2021年浙江紹興【中考沖刺】英語(yǔ)試題解題技巧：閱讀技巧-主旨大意題、推理判斷題(學(xué)生版)

1、閱讀技巧 -主旨大意題、推理判斷題主旨大意題 考查學(xué)生對(duì)短文主題思想或全文梗概的掌握和理解情況的題目,叫主旨大意題。(一)主旨大意類(lèi)題目常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式1. What ' s the main idea of this passage?2. What does the passage mainly tell us?3. What does the passage mainly discuss?4. The writer means to tell us that .5. The main idea/point of the passage is that.6. The passage i

2、s mainly about.7. From the passage we can learn/conclude that.8. The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with.9. What ' s the best title for the passage?10. What would be the best title for the passage?11. The best title/headline( 標(biāo)題 )for the passage is.(二)主題句段落的主題通常由被稱(chēng)為主題句 (Topic Sentence)的句子來(lái)表

3、示。主題句有兩個(gè)功能 : 介紹段落的主題 (Topic); 闡述控制概念 (Controlling idea), 控制概念用以控制段落中句子討論的內(nèi)容。主題句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶爾在一段中間。我們?cè)陂喿x非故事性文章如科普文章的時(shí)候,主題句尤其明顯。有的文章無(wú)明顯的主題句,主題句隱含在段意之中。1. 主題句位于段首 主題句位于段首是由作者先立論 ,后擺事實(shí)、講道理的寫(xiě)作手法形成的。這種段落稱(chēng)作演繹型段落。據(jù) 有關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字表明 ,在英語(yǔ)議論文或說(shuō)明文中 ,有 60%90% 的主題句是段落的第一句。(1)尋找主題句有些段落 ,有明顯的引出細(xì)節(jié)的信息詞 ,常見(jiàn)的信息詞有 :for exam

4、ple,an example of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also,besides that 等。在閱讀中,應(yīng)盡量利用上述信息詞確定主題句的位置。 從該段落中的 for example可以斷定 ,第一句是主題 句。如果無(wú)明顯的信息詞 ,可先假設(shè)第一句為主題句 ,在第二句前面添加一個(gè) for example, 看看第二句是否可以 支撐第一句話 ,如果第二句不能支撐第一句話 ,便在其他地方找出主題句。(2)選擇答案先徹底弄懂主題句的句意 ,然后閱讀 A、B、C、D 四

5、選項(xiàng) ,選擇與主題句句意相吻合的答案 ,如主題句的 再現(xiàn) ,主題句句意的復(fù)述或推論等 ,排除與主題句句意無(wú)關(guān)的答案 ,如支撐細(xì)節(jié)和文章中未曾闡述的事實(shí)等。2. 主題句位于段末 主題句位于段末是作者采用了先擺事實(shí),后做結(jié)論的手法。這種段落稱(chēng)作歸納型段落。3. 主題句位于段落的中間 主題句偶爾也出現(xiàn)在段落的中間,但不一定就在正中間。有時(shí) ,第一句并非主題句 ,而是承上啟下的過(guò)渡句。在這種情況下 ,第二句便成了主題句。此外 ,主題句也可能是段落的倒數(shù)第二句。推理判斷題推理判斷題主要考查考生根據(jù)文章的字面意思,通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系 ,研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示 ,推敲作者的態(tài)度 ,理解文章的寓意等。推理判斷題屬于主觀

6、性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題。推理判斷題問(wèn)句中常含有 suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose 等 詞 , 或 提 問(wèn) 中 含 有 表 示 推 測(cè) 的 情 態(tài) 動(dòng) 詞 , 如 can,could,might,would 等和其他表示可能性的詞 ,如 probably,most likely 等。(一)解題思路 做推理判斷類(lèi)試題時(shí)我們不僅要弄懂文章字面的意思,更重要的是要知道文章潛在的含義,以及作者所給的提示。同時(shí)要對(duì)文章的含義和作者的暗示作出合理的猜測(cè)和推論。關(guān)鍵是:意思要靠推斷得出 ,而不是原文照搬。 這就要把握住文章的主題思想和每段

