高中英語語法系統(tǒng)講解之三介詞和連詞

1、高中英語語法系統(tǒng)講解之三介詞和連詞介詞一. 介詞的語法作用 用來表明名詞、代詞與句中其他詞的關系的詞叫介詞。介詞是虛詞，不能重讀，不能單獨作句子成分，需要和它后面的詞共同充當句子成分。介詞及其賓語在句中作定語、狀語、表語及賓語補足語等成分。如The key to the door is missing.(定語) Marx stayed in Belgium for some time and then went to France.(狀語) Japan is to the east of China.(表語) Make yourself at home.(賓語補足語)二. 介詞的分類1. 根據(jù)

2、介詞的構成形式可將介詞分為以下幾類： 簡單介詞：at, by, for, in, on, from, during, past等 復合代詞：out of, onto, into, insede, without等 短語介詞：because of, instead of, in front of, by the end of等 雙重介詞：from behind, from around, till after等 動詞的-ing形式介詞：including, considering, regarding, concerning等2. 根據(jù)介詞的意義可將介詞為以下幾類： 表示方位和空間關系的介詞：a

3、t, round, in, over, below, in front of, outside, among, away from, around, on, under, above, behind, inside, near to, off, beyond, past, across, over, up, opposite 表示時間的介詞：at, in, around, between, since, during, till, after, on, about, round, for, until, by, before, from to 表示工具、手段、方式等的介詞：like, in,

4、with, by 表示其他含義的介詞：without, besides, with, except, instead of三. 常用介詞的用法1. 表示時間的介詞 at, in, on和byA. at的用法：a. 時間的一點、時刻等，如at 12:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at dawn, at daybreakb. 較短暫的一段時間，可指某個節(jié)日或被認為是一年中標志大事的日子，如at Christams, at New Year, at the Spring FestivalB. in的用法：a. 表示在某個較長的時間內(nèi)（如世紀、朝代、年代、月及

5、泛指上午、下午和傍晚等），如in the 1980s, in Qing Dynasty, in October, in the morningb. 表示在一段時間之后，如Ill be back in an hour.C. on的用法：a. 用于表示具體的日子或一個特定的時間，如某日、某節(jié)日、星期幾等。如on October 1st, on a rainy day, on National Dayb. 用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。如on the eve of victory (勝利前夕)，on the morning of January 3rd, on the afternoon of h

6、is arrivalc. 準時、按時on timeD. by的用法：a. 表示“不遲于，在（某時）前”，如He must have arrived there by now. b. 表示“在間”“在時間”，如He worked by day and slept by night. 溫馨提示：當時間名詞前被this，that，last，next，some，every等詞限定時，通常不用任何介詞。 after與in 二詞均可表示在某一段時間后，但該時段的起點不同。A. in的用法：in表示以此刻為起點的將來一個時段之后，常與將來時態(tài)的謂語動詞連用。如My father will be back f

7、rom abroad in three days.B. after的用法：a. 與表示一段時間的詞連用，常與過去時態(tài)的謂語動詞連用，這時相當于“一段時間 + later”如He left home and went to the front after two days / two days later.b. 與表示時間點的詞連用，常與將來時態(tài)的謂語動詞連用。如Ill go and see her after three oclock. 易錯誤區(qū)：“in the past”意為“在過去”，與過去時態(tài)的謂語動詞連用。如In the past, novillagers dared do that；

8、 “in the past / last + 時間段”意為“在過去的中 / 內(nèi)”，表示從現(xiàn)在算起過去的一段時間，包括此時此刻在內(nèi)，常與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)連用。如In the past / last few years, great changes have taken place in this village. during, for, from和since during除具備in表時間段的用法外，還可指在某一活動過程中，如during the night，during the fire，during the meeting。for后接時間段的名詞詞組，表示行為狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久，如I have li

