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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)第四版中文答案【篇一:計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(第四版)課后習(xí)題(英文)+習(xí)題答案(中英文)】ss=txt和真空中的光速為 300,000 公里/秒, 因此最佳的傳播延遲為 160,000/300,000medium-speed line, a low-speed line, or no line. if it takes 100 ms of computer time 13. what is the principal difference between connectionless communication and to generate and inspect

2、each topology, how long will it take to inspect all of connection-oriented communication?(e) them?(e) 將路由器稱為 a,b,c,d 和 e. 則有 10 條可能的線路;ab, ac, ad, ae, bc, bd, be, cd, ce,和 de 每條線路有 4 410 = 1,048,576。 檢查每個(gè)拓?fù)湫枰?100 ms,全部檢查總共需要 104,857. 6 秒,或者稍微超過(guò) 29 個(gè)小時(shí)。 9. a group of 2n - 1 routers are interconnected

3、 in a centralized binary tree, with a router at each tree node. router i communicates with router j by sending a message to the root of the tree. the root then sends the message back down to j. derive an approximate expression for the mean number of hops per message for large n, assuming that all ro

4、uter pairs are equally likely.(h) 這意味著,從路由器到路由器的路徑長(zhǎng)度相當(dāng)于路由器到根的兩倍。 若在樹(shù)中, 根深度為 1,深度為 n,從根到第 n 層需要 n-1 跳,在該層的路由器為 0.50。 從根到 n-1 層的路徑有 router 的 0.25 和 n-2 跳步。 為: l = 0.5*(n-1)+0.25*(n-2)+0.125*(n-3) 結(jié)果化簡(jiǎn)為 ln2,平均路由路徑為 2n-4。 10. a disadvantage of a broadcast subnet is the capacity wasted when multiple host

5、s attempt to access the channel at the same time. as a simplistic example, suppose that time is divided into discrete slots, with each of the n hosts attempting to use the channel with probability p during each slot. what fraction of the slots are wasted due to collisions?(h) 區(qū)分 n-2 事件。 事件 1 到 n 由主機(jī)

6、成功地、沒(méi)有沖突地使用這條信道的事件組 成。 這些可能性的事件的概率為 p(1p)n-1。事件 n+1 是一個(gè)空閑的信道,其概率 為(1- p)n。事件 n+2 是一個(gè)沖突。由于事件 n+2 互斥,它們可能發(fā)生的事件必須統(tǒng) 一合計(jì)。 沖突的可能性等于那些小部分的槽的浪費(fèi),只是 1 np(1p)n-1 (1p)n 11. what are two reasons for using layered protocols?(m) 通過(guò)協(xié)議分層可以把設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題劃分成較小的易于處理的片段 分層意味著某一層的協(xié)議的改變不會(huì)影響高層或低層的協(xié)議 因此,路徑長(zhǎng)度 l 種可能性(3 速度或者不是線路),拓?fù)涞目倲?shù)

7、為主要的區(qū)別有兩條。 17. in some networks, the data link layer handles transmission errors by requesting damaged frames to be retransmitted. if the probability of a frames being 段, 的 they differ.(e) 后又寫(xiě)了另外 1024 那么接收方共讀了 文 1024 字節(jié)。 個(gè) example.(e) 度就是一個(gè)例子。 16. in fig. 1-19 服務(wù)是由 k 層向 k1 層提供的。 服務(wù)必須由下層 k 提供,即,對(duì)層 k

8、的服務(wù)是由 k- 1 層提供的。damaged is p, what is the mean number of transmissions required to send a frame? 21. list two ways in which the osi reference model and the tcp/ip reference assume that acknowledgements are never lost.(m) model are the same. now list two ways in which they differ.(m) k-1假設(shè)某幀傳到第 k 次才傳

9、輸成功,起初 k-1 次傳輸皆嘗試失敗,概率為 p ,相似點(diǎn):都是獨(dú)立的協(xié)議棧的概念;層的功能也大體相似。 第 k 不同點(diǎn):osi 更好的區(qū)分了服務(wù)、接口和協(xié)議的概念,因此比 tcp/ip 具有更好次傳輸成功,概率為(1-p) ,則發(fā)送一幀成功的平均傳輸次數(shù)為: 的 隱藏性,能夠比較容易的進(jìn)行替換;osi 是先有的模型的概念,然后再進(jìn)行協(xié)議的 實(shí)現(xiàn),而 tcp/ip 是先有協(xié)議,然后建立描述該協(xié)議的模型;層次數(shù)量有差別;1. which of the osi layers handles each of the following: tcp/ip a. (a) dividing the tra

