機(jī)電專業(yè)英語第2版16Unit16電子元件在線路中怎樣聯(lián)接的

1、電子元件在電路中如何連接？ 徐存善主編 徐存善主編What the meaning of “Circuit”? (radio)“Circuit”是什么意思？(單選)提交 徐存善主編 徐存善主編 There are many components that may be used in circuits: batteries, light bulbs, wires and switches. The parts of a circuit can be connected in two different ways. When they are connected such that there

2、is a single conducting path between them, they are said to be connected in series. When circuit elements are connected across common points such that there is more than one conducting path through the circuit, they are connected in parallel. A typical electrical device is composed of many smaller se

3、ries and parallel portions. In general, only very simple circuits can be entirely in series or in parallel. 徐存善主編Series circuitsA series circuit and its matching circuit diagram are shown in Fig. 16-1. Because there is only one path for charge movement through the circuit, the current is the same th

4、roughout the circuit. As electrons move through the circuit, their flow is resisted by each light bulb, so that the total resistance to charge movement is the sum of all the resistances in the path . From Ohms law (I=VR), we know that the total current is equal to the voltage divided by the total re

5、sistance. There is a voltage drop across each bulb. The sum of the voltage drops is equal to the voltage of the power source, which in this case is a battery. Because the current is the same throughout a series circuit, the voltage drop across each light bulb is directly proportional to that bulbs r

6、esistance. 徐存善主編Parallel circuitsA parallel circuit and its corresponding circuit diagram are shown in Fig. 16-2. Since there is more than one path for charge to flow as it moves through the circuit, the current is divided between the two bulbs. Therefore, the current is the same before the bulbs (a

7、t the node; intersection of two wires) and after the bulbs (at the node; intersection of two wires), but is divided at the bulbs. In other words, the total current in the circuit is equal to the sum of the currents in the parallel portions. Note that if the bulbs have the same resistance, the curren

8、t is divideded equally among them. On the other hand, if the bulbs have different resistances, the bulb with greater resistance has less current. The total resistance of the circuit decreases if the number of parallel paths increases. The voltage drop across each part of a parallel circuil is the sa

9、me because each part is connected across the same two points. 徐存善主編 A very complicated circuit that combines thousands to millions of parallel and series circuits working together is called an integrated circuit (see Fig. 16-3). A microprocessor, known as a central processing unit or a CPU, is a typ

10、e of integrated circuit that works as a complete computation engine. 徐存善主編 component kmpunnt adj. 組成的，構(gòu)成的 n.元件；組件circuit s:kit n. 電路，回路 vt. 繞回環(huán)行conduct kEndQkt vt.導(dǎo)電；引導(dǎo) n. 行為；實(shí)施proportional prupC:Fnl adj. 比例的，成比例的；均衡的diagram daigrm n. 圖表；圖解 vt. 用圖解法表示current kQrnt n.（電）流；趨勢(shì) adj. 現(xiàn)在的；通用的electron ilek

11、trEn n. 電子resistance rizistns n. 抵抗；電阻；阻力 徐存善主編 voltage vultidV n. 電 電壓 node nud n. 節(jié)點(diǎn)；瘤；叉點(diǎn) intersection ,intsekFn n. 十字路口；交叉點(diǎn)；交集 decrease dikri:s n. 減少；減少量 vt. 減少 integrated intigreitid adj. 綜合的；完整的v. 整合 microprocessor ,maikrupruses n. 計(jì) 微處理器 process pruses v. 加工；處理；對(duì)起訴Technical Terms 徐存善主編 connect

12、ed in series 串聯(lián)connected in parallel 并聯(lián)integrated circuit 集成電路computation engine 計(jì)算引擎，計(jì)算中心CPU 中央處理單元Language points 徐存善主編 1. A typical electrical devicein series or in parallel. 譯文：任何常見的電子設(shè)備都是由許多小型串聯(lián)和并聯(lián)電路組成的。一般來說，只有那些非常簡(jiǎn)單的電路才會(huì)完全由單一的串聯(lián)或并聯(lián)電路組成。 說明：be composed of ：由組成 又如： The rings themselves are seen

13、to be composed of many individual ringlets. 可以看到光環(huán)本身是由許多單道小環(huán)形組成。 in general：總之，通常；一般而言 又如： In general, the wheels of European policy turn slowly. 總的來說，歐洲政策制定進(jìn)程緩慢前行。Language points 徐存善主編 2. As electrons move throughthe sum of all the resistances in the path. 譯文：電子流過電路過程中，它們的流動(dòng)會(huì)受到每一個(gè)電燈泡阻礙。因此，電子運(yùn)動(dòng)的總電阻就