9、ved in this city for more than 10 years. from接時間點的名詞詞組，表示行為或狀態(tài)的起始點，而不涉及其持續(xù)時間的長短，如My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five. since接時間點的名詞詞組，不僅表示行為或狀態(tài)的起始點，而且還強調(diào)該行為或狀態(tài)從起始點一直持續(xù)到此時此刻，因而與延續(xù)性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時連用，如I have been working in this factory since I gradeuated in 1993.2. 表示空間和方位的介詞 above, ov

10、er, on, below, under, beneathA. above側(cè)重于相對水平高度，不一定在正上方，其反義詞是below。如The sun is above the mountain in the east. The position he pointed to was below the sea level.B. over側(cè)重于垂直高度，即位于正上方，其反義詞是under。如Be careful, there is a heavy box over your head. The little mouse is under the table, so it is not easy t

11、o find it.C. on側(cè)重于與物體表面接觸，其反義詞是beneath。如There are some stamps on the desk. across, over, through, past 四個詞都與表示運動的動詞有關。across意為“橫穿，穿越”，表示運動發(fā)生在物體的表面；over意為“跨過，越過”，表示運動發(fā)生在物體的上方；through意為“穿過，通過”，表示運動發(fā)生在某物的空間；past意為“從旁邊經(jīng)過”，表示運動發(fā)生在某物旁邊。如The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over

12、mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.After the meeting, I went past the past office straight to my home. at, in, on 三者均表示地點，“在處”A. ata. 用于指較小的地方，如Well meet each other at the park.b. 用于門牌號碼前，如My grandparents live at 105 Beijing Road.B. in 用于指較大的地方，如She lived in Hong Kong for 20

13、 years.C. on 一般指與面或線接觸，如Put the pictures on the wall. near, by, beside, at 四個詞都表示“在附近”，但側(cè)重點不同。A. near表示相對的“近”，而實際距離可能并不近。如A new hospital is being built near our school.B. by和beside都表示“靠近”，但beside比by更具體地表示出“在旁邊”的意思。如I planted an apple tree by the river. The girl was sitting beside her mother.C. at表示“

14、在旁邊”之意，但多表示有目的的和所處的位置，而by和beside僅表示位置關系。如We are sitting at the desks listening to our teacher. to, for, toward(s) 用于表示來往行動動詞之后，表示行動的方向，多用to，如go，come， walk，run，dash，rush，move，fly，return，lead，take等；用于表示“起程，出發(fā)，離開”的動詞之后，多用for，如leave，start，set off等；用于表示“朝方向”時，to和towards是同義詞，不表到達，而to不僅表方向，還表到達。如After the

15、soldiers got well prepared, they set off for the front. The plane is flying towards the north, but its difficult to decide which area its flying to. in, on, to在方位名詞前的區(qū)別，三詞都可表示兩地之間的位置關系。 in表示在范圍之內(nèi)，如Shandong Province is / lies in the east of China.；to表示在某范圍之外的地方，如Japan is / lies to east of China.；on表示

16、“毗鄰、接壤”，如Mongolia is / lies on the north of China.。 between，among 二詞均表示“在中間，在之間”。 between表示在二者之間，有時between之后也可能出現(xiàn)三個或三個以上的賓語，但這時所強調(diào)的仍然是其中每兩者之間的相互關系，如This secret is only between you and me. 而among指在三者或三者以上之間，如Well visit a town among the mountains. in，on二詞均可表示“在上”，描寫兩個物體的接觸情況。 in側(cè)重于接觸的深度，如 We found a s

17、quare hole in the west wall. on側(cè)重于表面接觸，如There is a map of the world on the wall. 溫馨提示： 英語中若打擊某人的臉、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位時，用in，如They hit the boy in the face and then ran away. 而打擊頭、額、鼻、耳、頸、肩、腿等部位時，用on，如The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him. 表示植物本身生長出來的葉、花、果等，用on，如There are lots of apples on th