7、的內(nèi)容;明確作者的觀點(diǎn)及其寫(xiě)作該文的目的 ;分析文章里所給的有關(guān)信息 ; 注意詞匯在詞典里的定義和詞典以外的含義;最后運(yùn)用自己的知識(shí)進(jìn)行由表及里的邏輯推理,挖出文章的伏筆 ,得出正確的推論。這些提問(wèn)方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到,必須根據(jù)提問(wèn)中的某些關(guān)鍵字眼與短文中相應(yīng)的有關(guān)內(nèi)容加以邏輯推理或演算 ,從而得出某些作者并未說(shuō)明卻已在字里行間所暗含的意思及觀點(diǎn)。具體來(lái)說(shuō),考生應(yīng)當(dāng)注意以下幾點(diǎn) :1. 首先注意一定要忠實(shí)于原文 ,以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)。立足已知,推斷未知 ,遵循“詞不離句 ,句不離段 ,段不離篇 ”的原則。千萬(wàn)不能主觀臆想 ,憑空想象 ,隨意揣測(cè) ,更不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代

8、替作者的觀點(diǎn)。2. 要吃透文章的字面意思 ,從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索,這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)。有的推斷 ,考生完全可以根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié) ,再結(jié)合自己所掌握的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、有關(guān)背景知識(shí)或常識(shí)來(lái)幫助進(jìn)行分析、推 敲,從而得出符合文章原意的結(jié)論。3. 要對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工 ,由表及里 ,由淺入深 ,從具體到抽象 ,從特殊到一般 ,通過(guò)分析、綜合、 判斷等 ,進(jìn)行深層處理。不能就事論事 ,斷章取義 ,以偏概全。4. 要把握句、 段之間的邏輯關(guān)系 ,了解語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu) ,同時(shí)還要體會(huì)文章的基調(diào) ,揣摩作者的態(tài)度 ,摸準(zhǔn)邏輯發(fā) 展方向 ,悟出作者的言外之意。5. 在解答推理性問(wèn)題時(shí) ,一定要注

9、意確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍。應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問(wèn)題需要針對(duì)某個(gè) 細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷 ,還是針對(duì)主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷。針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的推斷可運(yùn)用scanning 的方法 ,迅速在材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍 ,然后再進(jìn)行推理判斷。針對(duì)主題思想做推斷時(shí),則常常要縱覽全篇文章。（二）解題方法1. 抓住特定信息進(jìn)行逆向或正向推理 做此類(lèi)試題要善于抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息,即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)去分析、推理、判斷,利用逆向思維或正面推理 ,從而推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。2. 整合全文 （段 ）信息進(jìn)行推斷做推理題時(shí) , 有時(shí)需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上,整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息 ,綜合起來(lái)去推理判斷 ,確定最

10、佳結(jié)論。3. 利用語(yǔ)境的褒貶性進(jìn)行信息推斷幾乎每篇文章的語(yǔ)境都有一定褒貶性,這種褒貶性反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)及作者的寫(xiě)作意圖,因此利用好文章的語(yǔ)境褒貶性就能在把握文意主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的邏輯判斷。認(rèn)真閱讀原文 并找出反映語(yǔ)境褒貶性及變化的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子,對(duì)我們掌握文章主旨 ,了解主人公的心理特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展變化,從而正確地進(jìn)行邏輯推斷很有好處。4. 根據(jù)文章的結(jié)論推斷作者的態(tài)度作者的態(tài)度、傾向是指作者對(duì)陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)還是猶豫不定,對(duì)記敘或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間,或流露于修飾的詞語(yǔ)之中。因此

11、 ,在推斷過(guò)程中 ,應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭 ,尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞。5. 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯得出結(jié)論 邏輯結(jié)論是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料進(jìn)行推理 ,從而得出合乎邏 輯的結(jié)論 ,而不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛(ài)好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。做這類(lèi)題時(shí),應(yīng)把握作者的寫(xiě)作思路 ,預(yù)測(cè)下文可能發(fā)展的內(nèi)容。文章可按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過(guò)描寫(xiě),也可按因果關(guān)系 ,對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)描寫(xiě)。6. 結(jié)合已有的知識(shí)進(jìn)行推斷知識(shí)推斷是根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié),運(yùn)用自己掌握的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推敲,從而得出符合文章原意的結(jié)論的一種推斷方法。知識(shí)推斷題一般都是針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)。解答此類(lèi)題,不僅需要我們有一定的社會(huì)基