10、nsmitted bit stream into frames. 沒(méi)有會(huì)話層和表示層,osi 不支持網(wǎng)絡(luò)互連。osi 在網(wǎng)絡(luò)層支持無(wú)連接和面向連接 的通信,而在傳輸層僅有面向連接的通信,而 tcp/ip 在網(wǎng)絡(luò)層僅有一種通信模式b. (b) determining which route through the subnet to use.(e) (無(wú) 把傳輸?shù)谋忍亓鲃澐譃閹瑪?shù)據(jù)鏈路層 連接),但在傳輸層支持兩種模式。 決定使用哪條路徑通過(guò)子網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)層. 22. what is the main difference between tcp and udp?(e) 19. if the unit

11、 exchanged at the data link level is called a frame and the unitexchanged at the network level is called a packet, do frames encapsulate packets or 25. when a file is transferred between two computers, two acknowledgement do packets encapsulate frames? explain your answer.(e) 幀封裝包。 當(dāng)一個(gè)包到達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層時(shí),整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)

12、包,包括包頭、數(shù)據(jù)及全部strategies are possible. in the first one, the file is chopped up into packets, which are individually acknowledged by the receiver, but the file transfer as a whole is not 內(nèi) acknowledged. in the second one, the packets are not acknowledged individually, 容,都用作幀的數(shù)據(jù)區(qū)。或者說(shuō),將整個(gè)包放進(jìn)一個(gè)信封(幀)里面,(

13、如果能but the entire file is acknowledged when it arrives. discuss these two approaches. 裝入的 (e) 話)。 - 2 - 如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)容易丟失分組,那么對(duì)每一個(gè)分組逐一進(jìn)行確認(rèn)較好,此時(shí)僅重傳因?yàn)?許多無(wú)線設(shè)備需要移動(dòng),電池使用壽命不長(zhǎng)也是其缺點(diǎn)之一。 的分組。 chapter 2 the physical problems 如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)高度可靠,那么在不發(fā)差錯(cuò)的情況下,僅在整個(gè)文件傳送的結(jié)尾發(fā)送一installation costs usually far overshadow equipment costs. n

14、evertheless, they also have some disadvantages. name two of them.(e) 無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的缺點(diǎn):一是安全性,偶然出現(xiàn)在無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)的人都能監(jiān)聽(tīng)到網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳 遞的消息;再有就是可靠性,無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)在傳輸過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多錯(cuò)誤;另外,【篇二:計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)第四版習(xí)題答案(中文版)_andrew】-3 the performance of a client-server system is influenced by two network factors: the bandwidth of the network (how many bits/sec i

15、t can transport) and the latency (how many seconds it takes for the first bit to get from the client to the server). give an example of a network that exhibits high bandwidth and high latency. then give an example of one with low bandwidth and low latency. 客戶-服務(wù)器系統(tǒng)的性能會(huì)受到兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)因素的影響:網(wǎng)絡(luò)的帶寬(每秒可以傳輸多少位數(shù)據(jù))和

16、延遲(將第一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)位從客戶端傳送到服務(wù)器端需要多少秒時(shí)間)。請(qǐng)給出一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的例子,它具有高帶寬和高延遲。然后再給出另一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的例子,它具有低帶寬和低延遲。 答:橫貫大陸的光纖連接可以有很多千兆位/秒帶寬, 但是由于光速度傳送要越過(guò)數(shù)千公里,時(shí)延將也高。相反,使用56 kbps調(diào)制解調(diào)器呼叫在同一大樓內(nèi)的計(jì)算機(jī)則有低帶寬和較低的時(shí)延。 1-4 besides bandwidth and latency, what other parameter is needed to give a good characterization of the quality of service offered

17、by a network used for digitized voice traffic? 除了帶寬和延遲以外,針對(duì)數(shù)字化的語(yǔ)音流量,想要讓網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供很好的服務(wù)質(zhì)量,還需要哪個(gè)參數(shù)? 聲音的傳輸需要相應(yīng)的固定時(shí)間,因此網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)隙數(shù)量是很重要的。傳輸時(shí)間可以用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差方式表示。 實(shí)際上,短延遲但是大變化性比更長(zhǎng)的延遲和低變化性更糟。 1-6 a client-server system uses a satellite network, with the satellite at a height of 40,000 km. what is the best-case delay in respo