18、e tree. 表示植物本身以外的人或動物“在樹上”，用in the tree，意指被枝葉遮掩其中。 如Birds often play in the tree. after，behind二詞表示“在之后”。 after多指動作順序的先后，behind表示靜態(tài)位置的前后。二者表示位置時?？赏ㄓ?。 如Winter comes after autumn. Behind the hospital stood a school. Shut the door after / behind you.3. 表示工具、手段、方式的介詞 by，in，on三詞都表示旅行的方式A. bya. 不涉及交通工具的名詞時

19、用by，名詞前不帶冠詞，如by sea, by water, by land, by railb. 涉及交通工具的名詞時用by，但名詞須用單數(shù)，其前面不加冠詞或任何修飾語，如by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship / boat, by train, by spaceshipB. 當旅行方式涉及到確定特指的交通工具時，用on或in，名詞前應有冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞等修飾語，如travel to New York in this plane; leave on an early train; go to school on my bike 溫馨提示：步行、騎馬等均

20、可用on，如on foot, on horseback, on a horse, on the camel with，by，in三詞均譯為“用”，表示行為的工具、手段或方式。A. with用于有形的工具或身體某些器官等，其后的名詞多被冠詞、物主代詞等修飾。如They are digging with a pick / spade. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.B. by，in，on，over，through等多用于無形的工具或方式手段。如by hand, in ink, on the tele

21、phone, over the radio, through the telescope 溫馨提示： 使用語言、原料、材料時用in表示，如in English / Japanese, in blue ink 表達“用方法 / 式”時，所用介詞分別為：in this / that / the same way; by this / that means, by means of ; with this / that method4. 表示原因的介詞 at，for，with三詞均可組成介詞短語，表示行為或狀態(tài)的原因、動機或理由。A. at常與表示感情色彩的動詞、形容詞或過去分詞搭配，后接表示具體事

22、物的名詞。如We were excited / happy / fightened at the news. I was angry at her words.B. for和with后接表示感情的抽象名詞，其中with側(cè)重于隨著心理變化而發(fā)生的感情變化。 如She often hangs down her head for shame. He went red with anger. because of，due to，thanks to三個詞組均意為“由于，因為”A. because of“因為，由于”，通常作狀語，位于句首或句尾。如The sports meet will be put o

23、ff till next Saturday because of the heavy rain.B. due to“因為，由于”，通常作表語。如His illness was due to smoking and drinking.C. thanks to“幸虧，多虧”，既可用于褒義，又可用于貶義，多位于句首。如Thanks to the Partys good policy, the famers are now living a happy and rich life.5. 其他易混介詞 about，on，of表示“關于”A. about側(cè)重于與人或事物有關的事跡或情況。如The Red

24、Army man told us a story about Chairman Mao.B. on側(cè)重于闡述或論及相對重大或深奧的理論、學術等問題。如Who made the report on the situation in the Middle East?C. of在與tell，read，know，think等動詞連用時，側(cè)重于粗略涉及，而about涉及的情況則詳細得多。如-Do you know about that man over there?-No, I know little of him. in和of表示比較范圍，均可引出一個可供比較的范圍，適用于形容詞和副詞的最高級，指三者

25、或三者以上的人或事物的比較。A. in表示限定在某個范圍內(nèi)的最高級。如Mary sings best in my class.B. of表示同一類人或事物中的最高級；用于同類兩者之間的比較，但比較級前須加定冠詞the。如Of all the boys, Tom runs the fastest. 表示“包括、排除”的介詞的區(qū)別：besides，except，but，other than，except for，except than / whenA. 用于否定句時，besides，except與but可相互替換。如No other students passed the difficult ma

26、ths exam except / beside / but Lin Tao and Wu Dong.B. 用于肯定句時的用法a. except意為“除之外”（不再有），如We all passed the exam except Tom.b. besides意為“除之外”（還有），如We all passed the exam besides Tom. 溫馨提示：besides在句中的位置較靈活，可放在句首，亦可放在句中；而except多放在句中。此外，except前幾乎總有all，any，every，no及其復合詞等；而besides前可用，也可不用，依句意而定。如He answered