12、礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而且還需要對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)以及有關(guān)背景知識(shí)有一個(gè)充分的理解。五、文章結(jié)構(gòu)題推理判斷題的一種特殊設(shè)題形式?？疾槲恼碌恼w篇章結(jié)構(gòu)或某一段落的發(fā)展層次。這類(lèi)考題主要考查考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章所描述事件的發(fā)展順序、所說(shuō)明事物的結(jié)構(gòu)層次。在中考題中,這是一種較為新穎的考查方式。文章結(jié)構(gòu)題的設(shè)題方式有 :a. What is the right order of the steps in doing ?b. Which of the following pictures shows the structure of the passage?c. In the next part, the author

13、 would most probably talk about六、態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)題 推理判斷題的又一種特殊設(shè)題形式?？疾樽髡叩膶?xiě)作意圖、對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的態(tài)度和對(duì)事件的評(píng)價(jià)。 態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)題的設(shè)題方式有 :a. What is the purpose of the passage?/The purpose of the passage is.b. What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?c. What is the writer' s attitude toward.?解題方法 :通讀全文 ,尋找判斷依據(jù) ,揣摩作者的思路 ,得出結(jié)論。專(zhuān)題訓(xùn)練A

14、re You Right Handed or Left Handed?Which hand do you use when you write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed , try this experiment:Take

15、a knife withyour left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Donsurprised if you feel awkward（ 別扭的 ）.In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write.

16、 But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.What causes people to be left handed or right handed? Experts have searched long and hard on this. They concluded（ 得出結(jié)論 ）that left-handed people are lef

17、t handed for the same reason that right-handed people are right handed. One out of every ten people just is a left- hander. It ' s simikpely t hle color of our eyes some people have brown eyes, while some others have black eyes.However, many researchers think that left-handers and right-handers

18、are different in some aspects. Right-handers are more talkative and outgoing than left-handers. Many right-handed people understand spoken words better. For example, after they listen to directions to a supermarket, they can find it easily. Right-handers are good at organizing people, too. They are

19、also better basketball guards. Just ask Yao Ming.Research shows that left-handers are creative and artistic. Many famous performers, like Jim Carrey and Paul McCartney, are left handed. Many left-handers learn better visually（ 在視覺(jué)方面 ）. In art, both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were left handed

20、. In music, Ludwig van Beethoven was left handed. In science, you find Newton and Einstein. The left-handed people are also really good at tennis and other single sports.If you prefer one hand, but you are still good at writing with the other, you are mixed handed. Research shows mixed-handers can r

21、emember everyday things better than other people. What did you eat for lunch two weeks ago? If you ' re mixed handed, you can probably remember.1.If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will.A. get hurtB.give up cuttingC.feel awkwardD.change their tools2. What is Paragraph 2

22、mainly about?A. Causes of being left handed.B. Encouragement to left-handers.C. Punishment for using the left hand.D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.3. According to the passage, right-handers.A. learn better visuallyB. are good organizersC. are better at single sportsD.give clear directions to

23、others4. From the passage, we can learn that left-handers.A. may be more talkative and outgoingB. are ordinary people like right-handersC. might remember everyday things betterD. no longer need to use right-handed toolsDiabetes is caused by a group of metabolic disorders * in which there are high bl

24、ood sugar levels over a long period of time. There are three main types of diabetes:·Type 1 Diabetes results from the body not having enough insulin.·Type 2 Diabetes mainly happens to those who do not have enough physical exercise, eat too much unhealthy food and get too heavy.·Gestat

25、ional Diabetes is the third main form. It appears when a woman is having a baby. She will probably get well again after the birth of the baby.Diabetes can bring serious problems. People with diabetes, especially the Type 1, will easily get thirsty and hungry, and quickly lose weight. If it is not tr

26、eated, it will develop rapidly(weeks or months), and cause many long-term complications *. All the complications relate to damage to blood vessels *. For example, damage to the eyes. It is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the eyes, and results in gradual vision loss * and blindness. The comp

27、lications will greatly increase the risk of diabetes, by which about 75% of the deaths are caused.According to a report from the WHO(World Health Organization) in 2015, about 415 million people have diabetes worldwide, which means 8.3% of the adults in the world have diabetes. Of all the cases, 85%