18、nse to a request? 一個(gè)客戶服務(wù)器系統(tǒng)使用了衛(wèi)星網(wǎng)絡(luò),衛(wèi)星的高度為40000km。在對(duì)一個(gè)請(qǐng)求進(jìn)行響應(yīng)的時(shí)候,最佳情形下的延遲是什么? 答:由于請(qǐng)求和應(yīng)答都必須通過(guò)衛(wèi)星,因此傳輸總路徑長(zhǎng)度為160,000千米。在空氣和真空中的光速為300,000 公里/秒, 因此最佳的傳播延遲為160,000/300,000秒,約533 msec。 1-9 a group of 2n - 1 routers are interconnected in a centralized binary tree, with a router at each tree node. router i com

19、municates with router j by sending a message to the root of the tree. the root then sends the message back down to j. derive an approximate expression for the mean number of hops per message for large n, assuming that all router pairs are equally likely. 在一個(gè)集中式的二叉樹(shù)上,有2n-1個(gè)路由器相互連接起來(lái);每個(gè)樹(shù)節(jié)點(diǎn)上都有一個(gè)路由器。路由器

20、i為了與路由器j進(jìn)行通信,它要給樹(shù)的根發(fā)送一條信息。然后樹(shù)根將消息送下來(lái)給j。假設(shè)所有的路由器都是等概率出現(xiàn)的,請(qǐng)推導(dǎo)出當(dāng)n很大時(shí)每條消息的平均跳數(shù)的一個(gè)近似表達(dá)式。 答:這意味著,從路由器到路由器的路徑長(zhǎng)度相當(dāng)于路由器到根的兩倍。 若在樹(shù)中,根深度為1,深度為n,從根到第n層需要n-1跳,在該層的路由器為0.50(50%)。 從根到n-1 層的路徑的路由器為0.25(25%)和n?-2跳步。 因此,路徑長(zhǎng)度l為: 或 表達(dá)式歸約為 ln2,平均的路由器到路由器路徑為2n-4。 1-11 what are two reasons for using layered protocols? 請(qǐng)說(shuō)出

21、使用分層協(xié)議的兩個(gè)理由? 答:通過(guò)協(xié)議分層可以把設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題劃分成較小的易于處理的片段。分層意味著某一層協(xié)議的改變不會(huì)影響高層或低層的協(xié)議。 1-13 what is the principal difference between connectionless communication and connection-oriented communication?在無(wú)連接通信和面向連接的通信二者之間,最主要的區(qū)別是什么? 答:主要的區(qū)別有兩條。 其一:面向連接通信分為三個(gè)階段,第一是建立連接,在此階段,發(fā)出一個(gè)建立連接的請(qǐng)求。只有在連接成功建立之后,才能開(kāi)始數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,這是第二階段。接著,當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)傳

22、輸完畢,必須釋放連接。而無(wú)連接通信沒(méi)有這么多階段,它直接進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。 其二:面向連接的通信具有數(shù)據(jù)的保序性, 而無(wú)連接的通信不能保證接收數(shù)據(jù)的順序與發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的順序一致。 1-14 two networks each provide reliable connection-oriented service. one of them offers a reliable byte stream and the other offers a reliable message stream. are these identical? if so, why is the distinction made

23、? if not, give an example of how they differ. 兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)都可以提供可靠的面向連接的服務(wù)。其中一個(gè)提供可靠的字節(jié)流,另一個(gè)提供可靠的報(bào)文流。這二者是否相同?如果你認(rèn)為相同的話,為什么要有這樣的區(qū)別?如果不相同,請(qǐng)給出一個(gè)例子說(shuō)明它們?nèi)绾尾煌?答:不相同。在報(bào)文流中,網(wǎng)絡(luò)保持對(duì)報(bào)文邊界的跟蹤;而在字節(jié)流中,網(wǎng)絡(luò)不做這樣的跟蹤。例如,一個(gè)進(jìn)程向一條連接寫(xiě)了1024 字節(jié),稍后又寫(xiě)了另外1024 字節(jié)。那么接收方共讀了2048 字節(jié)。對(duì)于報(bào)文流,接受方將得到兩個(gè)報(bào)文。每個(gè)報(bào)文1024 字節(jié)。 而對(duì)于字節(jié)流,報(bào)文邊界不被識(shí)別。接收方把全部的2048 個(gè)字節(jié)當(dāng)