27、all the questions except the last one. I have a few friends besides you.c. except for意為“除了因為”，表示除去整體中的一部分，它所敘述的事實或細節(jié)部分地修正句子的主要意思。如The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.C. except和but / other than都可接名詞、代詞、動名詞、動詞原形，可以互換；但except后接副詞、介詞短語、when從句等時，but / other than不可替換except。如He has a

28、lways been in high spirits except recently. The window is never opened except in summer.D. but，except后都可接thatong句作賓語，二者可互換。如I asked nothing from him but / except that he should write to me every other week.E. 以上比較了except，besides，but作介詞的區(qū)別，另外，besides還可用作副詞，意為“而且，還有”。如I dont want to go; besides, I am

29、too tired. This is my best suit; I have two other besides.6. 介詞與某些詞類的搭配 名詞與介詞的固定搭配A. 要求to的名詞：key，answer，visit，apology，introductionB. 要求in的名詞：interest，satisfaction，expertC. 要求on的名詞：mercy，congratulationD. 要求其他介詞的名詞：prize for，respect for，victory over，struggle with 形容詞與介詞的固定搭配A. 要求at的形容詞：afraid，angry，go

30、od，bad，clever，surprised，excited，puzzled，frightenedB. 要求of的形容詞：afraid，sure，certain，full，tired，fond，proud，worthyC. 要求with的形容詞：angry，strict，careful，busy，popularD. 要求in的形容詞：weak，strict，rich，interested，successfulE. 要求to的形容詞：next，good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，known，married，close，similar，dueF. 要求for的形容詞：sorr

31、y，famous，fit，unfit，eager，anxious，hungryG. 要求from的形容詞：far，different，free，safe，absent，tiredH. 要求about的形容詞：sorry，worried，anxious，careful，sure，certain 溫馨提示：同一形容詞與不同的介詞搭配其含義不同。如 He is good to her. He was tired of the work. The advice is good for her. He was tired from the work.7. 關于介詞的省略 在某些名詞詞組前，可以省略。如(

32、in) that day, (on) Mondays, (in) the year before last 在of + 形狀、大小、年齡、面積、材料結(jié)構中，of常省略。 如When I was (of) your age, I knew much less than you. The desks in our class are (of) the same color, material, shape, height and length. 在肯定句中表一段時間的介詞for常省略。 如He has been waiting for you (for) a whole afternoon. 在句

33、子中，如并列的介詞相同，可省略后面的介詞。 如You can wear that outfit in summer and (in) winter. 溫馨提示：如并列的介詞不相同，相關的介詞必須列出： The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie. It was clear that this player could both contribute to and learn from every game he played. He was fascinated by and enamored of this begui

34、ling woman. 在某些習語中的省略。如be busy (in) doing sth, (in) way , next (to) , have difficult / trouble (in) doing sth, stop (from) doing sth, spend (in) doing sth opposite (to), have a good time (in) doing sth, waste (in) doing sth, pass time (in) doing sth kill time (in) doing sth, (in) this / that way, (a

35、t) any time, near / nearer / nearest (to)prevent / stop (from) doing sth, Its (of) no use (in) doing sth附：常見介詞to，at，on，in，from和for的常見搭配1. to的常見搭配 動詞 + + to A. 動詞 + to：adjust to“適應”， attend to“處理；照料”，agree to，amount to“加起來達”， belong to， come to“達到”，drink to“為干杯”，get to，happen to，hold to“緊握”， lend to，

36、listen to，occur to“想起”，object to，point to，see to，respond to“參與；涉及”， refer to，reply to“回答”，stick to“堅持”，turn to“求助”，write toB. 動詞（+sth）+ to + sb：announce to“通知某人”，describe to“向某人描述”，explain to， express to，mention to，nod to，report to，say to， shout to，suggest to，speak to，talk to， whisper to“和某人低聲耳語”C.