14、是電路中所有電阻的總和。 說明：the sum of：的總數(shù) 又如： But the whole seems less than the sum of those parts. 但從整體上來看就略遜于那些優(yōu)秀部分的總和。Language points 徐存善主編 3. In other words, the total current in the circuit is equal to the sum of the currents in the parallel portions. 譯文：也就是說，電路當(dāng)中的總電流等于各并聯(lián)部分的電流之和。注意，如果兩個(gè)燈泡有相同的電阻，那么電流就將被分為

15、相等的兩部分。 說明：in other words：也就是說；換句話說 又如： In other words, with hard work any obstacle can be overcome. 換句話說，只要努力工作任何障礙都可以被克服。Language points 徐存善主編 4. A microprocessor,as a complete computation engine. 譯文：大家都知道的微處理器(也叫做中央處理單元或CPU)就是一種作為完整的計(jì)算中心的集成電路。 說明：句中 known asa CPU 是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾 microprocessor, 相當(dāng)于

16、一個(gè)非限制性定語從句?！癈PU” 意為“中央處理單元”。 Exercises 徐存善主編I. Answer the following questions according to the text. 1. What are the two different ways the parts of a circuit can be connected? 2. What is CPU? They can be connected in series or in parallel. A microprocessor, which is a type of integrated circuit tha

17、t works as a complete computation engine.Exercises 徐存善主編II. Place a “T” (true) or an “F”(false) beside the sentences according to the text. 1. A lot of circuits may be entirely in series or in parallel. 2. The current is the same throughout the circuit in parallel. 3. The bulb with greater resistanc

18、e has less current in the circuit in series.4. The current is divided in parallel circuit.FFFTExercises 徐存善主編vWhen they are connected such that there is a single When they are connected such that there is a single conducting path between them, they are said to be connected conducting path between th

19、em, they are said to be connected in series.in series.2. When circuit elements are connected across common points such When circuit elements are connected across common points such that there is more than one conducting path through the that there is more than one conducting path through the circuit

20、, they are connected in parallel.circuit, they are connected in parallel. Translate the following sentences intoChinese當(dāng)這些元件以單一的傳導(dǎo)路徑來連接時(shí)，這種連接方式就稱為串聯(lián)。當(dāng)電路元件的連接通過公共節(jié)點(diǎn)，也就是說電路中有多條傳導(dǎo)路徑時(shí)，我們稱這種連接為并聯(lián)。 Exercises 徐存善主編 3.The sum of the voltage drops is equal to the voltage of the power source, which in this ca

21、se is a battery. 4.The total resistance of the circuit decreases if the number of parallel paths increases. Translate the following sentences into Chinese電路中總的壓降等于電源電壓，在此處即電池電壓。如果并聯(lián)的路徑增加了，那么電路中的總電阻就會(huì)減小。 徐存善主編 科技術(shù)語是準(zhǔn)確地標(biāo)志科技和社科領(lǐng)域的一定概念的詞語，用來記錄和表述各種現(xiàn)象、過程、特性、關(guān)系、狀態(tài)等不同名稱，是科技文獻(xiàn)的靈魂、精華和關(guān)鍵。在進(jìn)行英譯時(shí)，科技術(shù)語翻譯往往也是難點(diǎn)和亮

22、點(diǎn)。如何把這類術(shù)語譯成適當(dāng)?shù)臐h語且又不失科技文體準(zhǔn)確性與嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性呢？下面介紹一些常用的翻譯方法： 徐存善主編按照原詞所表達(dá)的具體事物和概念譯出科學(xué)概念。這種譯法最為普遍，例如：holography全息攝影、guided missile導(dǎo)彈、aircraft carrier航空母艦、videophone可視電話、E-mail電子郵件等。多適用于以下幾類術(shù)語：1.合成詞： 由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上舊詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞。例如：skylab太空實(shí)驗(yàn)室；moonwalk月球漫步；friction factor摩擦系數(shù)。2.多義詞： 舊詞轉(zhuǎn)義，即通過賦予舊詞以新義而構(gòu)成新術(shù)語。例如：drone雄蜂無人駕駛飛機(jī)；bug臭

23、蟲竊聽器；computer計(jì)算者計(jì)算機(jī)。3.派生詞： 在原有的詞根上加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成新術(shù)語。例如：thermocouple熱電偶；voltmeter電壓表。 徐存善主編根據(jù)英語單詞的發(fā)音譯成讀音與原詞大致相同的漢語。主要適用于以下兩類術(shù)語：1.計(jì)量單位詞 例如：hertz赫茲(頻率單位)；bit比特(度量信息單位，二進(jìn)制位)；lux勒克司(照明單位)；joule焦耳(功或能的單位)2.某些新發(fā)明的材料或產(chǎn)品名稱 例如： nylon尼龍(酰胺纖維)；sonar聲納(聲波導(dǎo)航和測(cè)距設(shè)備)；vaseline凡士林(石油凍)；morphine嗎啡。一般來說，意譯能夠明確地表達(dá)涵義。因此，有些音譯詞常被