24、作一個(gè)整體,在此已經(jīng)體現(xiàn)不出原先有兩個(gè)報(bào)文的事實(shí)。 1-17 in some networks, the data link layer handles transmission errors by requesting damaged frames to be retransmitted. if the probability of a frames being damaged is p, what is the mean number of transmissions required to send a frame? assume that acknowledgements are ne

25、ver lost. 在有些網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層處理傳輸錯(cuò)誤的做法是,請(qǐng)求重傳被損壞的幀。如果一幀被損壞的概率為p,那么發(fā)送一幀所需要的平均傳輸次數(shù)是多少?假設(shè)確認(rèn)幀永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)丟失。 幀請(qǐng)求正好是k次的概率pk,就是起初的k-1次嘗試都失敗的概率。 pk-1 , 乘以第k次傳輸成功的概率。平均傳輸次數(shù)就是 1-22 what is the main difference between tcp and udp? tcp和udp之間最主要的區(qū)別是什么? tcp 是面向連接的,而udp 是一種數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)服務(wù)。 1-25 when a file is transferred between two compu

26、ters, two acknowledgement strategies are possible. in the first one, the file is chopped up into packets, which are individually acknowledged by the receiver, but the file transfer as a whole is not acknowledged. in the second one, the packets are not acknowledged individually, but the entire file i

27、s acknowledged when it arrives. discuss these two approaches. 當(dāng)一個(gè)文件在兩臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)之間傳輸?shù)臅r(shí)候,可能會(huì)有兩種不同的確認(rèn)策略。在第一種策略中,該文件被分解成許多個(gè)分組,接收方會(huì)獨(dú)立地確認(rèn)每一個(gè)分組,但是文件傳輸過(guò)程作為整體并沒(méi)有被確認(rèn)。在第二種策略中,這些分組并沒(méi)有被單獨(dú)地確認(rèn),但是當(dāng)整個(gè)文件到達(dá)的時(shí)候,它會(huì)被確認(rèn)。請(qǐng)討論這兩種方案。 如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)容易丟失分組,那么對(duì)每一個(gè)分組逐一進(jìn)行確認(rèn)較好,此時(shí)僅重傳丟失的分組。而在另一方面,如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)高度可靠,那么在不發(fā)差錯(cuò)的情況下,僅在整個(gè)文件傳送的結(jié)尾發(fā)送一次確認(rèn),從而減少了確認(rèn)的次數(shù),節(jié)省了

28、帶寬;不過(guò),即使有單個(gè)分組丟失,也需要重傳整個(gè)文件。 1-27 how long was a bit on the original 802.3 standard in meters? use a transmission speed of 10 mbps and assume the propagation speed in coax is 2/3 the speed of light in vacuum.在原始的802.3標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,一位是多長(zhǎng)(按米來(lái)計(jì)算)?請(qǐng)使用10mbps的傳輸速率,并且假設(shè)同軸電纜的傳播速度是真空中光速的2/3. 1-28 an image is 1024 x 768

29、pixels with 3 bytes/pixel. assume the image is uncompressed. how long does it take to transmit it over a 56-kbps modem channel? over a 1-mbps cable modem? over a 10-mbps ethernet? over 100-mbps ethernet? 1-30 wireless networks are easy to install, which makes them inexpensive since installation cost

30、s usually far overshadow equipment costs. nevertheless, they also have some disadvantages. name two of them. 無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)很容易安裝,這使得它們并不非常昂貴。因?yàn)榘惭b費(fèi)用通常會(huì)占去整個(gè)設(shè)備費(fèi)用的很大比例。然而,它們也有一些缺點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)說(shuō)出兩個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。 一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是安全性。每個(gè)碰巧在此房屋內(nèi)的隨機(jī)發(fā)送者都能在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上監(jiān)聽(tīng)。另一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是可靠性。無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)造成大量錯(cuò)誤。第三個(gè)潛在的問(wèn)題是電池壽命,因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)無(wú)線設(shè)備傾向于可移動(dòng)性。 1-31 list two advantages and two disadva