37、動詞 + sth / sb + to + sth / sb：add to，compare to“比作”， carry to，devote to“致力于”， introduce to“介紹給”，invite to“邀請參加”，join to“連接到”，leave to“委托給”，reduce to“下降至”，sentence to“判處”，take to be + 形容詞 / 過去分詞 + to：be alive to“覺察；曉得”， be attentive to， be awake to“知曉”，be blind to“缺乏眼光”， be close to“緊挨著”，be common to

38、“對某人來說很普通”，be contrary to“違反；反對”，be devoted to“致力于”，be deaf to“不愿意聽”，be exposed to“暴露；遭受”，be fair to“對公平”，be familiar to“為所熟悉”， be grateful to“對某人心存感激”，be good to“對有好處”，be harmful to“對有危害”，be important to，be kind to， be known to，be married to，be moved to，be near to， be necessary to，be opposite to“在對

39、面”， be opposed to，be pleasant to“合某人之意”， be proper to“專屬”， be polite to“禮貌待人”，be rude to“粗暴對待”，be relative to“與有關”，be strange to“不習慣”，be similar to“類似”， be suitable to“適合”，be true to， be thankful to，be useful to， be used to to + 名詞：to a degree“在某種程度上”，to date“到現(xiàn)在為止”， to ones feet“跳起來”， to ones mind“

40、照看來”，to ones surprise， to ones taste“符合胃口”，to oneself“獨自享用”，to order“訂做”，to the letter“不折不扣地”，to the point“中肯地”2. at的常見搭配 動詞 + at：arrive at, call at“訪問某地”，catch at (it)“當場抓住”， fire at, glance at, glare at, grieve at“憂傷”， knock at, laugh at, look at, pull at“拉扯”，rejoice at“因高興”， smile at, shoot at, s

41、tare at, thrust at“刺向”，tear at“撕”，tremble at“顫抖”， wonder at“對感到吃驚”， work at be + 形容詞 / 過去分詞 + at：be angry at, be alarmed at“對保持警覺”， be astonished at, be bad at, be clever at“對某事很靈巧”， be delighted at“高興”， be disgusted at“厭惡”， be disappointed at“對失望”， be good at“擅長”， be impatient at“對不夠耐心”， be mad at“

42、狂熱于”， be pleased at“對感到高興”， be present at“出席”， be satisfied at“滿意”， be surprised at, be shocked at, be terrified at, be quick at at + 名詞：at a distance, at a loss, at a time, at all, at any cost, at best“最多，充其量”， at first, at hand“手頭”， at heart“在內(nèi)心里”， at home, at last, at least, at most“最多”， at once,

43、 at present3. on的常見搭配 動詞 + on A. 動詞 + on：act on“對有作用”， bring on“促使；導致”， call on, count on, carry on, depend on, feed on, figure on“料想；推斷”，go on, have on, insist on, keep on, lean on“依賴”， live on“以為生”， pull on“迅速穿上”， put on, switch on“接通（電源）”， take to, turn on“接通（電源）”， work on, wait on“侍侯”B. 動詞 + sb（

44、sth） + on + sb（sth）：base on, congratulate on, fix on“固定”， have mercy on, have pity on, keep watch on, spend on be + 形容詞 + on：be dependent on“依賴”，be hard on, be impressed on“對印象深刻”， be keen on“渴望”， be strict on“對嚴格” on + 名詞：on board“乘（車、飛機）”， on call“聽候召喚”， on duty, on earth, on fire“著火”， on foot, on

45、 guard, on hire“受雇”， on holiday4. in的常見搭配 動詞 + + in A. 動詞 + in：believe in, break in“闖入，打斷”， bring in“引起；產(chǎn)生；帶來”， call in“下令收回”， fill in, get in“收獲”， hand in, involve in“涉及”， lie in, result in, share in“共享”， succeed in, take in, turn inB. 動詞 + sb / time / money + in：help sb in, spare time / money in,