28、to 90% are Type 2 Diabetes. That is to say, most cases of diabetes result from the unhealthy life style. Diabetes doubles a person ' s risk of early death. From 2012 to2 015, about 1.5 to 5 million deaths each year resulted from this disease. The global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was arou

29、nd 612 billion USD.A healthy life style can help prevent diabetes. Doing a lot of physical activities and having a healthy diet will help have normal body weight. Higher levels of physical activity(more than 90 minutes per day) can reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%. Healthy diet includes foods rich

30、 in whole grains and fiber, foods with good fats from nuts, vegetable oils and fish, little sugar, and less red meat.1. Diabetes is .A. a serious diseaseB. a damage to blood vesselsC. an unhealthy life styleD. an unusual blood sugar level2. According to the passage, what problem can diabetes cause?A

31、. A person gets too heavy.B. A perso n doesn 't want to eat.C. A person becomes blind.D. A woman will not have a baby.3. The WHO report （2015） tells us that in the world.A. 8.3% of the people have diabetesB. 85% to 90% of the adults have Type 2 DiabetesC. about 1.5 to 5 million people died of di

32、abetes every yearD. the economic cost of diabetes was about 612 billion USD in 20144. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. A Report on HealthB. Diabetes and Its CauseC. How to Prevent DiabetesD. Diabetes: Harm and PreventionArkansas may give up the BMI program or weaken it

33、 with the help of the new governor, who said it had of negative, unexpected results ”.The number of overweight children in the United States has more than doubled in the past 20 years. Being seriously overweight can lead to health problems later in life. As a result, Arkansas first started the BMI p

34、rogram in 2004 public schools were required to provide parents with a yearly report of their children 'bosd y mass index（BMI）, a number to show whether their weight is appropriate（ 合適的 ）. Along with students ' BMIs, parents also received information on health risks of being overweight.A stud

35、y shows that obesity（肥胖）rates in Arkansas have stopped increasing since 2004. But not everyone supports schools in re porting students' BMIs. Some parents have complained their kids worry that they are being“ graded ” by their weight, although Dr. Joe Thompson, who helped plan the BMI program, g

36、ave the explanation at the start of the program,“Just like a schoovl icshioenc ko rf ohre aring, this is a way to raise awareness（ 意識(shí)） abouta health risk.”Critics argue that telling parents their children weigh too much could hurt children -esteem（自尊）. Some 's self also question whether it '

37、s the role of schools to monitor stuediegnhtts. Dr. Nancy Krebs', a w nutrition expert, also thinks obesity report cards aren 'gto od enough. “ They 'mrea king kids feel bad about how they are, ”sh e says.Instead of focusing on kidsBMIs, schools should provide better health and physical

38、eduacsasteiosnn a cnld servehealthier foods.However, supporters of the program say overweight children have had self-esteem problems before their parents get obesity report cards. Dr. Karen Young at Arkansas Children' s Hospital says,“ The ovalready being teased（被嘲弄 ）. ”Health experts from the U

39、niversity of Arkansas think it would be a pity to stop the BMI program. They see the program as a wake-up call for families and the letter is spurring some parents into some major action. Danita Thomas said she knew her son Irie was too heavy. But since getting that first BMI report, Irie has lost n

40、early 100 pounds and given up junk food.“ It was helpful,” she said.“ It made me realize that we needed to do somdifferent. ”The BMI reports and other steps, such as limits on vending machine（ 自動(dòng)售貨機(jī) ） use at school, are leading to healthier students. If there was no BMI program, there should be othe

41、r effective tools to get schools and parents involved in preventing children from becoming overweight adults.1. What might be the purpose of the BMI program in Arkansas?A. To make the schools realize the importance of health education.B. To warn parents of health risks of being overweight.C. To driv

42、e parents to learn more knowledge of health.D. To explain why some students gain weight quickly.2. Dr. Nancy Krebs believes that.A. overweight students are usually laughed at by classmatesB. schools should teach students how to lead a healthy lifeC. overweight students usually get low grades at scho