24、意譯詞所取代，或二者同時(shí)使用。例如：combine康拜因聯(lián)合收割機(jī)；laser萊塞激光；vitamin維他命維生素；penicillin盤尼西林青霉素。 徐存善主編用英語常用字母的形象來為形狀相似的物體定名。常用的形譯法適用于以下三種情況：1.選用于原字母形似的漢語 例如：T-square丁字尺；I-column工字柱；U-bend馬蹄彎頭；V-slot三角形槽。2.保留原字母不譯，在該字母后加“形”字 例如：A-bedplate A形底座；D-valve D形閥；C-network C形網(wǎng)絡(luò)；M-wing M形機(jī)翼。 3.保留原字母不譯 例如：X ray X射線；L-electron L層電

25、子(原子核外第二層的電子)；N-region N區(qū)(電子剩余區(qū)，即電子導(dǎo)電區(qū))。 徐存善主編 根據(jù)具體情況音譯與意譯混用。例如：logiccircuit邏輯電路；covar科伐合金( 鐵鎳鈷合金)；microampere微安(培)；kilowatt千瓦；radar-man雷達(dá)手；Morse code莫爾斯電碼； Babbit metal巴氏合金。 在科技文獻(xiàn)中商標(biāo)、牌號(hào)、型號(hào)和表示特定意義的字母均可不譯，直接使用原文，只譯普通名詞。例如：B-52 E bomber B-52 E轟炸機(jī)；Kubota Mobile Crane Model KM-150；庫寶塔KM-150型流動(dòng)式起重機(jī)。 徐存善主

26、編 在翻譯科技術(shù)語時(shí)，應(yīng)避免譯名不統(tǒng)一，不規(guī)范化，以免給讀者帶來麻煩。首先要盡量采用已公布的統(tǒng)一譯名，或者已為大家所公認(rèn)的譯名。例如：lathe一詞就應(yīng)譯為車床，而不應(yīng)譯為旋床。gram 的新舊譯名有“公分”，“克蘭姆”，“克”等等，則應(yīng)譯為“克”。對(duì)于那些已經(jīng)有了習(xí)慣譯法的科技術(shù)語，則不適合標(biāo)新立異，別出心裁。例如Nylon，現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣譯為“尼龍”，如果隨便譯成為“乃隆”，就可能被當(dāng)成另一種材料。對(duì)于那些有幾種習(xí)慣譯法，幾個(gè)譯名都通用的術(shù)語，應(yīng)注意保持前后譯名一致。 徐存善主編 科技術(shù)語翻譯的難點(diǎn)主要集中于對(duì)專業(yè)詞語的認(rèn)知理解上，因此在日常學(xué)習(xí)與工作中，應(yīng)多注意搜集相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)以及表達(dá)方法，包

27、括專業(yè)術(shù)語、專業(yè)詞匯以及語言特色等。并且，要對(duì)搜集到的資料及時(shí)進(jìn)行歸納、整理和總結(jié)。只有這樣，才能不斷地提高自己的專業(yè)素質(zhì)和外語能力。 徐存善主編 Nowadays all of us are familiar with the computer. The ability of a computer to solve a problem depends upon its ability to make certain decisions as it progresses through the various steps of the problem. For example, the com

28、puter must make decisions (called logical decisions) as to whether a number is positive, whether a certain number is larger or smaller than another, or whether a portion of the problem is finished so that the computer may proceed to the next portion. The various circuits that enable the computer to

29、make its decisions are called logic circuits, or digital circuits. 如今，我們對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)都很熟悉。計(jì)算機(jī)解答問題的能力取決于它對(duì)問題的各個(gè)步驟進(jìn)行判斷的能力。例如，計(jì)算機(jī)必須判斷（叫做邏輯判斷）一個(gè)數(shù)字是不是正確的，某個(gè)數(shù)比另一個(gè)數(shù)大還是小，或者問題的某一部分是否已經(jīng)完成以便進(jìn)行下一步。使計(jì)算機(jī)能進(jìn)行判斷的各種電路叫做邏輯電路，或數(shù)字電路。 徐存善主編 The term digital circuit is used to describe those circuit systems which primarily operate

30、 with the use of only two different voltage levels or two other binary conditions or states. The two different states by which digital circuits operate may be of several forms. They can, in the simplest form, consist of the opening and closing of a switch. In this case, the closed-switch condition c

31、an be represented by 1 and the open-switch condition by 0. Likewise, the lighted lamp can be considered as being in the 1 condition when the switch is closed, while the unlighted lamp can be considered as being in the 0 condition when the switch is open. 數(shù)字電路這個(gè)術(shù)語被用來描述僅用兩種不同電壓電平，即兩種不同的二進(jìn)制狀態(tài)進(jìn)行工作的電路系統(tǒng)。