46、spend time / money in, waste time / money in be + 形容詞 + in：be active in, be absorbed in, be busy in, be born in, be concerned in, be clothed in“穿著”， be disappointed in, be diligent in“勤于”， be experienced in, be employed in“任職于”， be engaged in“忙碌”， be expert in, be excellent in, be interested in, be

47、lacking in, be rich in, be slow in, be successful in, be skilled in, be strict in, be weak in in + 名詞：in advance, in all, in bed, in body“親自”， in bried“簡明扼要”， in case“萬一”， in charge“主管”， in danger, in debt, in despair, in force“大量地；有效”， in full“全部地”， in flower“開花”， in general, in itself, in love, in

48、 order, in person, in public, in progress“有進展”， in practice“在實踐上”， in rags, in research, in return, in ruins“一片廢墟”， in short“總之”， in theory“理論上”， in trouble, in tears, in time, in turn, in vain, in view“看得見”5. from的常見搭配 動詞 + from A. 動詞 + from：come from, date from, depart from“違背”， die from, escape f

49、rom, fall from, hang from, hear from, learn from, return from, rise from, result from, suffer fromB. 動詞 + sth / sb + from + sth / sb / a place：borrow from, choose from, keep from, prevent from, protect from, receive from, remove from, save from, separate from, stop from be + 形容詞 + from：be absent fro

50、m, be different from, be far from, be hidden from, be made from, be tired from“因而疲倦” from to ：from bad to worse, from beginning to end, from cover to cover“從頭到尾”，from China to Peru“到處”， from day to day, from first to last, from hand to mouth, from head to foot, from mouth to mouth, from start to fin

51、ish“從頭到尾”，from top to toe“從頭到腳”， from time to time“不時地”， from top to bottom“徹底地”6. for的常見搭配 動詞 + + for A. 動詞 + for：account for, answer for, apply for, apologize for, beg for, call for“要求”， care for, enter for“報名參加”， fight for, hope for, inquire for“查詢；求見”， leave for, look for, long for, mistake for,

52、 plan for, prepare for, provide for“為提供”， reach for, run for“競選”， stand for, search for, send for, speak for“陳述意見、愿望”， take for“當作”， wish for, wait forB. 動詞 + sb + for + sth：ask for, blame for, excuse for, forgive for, pardon for, pay for, praise for, punish for, push for“催逼”，reward for, thank for b

53、e + 形容詞 + for：be anxious for, be eager for, be bad for, be convenient for, be good for, be famous for, be fit for“適合于”， be grateful for“對心存感激”， be impatient for, be late for, be necessary for, be ready for, be sorry for, be responsible for, be suitable for, be unfit for, be useful for for + 名詞：for a

54、ll, for a song“非常便宜地”， for certain“確切地”， for company“陪著”， for ever, for example, for fear“以免”， for fair“肯定地”， for free“免費”， for fun, for instance, for luck“祝?！?， for life“終身”， for long, for nothing, for once“有生第一次”， for oneself“替自己”， for pleasure“為了消遣”， for sale“供出售”， for shame“真丟臉”， for short“簡稱”， f

55、or sport“好玩”， for sure“確切地” 動詞 + 副詞 / 名詞 + for：be in for“將遇到”， make up for, go in for, look out for, take sth for granted, have an ear for“對聽覺靈敏”， have a gift for連詞：是連接單詞、短語或句子的一種虛詞，在句中不單獨作任何成份，一般不重讀。一. 連詞的分類1. 按連詞的構成可將其分為以下幾類： 簡單連詞，如and, if, or, because, but, so 關聯(lián)連詞，如both and , not but , not only

56、but also 分詞連詞，如supposing, providing, provided, given 短語連詞，如as if / through, even if / through, as / so long as2. 按連詞的性質(zhì)可將其分為以下幾類： 并列連詞，如and, but, or, nor, so, for, as well as, while, when, not only but also , both and , either or , neither nor, therefore, yet, nevertheless, however等。它們用來連接平行的詞、詞組或分句。 從屬連詞，如after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, i