31、ntages of having international standards for network protocols. 請(qǐng)列舉出網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的兩個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。 優(yōu)點(diǎn)1:如果每個(gè)人都使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),那么每個(gè)人都可以與其他任何人交流;優(yōu)點(diǎn)2:廣泛使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將導(dǎo)致規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì),比如生產(chǎn)大規(guī)模集成電路芯片。缺點(diǎn)1:為了取得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化所需要的政治妥協(xié)經(jīng)常會(huì)導(dǎo)致差的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);缺點(diǎn)2:一旦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被廣泛采用了,要對(duì)它再做改變就會(huì)非常困難,即使發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的更好的技術(shù)或方法,也難以替換。第 2 章 物理層 2-2 a noiseless 4-khz channel is sampled every 1 msec. what

32、 is the maximum data rate? 一條無(wú)噪聲4khz信道按照每1ms一次進(jìn)行采樣,請(qǐng)問(wèn)最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率是多少? 答:無(wú)噪聲信道最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率公式:最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率=2hlog2v b/s。因此最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率決定于每次采樣所產(chǎn)生的比特?cái)?shù),如果每次采樣產(chǎn)生16bits,那么數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率可達(dá)128kbps;如果每次采樣產(chǎn)生1024bits,那么可達(dá)8.2mbps。注意這是對(duì)無(wú)噪聲信道而言的,實(shí)際信道總是有噪聲的,其最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率由香農(nóng)定律給出。 2-3 television channels are 6 mhz wide. how many bits/sec can be sent i

33、f four-level digital signals are used? assume a noiseless channel. 電視頻道的帶寬是6mhz。如果使用4級(jí)數(shù)字信號(hào),則每秒鐘可以發(fā)送多少位?假設(shè)電視頻道為無(wú)噪聲信道。 答:采樣頻率12mhz,每次采樣2bit,總的數(shù)據(jù)率為24mbps。 2-4 if a binary signal is sent over a 3-khz channel whose signal-to-noise ratio is 20 db, what is the maximum achievable data rate? 如果在一條3khz信道上發(fā)送一個(gè)

34、二進(jìn)制信號(hào),該信道的信噪比為20db,則最大可達(dá)到的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率為多少? 答:信噪比為20 db 即 s/n =100.由于 log21016.658,由香農(nóng)定理,該信道的信道容量為 3log2(1?+100)?=19.98kbps。 又根據(jù)乃奎斯特定理,發(fā)送二進(jìn)制信號(hào)的3khz 信道的最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率為 2*3 log22=6?kbps。 所以可以取得的最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率為6kbps。 2-5 what signal-to-noise ratio is needed to put a t1 carrier on a 50-khz line? 在50khz的線路上使用t1線路需要多大的信噪比? 答

35、:為發(fā)送t1 信號(hào),我們需要 所以,在50khz 線路上使用t1 載波需要93db 的信噪比。 2-7 how much bandwidth is there in 0.1 micron of spectrum at a wavelength of 1 micron? 答:因此,在0.1的頻段中可以有30thz。 2-8 it is desired to send a sequence of computer screen images over an optical fiber. the screen is 480 x 640 pixels,each pixel being 24 bits.

36、 there are 60 screen images per second. how much bandwidth is needed, and how many microns of wavelength are needed for this band at 1.30 microns? 需要442mbps 的帶寬,對(duì)應(yīng)的波長(zhǎng)范圍是。 2-18 a simple telephone system consists of two end offices and a single toll office to which each end office is connected by a 1-

37、mhz full-duplex trunk. the average telephone is used to make four calls per 8-hour workday. the mean call duration is 6 min. ten percent of the calls are long-distance (i.e., pass through the toll office). what is the maximum number of telephones an end office can support? (assume 4 khz per circuit.

38、) 一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的電話系統(tǒng)包括兩個(gè)端局和一個(gè)長(zhǎng)途局,每個(gè)端局通過(guò)一條1mhz全雙工干線連接到長(zhǎng)途局。在每8小時(shí)的工作日中,平均每部電話有4次呼叫,每次呼叫平均6分鐘,10%的呼叫是長(zhǎng)途(即通過(guò)長(zhǎng)途局)。請(qǐng)問(wèn)一個(gè)端局能夠支持最多多少部電話?(假設(shè)每條線路為4khz) 答:每部電話每小時(shí)做0.5 次通話,每次通話6 分鐘。因此一部電話每小時(shí)占用一條電路3 分鐘,60/3=20,即20 部電話可共享一條線路。由于只有10%的呼叫是長(zhǎng)途,所以200 部電話占用一條完全時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)途線路。局間干線復(fù)用了/4000=250 條線路,每條線路支持200 部電話,因此,一個(gè)端局可以支持的電話部數(shù)為200*250=50