43、olD. schools should do the job to record students weight '3. The words “ spurring some parents into some major action” in Paragraph 6 proba”bly. mean“A. keeping some parents from worriesB. encouraging some parents to make changesC. helping some parents learn from other familiesD. supporting some

44、 parents in expressing their opinions4. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. What schools should report to parents.B. How schools can care about overweight students.C. Why schools should help students control their weight.D. Whethe r schools should report students' BMIs to parents.四Motivat

45、ed（ 積極的 ） or Overachieving?Everyone has the occasional classmate who hands in his homework ahead of time with really beautiful handwriting. Some teachers may cheerfully get the homework by saying “Ofc ourse you did it early. I 'msu re you ' ve done a good job! ” Some teachers may feel annoye

46、d because “The deadline is not until next Friday. this student 'basc k are tons of whispers from his classmates, “ Ugh,h e is such an overachiever and it 'sso annoying. ”If you ask the same student to explain his behavior, he probably says that he is simply “ motivated S”uc.h students refuse

47、 to call themselves overachievers but prefer“ motivated ” instead. They want to shy awaunpleasant term “ overachiever ” bute cmhboroascee t toh e word “ motivated ”.Why is the term“ overachiever ” used as侮 an辱 in）?su Dlto （ not we all work hard to achieve our goals? Whydoes not the“ motivated ” stud

48、ent proudly call himself an“ overachiever ”?In my personal experience, being called an overachiever in front of my classmates is not pleasant at all. The word is often connected with an unkind smile or sometimes a hint of jealousy （嫉妒）. “ Overachiever ” carries theimplied（ 暗指的 ） sense which“over ” l

49、enydosu iht ave done too much and you have gone too far. Anyway, it isbeyond the proper degree and just annoying to those students who refuse to put in the effort themselves and get dissatisfied with you for doing so.A student would rather think of himself as an excellent student and it is motivatio

50、n that drives him to do his best. What is the implied meaning of “ motivated C”on?n ected with positive words like willpower, spirit and determination, the “ motivated ” student would appear to be competing in an event of the brain Olympics.Al though there are differences in their implications, the

51、student who calls himself“ motivatebe a secret overachiever, going over the top for all his work; while the “ overachiever is n”o thing more than a motivated student, driven by the simple desire to do well and willing to put in time and effort. In fact, the choice lies within the student: to overach

52、ieve or not to overachieve; to find the motivation to do well and be driven by it, or to sit back and blame others for overachieving to hide his inability to achieve.1. According to the passage, overachiversB.hand in homework ahead of timeA. are popular with their classmatesC.are much loved by their

53、 teachersD.look down on others for being slow2. The word “ embrace ” in Paragraph 2 probably means ”. “A. understandB.explainC.doubtD.accept3. What can we learn from the passage?A. Teachers expect students to benefit from their extra work.B. Students compete with each other to become overachievers.C

54、. Classmates may laugh at overachievers to hide their inability to achieve.D. The writer has some pleasant experiences of being called an overachiever.4. The writer probably agrees that.A. students shouldn' t be encouraged to be overachieversB. students without motivation will become overachieve

55、rsC. motivated students make better progress than overachieversD. motivated students have something in common with overachievers五What is the difference between a fear( 害怕 )and a phobia?You might have a fear of dogs if you have ever been bitten by one. However, if you avoid walking down streets where

56、 you think there might be a dog, you may have a phobia, which is a strong unnatural fear. If the fear has started to change a person' s life, he or shphobia. Different surveys say that between 10 and 80 percent of us have at least one phobia.You can probably guess what some of the most“ popular

57、” phobias are. Flying may be the safest way to travelbut many people are scared of doing it. Fear of heights is also very common. For example, Spider-Man actor Tobey Maquire can 'st and high places. However, Tobey is not afraid of spiders that most people are afraid of. Rupert Grint, who plays i

58、n the Harry Potter movies, is in fear of spiders.“ In one scene of the moev ie, we comespider ' s hole, and there we meet a spider that is the size of an elephant and really scary because he has these hairs.I ' m really scared of spiders,” he said.For example, cats are very cute for most of us, but not for such powerful people in history asAlexander the Great and Napolean Bonaparte. Actor Nicole Kidman says,“ I ' m not scared of snakes or spidI ' m scared of butterflies. Sometimes when I came h