根本不會(huì)注意，同時(shí)又只是招致其他女性的指責(zé)，這樣做究竟有什么好處呢？Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserve

52、d outrage. But you also can't shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying. She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's. Also,she suspects that you're not

53、 qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your ears.不管怎樣，言歸正傳：如果你是一位男性，當(dāng)有女士問你她看起來怎么樣時(shí)，你千萬不能說她看起來很糟糕，那樣肯定會(huì)使她立刻遷怒于你，這也是你咎由自取。但是，你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之詞，贊美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配，因?yàn)樗滥闶窃谡f謊。她已經(jīng)花費(fèi)了無數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)發(fā)愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪克勞馥

54、的一樣。而且，也許因?yàn)槟愕念^發(fā)和耳廓上粘著剃須膏，她會(huì)懷疑你根本沒有資格對(duì)任何人的外表給出主觀評(píng)價(jià)。Unit 4Achieving sustainable environmentalism實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的環(huán)保主義Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H.

55、W. Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the b

56、est options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy?在上流社會(huì)，對(duì)環(huán)境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反對(duì)整容一樣，是一種不可或缺的態(tài)度。然而，既然從泰德特納到喬治W.H.布什，每個(gè)人都聲稱自己熱愛地球母親，那么，在由議員、選民之類的人以環(huán)境名義而提出的眾多的相互矛盾的提案、規(guī)章和法規(guī)中，我們又該如何做出選擇呢？顯而易見，并不是每一項(xiàng)冠以環(huán)境保護(hù)名義的事情都值得去做。我們?cè)鯓硬拍芊蛛x出最佳選擇，并且把我們各自不同的興趣統(tǒng)一在同一個(gè)合理的政策當(dāng)中呢？There is a simple way. Firs

57、t, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating e

58、cological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.有一種簡(jiǎn)便的方法。首先要區(qū)分什么是環(huán)境奢侈品，什么是環(huán)境必需品。奢侈品是指那些無需人類付出代價(jià)就能擁有的給人美好感受的東西。必需品則是指那些無論付出什么代價(jià)，都一定要去擁有的東西。這一區(qū)分原則可以被稱為理性環(huán)保主義的至高原則。它規(guī)定，對(duì)那些直接威脅人類健康與安全的生態(tài)變化采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品，而其他則都屬于奢侈品。For example, p

59、reserving the atmosphere - stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect - is an environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocea

60、n's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.例如，保護(hù)大氣層阻止臭氧損耗及控制溫室效應(yīng)是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品。近來，科學(xué)家報(bào)告說臭氧層遭受破壞的程度遠(yuǎn)比我們先前認(rèn)為的要嚴(yán)重得多。臭氧損耗不僅與皮膚癌及眼疾有關(guān)，而且它還會(huì)破壞海洋生態(tài)。而海洋生態(tài)是食物鏈的起點(diǎn)，人類則位于該食物鏈的頂端。The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coas

61、tlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate?溫室效應(yīng)所可能引發(fā)的熱效應(yīng)是非常具有毀滅性的：冰川融化、海岸線被淹沒、氣候遭受破壞、