39、000。 2-22 a modem constellation diagram similar to fig. 2-25 has data points at the following coordinates: (1, 1), (1, -1), (-1,1), and (-1, -1). how many bps can a modem with these parameters achieve at 1200 baud? 一個(gè)類似于圖2.25的調(diào)制解調(diào)器星座圖有以下幾個(gè)坐標(biāo)點(diǎn)(1,1)、(1,-1)、(-1,1)、(-1,-1)。請(qǐng)問(wèn)一個(gè)具備這些參數(shù)的調(diào)制解調(diào)器在1200波特上可以達(dá)到多少

40、bps? 每個(gè)波特有4 個(gè)合法值,因此比特率是波特率的兩倍。對(duì)應(yīng)于1200 波特,數(shù)據(jù)速率是2400bps。 2-28 ten signals, each requiring 4000 hz, are multiplexed on to a single channel using fdm. how much minimum bandwidth is required for the multiplexed channel? assume that the guard bands are 400 hz wide. 有10個(gè)信號(hào),每個(gè)都要求4000hz,現(xiàn)在用fdm將它們復(fù)用在一條信道上。對(duì)于被

41、復(fù)用的信道,最小要求多少帶【篇三:計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)第四版習(xí)題答案(中文版)】-3 the performance of a client-server system is influenced by two network factors: the bandwidth of the network (how many bits/sec it can transport) and the latency (how many seconds it takes for the first bit to get from the client to the server). give an example

42、of a network that exhibits high bandwidth and high latency. then give an example of one with low bandwidth and low latency. 客戶-服務(wù)器系統(tǒng)的性能會(huì)受到兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)因素的影響:網(wǎng)絡(luò)的帶寬(每秒可以傳輸多少位數(shù)據(jù))和延遲(將第一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)位從客戶端傳送到服務(wù)器端需要多少秒時(shí)間)。請(qǐng)給出一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的例子,它具有高帶寬和高延遲。然后再給出另一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的例子,它具有低帶寬和低延遲。 答:橫貫大陸的光纖連接可以有很多千兆位/秒帶寬, 但是由于光速度傳送要越過(guò)數(shù)千公里,時(shí)延將也高。相反,使用56

43、 kbps調(diào)制解調(diào)器呼叫在同一大樓內(nèi)的計(jì)算機(jī)則有低帶寬和較低的時(shí)延。 1-4 besides bandwidth and latency, what other parameter is needed to give a good characterization of the quality of service offered by a network used for digitized voice traffic? 除了帶寬和延遲以外,針對(duì)數(shù)字化的語(yǔ)音流量,想要讓網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供很好的服務(wù)質(zhì)量,還需要哪個(gè)參數(shù)? 聲音的傳輸需要相應(yīng)的固定時(shí)間,因此網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)隙數(shù)量是很重要的。傳輸時(shí)間可以用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差方

44、式表示。 實(shí)際上,短延遲但是大變化性比更長(zhǎng)的延遲和低變化性更糟。 1-6 a client-server system uses a satellite network, with the satellite at a height of 40,000 km. what is the best-case delay in response to a request? 一個(gè)客戶服務(wù)器系統(tǒng)使用了衛(wèi)星網(wǎng)絡(luò),衛(wèi)星的高度為40000km。在對(duì)一個(gè)請(qǐng)求進(jìn)行響應(yīng)的時(shí)候,最佳情形下的延遲是什么? 答:由于請(qǐng)求和應(yīng)答都必須通過(guò)衛(wèi)星,因此傳輸總路徑長(zhǎng)度為160,000千米。在空氣和真空中的光速為300,000 公

45、里/秒, 因此最佳的傳播延遲為160,000/300,000秒,約533 msec。 1-9 a group of 2n - 1 routers are interconnected in a centralized binary tree, with a router at each tree node. router i communicates with router j by sending a message to the root of the tree. the root then sends the message back down to j. derive an appro