32、 數(shù)字電路進(jìn)行工作的兩種不同狀態(tài)可以有很多種形式。最簡(jiǎn)單的形式是由開關(guān)的斷開和閉合形式形成的。就這而言，開關(guān)閉合狀態(tài)可以用“1”表示，開關(guān)斷開狀態(tài)用“0”表示。同理，當(dāng)開關(guān)閉合時(shí)，亮著的燈可以看作“1”的狀態(tài)，而當(dāng)開關(guān)斷開時(shí)，熄滅了的燈可以看作“0”的狀態(tài)。 徐存善主編 A very common method of digital operation is achieved by using voltage pulse. A pulse is defined as a rapid change from one voltage level to another and then a rapi

33、d return to the original level. The duration or time at the second level is usually quite short compared with the time at the first level. The pulse is made up of a positive step and a negative step. (If the step is above the baseline, it is called a positive step, if it is below the baseline it is

34、called negative). If the positive step comes first it is a positive pulse and if the negative step is first it is a negative pulse. The presence of a positive pulse can be represented by 1 and the absence of a pulse by 0. 數(shù)字電路工作的最普通的方法是采用電壓脈沖進(jìn)行的。脈沖的定義是：從一個(gè)電平迅速變化到另一個(gè)電平，然后又快速回到初始電平。第二個(gè)電平的持續(xù)時(shí)間通常比第一個(gè)電平短

35、得多。一個(gè)脈沖由一個(gè)正階躍和一個(gè)負(fù)階躍組成。(如果階躍位于基線之上，那么它被稱為正階躍；如果在基線之下，則被稱為負(fù)階躍。）如果正階躍首先出現(xiàn)，脈沖是正的，相反，如果負(fù)階躍首先出現(xiàn)，脈沖就是負(fù)的。有正脈沖存在，用“1”表示，沒有正脈沖存在用“0”表示。 徐存善主編 Pulses are various in forms. Pulse waveforms used in electronic devices are: rectangular waveform, sawtooth waveform, differentiated waveform and so on. With a square-w

36、ave signal, the positive pulse can represent 1 and the negative pulse can represent 0. 脈沖形式是多種多樣的。電子儀器中用到的脈沖波形有：方波形、鋸齒形波、微分波形等等。若用方波信號(hào)，正脈沖可代表“1”，負(fù)脈沖代表“0”。New words and phrases 徐存善主編progress prugres n. 進(jìn)步，發(fā)展；vi. 進(jìn)行portion pC:Fn n . 部分，命運(yùn)vt. 分配；proceed prusi:d v.（繼續(xù)）進(jìn)行，開展，著手binary bainri adj. 二元的，二進(jìn)制的

37、，有兩個(gè)部分的pulse pQls n. 脈搏；脈沖 vt. 使跳動(dòng)original ridVnl adj. 原始的；新穎的n. 原型duration djureiFn n. 為期，持續(xù)（時(shí)間）positive pCztiv adj. 正的，陽性的n.正數(shù)negative negtiv adj. 負(fù)的；陰性的 n.負(fù)數(shù)baseline beislain n. 基線，底線，起線rectangular rektgjul adj. 矩形的，長(zhǎng)方形的，成直角的sawtooth sC:tu: n. & adj. 鋸齒（形的），銳齒的New words and phrases 徐存善主編logical d

38、ecision 邏輯判斷digital circuit 數(shù)字電路pulse waveform 脈沖波形differentiated waveform 微分波形Exercises 徐存善主編vWhat is logic circuits or digital circuits? 2. What is a pulse? And what is it made up of ?3. Can you give us some forms of the pulse?IAnswer the following questions according to the reading The various ci

39、rcuits that enable the computer to make its decisions are called logic circuits, or digital circuits.It is a rapid change from one voltage level to another and then a rapid return to the original level. The duration at the second level is usually quite short compared with the first one. The pulse is

40、 made up of a positive step and a negative step.There are rectangular waveform, sawtooth waveform, differentiated waveform and so on.Exercises 徐存善主編v脈沖數(shù)字電路 2. 邏輯電路 3. 電壓脈沖 4. 正/負(fù)階躍IITranslate the following into English pulse digital circuitlogic circuitvoltage pulsepositive/negative step 徐存善主編 如今，我們對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)都很熟悉。計(jì)算機(jī)解答問題的能力取決于它對(duì)問題的各個(gè)步驟進(jìn)行判斷的能力。例如，計(jì)算機(jī)必須判斷（叫做邏輯判斷）一個(gè)數(shù)字是不是正確的，某個(gè)數(shù)比另一個(gè)數(shù)大還是小，或者問題的某一部分是否已經(jīng)完成以便進(jìn)行下一步。使計(jì)算機(jī)能進(jìn)行判斷的各種電路叫做