46、ximate expression for the mean number of hops per message for large n, assuming that all router pairs are equally likely. 在一個(gè)集中式的二叉樹(shù)上,有2n-1個(gè)路由器相互連接起來(lái);每個(gè)樹(shù)節(jié)點(diǎn)上都有一個(gè)路由器。路由器i為了與路由器j進(jìn)行通信,它要給樹(shù)的根發(fā)送一條信息。然后樹(shù)根將消息送下來(lái)給j。假設(shè)所有的路由器都是等概率出現(xiàn)的,請(qǐng)推導(dǎo)出當(dāng)n很大時(shí)每條消息的平均跳數(shù)的一個(gè)近似表達(dá)式。 答:這意味著,從路由器到路由器的路徑長(zhǎng)度相當(dāng)于路由器到根的兩倍。 若在樹(shù)中,根深度為1,深度為n,

47、從根到第n層需要n-1跳,在該層的路由器為0.50(50%)。 從根到n-1 層的路徑的路由器為0.25(25%)和n-2跳步。 因此,路徑長(zhǎng)度l為: 或 表達(dá)式歸約為 ln2,平均的路由器到路由器路徑為2n-4。 1-11 what are two reasons for using layered protocols? 請(qǐng)說(shuō)出使用分層協(xié)議的兩個(gè)理由? 答:通過(guò)協(xié)議分層可以把設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題劃分成較小的易于處理的片段。分層意味著某一層協(xié)議的改變不會(huì)影響高層或低層的協(xié)議。1-13 what is the principal difference between connectionless commu

48、nication and connection-oriented communication? 在無(wú)連接通信和面向連接的通信二者之間,最主要的區(qū)別是什么? 答:主要的區(qū)別有兩條。 其一:面向連接通信分為三個(gè)階段,第一是建立連接,在此階段,發(fā)出一個(gè)建立連接的請(qǐng)求。只有在連接成功建立之后,才能開(kāi)始數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,這是第二階段。接著,當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸完畢,必須釋放連接。而無(wú)連接通信沒(méi)有這么多階段,它直接進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。 其二:面向連接的通信具有數(shù)據(jù)的保序性, 而無(wú)連接的通信不能保證接收數(shù)據(jù)的順序與發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的順序一致。 1-14 two networks each provide reliable connecti

49、on-oriented service. one of them offers a reliable byte stream and the other offers a reliable message stream. are these identical? if so, why is the distinction made? if not, give an example of how they differ. 兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)都可以提供可靠的面向連接的服務(wù)。其中一個(gè)提供可靠的字節(jié)流,另一個(gè)提供可靠的報(bào)文流。這二者是否相同?如果你認(rèn)為相同的話,為什么要有這樣的區(qū)別?如果不相同,請(qǐng)給出一個(gè)例子說(shuō)

50、明它們?nèi)绾尾煌?答:不相同。在報(bào)文流中,網(wǎng)絡(luò)保持對(duì)報(bào)文邊界的跟蹤;而在字節(jié)流中,網(wǎng)絡(luò)不做這樣的跟蹤。例如,一個(gè)進(jìn)程向一條連接寫(xiě)了1024 字節(jié),稍后又寫(xiě)了另外1024 字節(jié)。那么接收方共讀了2048 字節(jié)。對(duì)于報(bào)文流,接受方將得到兩個(gè)報(bào)文。每個(gè)報(bào)文1024 字節(jié)。 而對(duì)于字節(jié)流,報(bào)文邊界不被識(shí)別。接收方把全部的2048 個(gè)字節(jié)當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體,在此已經(jīng)體現(xiàn)不出原先有兩個(gè)報(bào)文的事實(shí)。 1-17 in some networks, the data link layer handles transmission errors by requesting damaged frames to be re

51、transmitted. if the probability of a frames being damaged is p, what is the mean number of transmissions required to send a frame? assume that acknowledgements are never lost. 在有些網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層處理傳輸錯(cuò)誤的做法是,請(qǐng)求重傳被損壞的幀。如果一幀被損壞的概率為p,那么發(fā)送一幀所需要的平均傳輸次數(shù)是多少?假設(shè)確認(rèn)幀永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)丟失。 幀請(qǐng)求正好是k次的概率pk,就是起初的k-1次嘗試都失敗的概率。 pk-1 , 乘以第k次

52、傳輸成功的概率。平均傳輸次數(shù)就是 1-22 what is the main difference between tcp and udp? tcp和udp之間最主要的區(qū)別是什么? tcp 是面向連接的,而udp 是一種數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)服務(wù)。 1-25 when a file is transferred between two computers, two acknowledgement strategies are possible. in the first one, the file is chopped up into packets, which are individually ackno

53、wledged by the receiver, but the file transfer as a whole is not acknowledged. in the second one, the packets are not acknowledged individually, but the entire file is acknowledged when it arrives. discuss these two approaches. 當(dāng)一個(gè)文件在兩臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)之間傳輸?shù)臅r(shí)候,可能會(huì)有兩種不同的確認(rèn)策略。在第一種策略中,該文件被分解成許多個(gè)分組,接收方會(huì)獨(dú)立地確認(rèn)每一個(gè)分組,但是文

54、件傳輸過(guò)程作為整體并沒(méi)有被確認(rèn)。在第二種策略中,這些分組并沒(méi)有被單獨(dú)地確認(rèn),但是當(dāng)整個(gè)文件到達(dá)的時(shí)候,它會(huì)被確認(rèn)。請(qǐng)討論這兩種方案。 如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)容易丟失分組,那么對(duì)每一個(gè)分組逐一進(jìn)行確認(rèn)較好,此時(shí)僅重傳丟失的分組。而在另一方面,如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)高度可靠,那么在不發(fā)差錯(cuò)的情況下,僅在整個(gè)文件傳送的結(jié)尾發(fā)送一次確認(rèn),從而減少了確認(rèn)的次數(shù),節(jié)省了帶寬;不過(guò),即使有單個(gè)分組丟失,也需要重傳整個(gè)文件。 1-27 how long was a bit on the original 802.3 standard in meters? use a transmission speed of 10 mbps and a

55、ssume the propagation speed in coax is 2/3 the speed of light in vacuum. 在原始的802.3標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,一位是多長(zhǎng)(按米來(lái)計(jì)算)?請(qǐng)使用10mbps的傳輸速率,并且假設(shè)同軸電纜的傳播速度是真空中光速的2/3. 1-28 an image is 1024 x 768 pixels with 3 bytes/pixel. assume the image is uncompressed. how long does it take to transmit it over a 56-kbps modem channel? over

56、a 1-mbps cable modem? over a 10-mbps ethernet? over 100-mbps ethernet? 1-30 wireless networks are easy to install, which makes them inexpensive since installation costs usually far overshadow equipment costs. nevertheless, they also have some disadvantages. name two of them. 無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)很容易安裝,這使得它們并不非常昂貴。因?yàn)?/p>

57、安裝費(fèi)用通常會(huì)占去整個(gè)設(shè)備費(fèi)用的很大比例。然而,它們也有一些缺點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)說(shuō)出兩個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。 一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是安全性。每個(gè)碰巧在此房屋內(nèi)的隨機(jī)發(fā)送者都能在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上監(jiān)聽(tīng)。另一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是可靠性。無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)造成大量錯(cuò)誤。第三個(gè)潛在的問(wèn)題是電池壽命,因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)無(wú)線設(shè)備傾向于可移動(dòng)性。 1-31 list two advantages and two disadvantages of having international standards for network protocols. 請(qǐng)列舉出網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的兩個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。 優(yōu)點(diǎn)1:如果每個(gè)人都使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),那么每個(gè)人都可以與其他任何人交流;優(yōu)點(diǎn)2:廣泛使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將導(dǎo)致規(guī)

58、模經(jīng)濟(jì),比如生產(chǎn)大規(guī)模集成電路芯片。缺點(diǎn)1:為了取得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化所需要的政治妥協(xié)經(jīng)常會(huì)導(dǎo)致差的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);缺點(diǎn)2:一旦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被廣泛采用了,要對(duì)它再做改變就會(huì)非常困難,即使發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的更好的技術(shù)或方法,也難以替換。第 2 章 物理層 2-2 a noiseless 4-khz channel is sampled every 1 msec. what is the maximum data rate? 一條無(wú)噪聲4khz信道按照每1ms一次進(jìn)行采樣,請(qǐng)問(wèn)最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率是多少? 答:無(wú)噪聲信道最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率公式:最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率=2hlog2v b/s。因此最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率決定于每次采樣所產(chǎn)生的比特?cái)?shù),如果每次采樣產(chǎn)生16bits,那么數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率可達(dá)128kbps;如果每次采樣產(chǎn)生1024bits,那么可達(dá)8.2mbps。注意這是對(duì)無(wú)噪聲信道而言的,實(shí)際信道總是有噪聲的,其最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率由香農(nóng)定律給出。 2-3 television channels are 6 mhz wide. how many bits

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